Poulation Growth And Change Flashcards
What is the Crude Birth Rate
The number of births per thousand of the population every year
A figure of 40nor more births per thousand people per year is a very high birth rate. Countries with low birth rates have around 10 per thousand per year
What is the crude birth rate calculation and reasons for a different CBR between MEDC and LEDC countries
Number of births x 1000 / total population
Access to contraception
Quality of healthcare
Education
Economic status
What is the Crude Death Rate and what is its calculation
The number of deaths per thousand of the population every year
Number of deaths x 1000 / total population
What are reasons for the difference in CDR between MEDC and LEDC countries?
Access to health care
Quality of life/standard of living
Economic status
Diet
What is natural change
The difference between CBR and CDR is known as natural change
If the CBR is higher than the CDR there will be a natural increase in the population.
If the CDR is higher than the CBR there will be a natural decrease in the population
What is migration?
The movement of people into or out of an area usually involving a change of address
Immigration - migrating into a country
Emigration - migrating out of a country
What is the Demographic transition model?
The transition overtime in population
Explain the stages of the DTM
Stage 1- Birth rates and Death rates are high so the population doesn’t grow very much and is small.
Stage 2- The death rate starts to fall and the population begins to increase. Natural increase is small at the beginning but gets greater over time.
Stage 3- The birth rate starts to fall and natural increase starts to decline. There will be natural increase until the birth rate falls to the same level as the death rate: population growth starts to slow down
Stage 4- The birth rate has fallen to the same as the death rate and the rate of natural increase is very low. The population will stop growing or grow very slowly
Stage 5- Some demographers believe there is another stage where the birth rate falls below the death rate and stays there. If that were to happen, the population would decline
Reasons for falling death rates
More doctors enabling more patients to be treated
Better healthcare (having more hospitals, increased access to medicines and more knowledge of how diseases are spread)
Common diseases eradicated through vaccinations eg small pox. Others are now more easily treated eg measles
Clean drinking water and improved sanitation leading to less water borne diseases spreading therefore reducing illness
Reasons for falling birth rates
Increased opportunities for women through education meaning that more delay starting a family until they are older
As population moves to cities and machinery is used more in agriculture, people do not need to have children to work on farms
Better education means that there is more awareness of how families can be planned by using birth control methods
Decreasing child mortality: children are more likely to live beyond infancy. So people tend to consider it safe to have fewer children, expecting them to survive
Why is the DTM useful
We can see what might be expected of a country’s population over time: it can be used to inform a prediction
It can also give some idea of what the population structure is likely to be as birth and death rates change
Some demographers criticize the DTM by claiming it is Eurocentric. What are arguments against the DTM in LEDC’s
Doesn’t consider the impact of migration
The DTM does not take into account how governments may control their populations with such policies
Some LEDC’s seem to have gone through stage 2 with death rates falling but have a persistently high birth-rate (cultural or social factors)
Some LEDC’s had very large population at the start of stage 2, so the impact of natural increase has been greater (China and Nigerian)
