Potentially Malignant Lesions Flashcards
potentially malignant lesion vs potentially malignant condition
lesion - altered tissue in which cancer is more likely to form
condition - generalised state with increased cancer risk
name 3 potentially malignant conditions
lichen planus
iron deficiency (thinner epithelium, less of a barrier to carcinogens)
tertiary syphillis
oral submucous fibrosis
what area of the mouth does chronic hyperplastic candidoses typically affect
commisures
what stain shows candida albicans hyphae
PAS
periodic acid shiff stain
dysplasia vs cellular atypia
dysplasia - disordered growth in a tissue
atypia - changes in individual cells
what are the grades of epithelial dysplasia
mild:changes in lower third only
moderate: architectural changes extend into middle third
severe: changes extend into upper third
carcinoma in situ: entirety of epithelium involved however still confined to epithelium
what are 2 important signs of cellular atypia
pleomorphism
hyperchromatism
pleomorphism
variety of shapes and sizes
hyperchromatism
darker stained due to more DNA content within cell
loss of polarity
cells appear jumbled up - no longer lined
where should mitotic figures be in healthy tissues
basal layer only
what are the 6 hallmarks of cancer
- evading apoptosis
- self sufficiency in growth signals
- insensitivity to anti-growth signals
- tissue invasion and metastasis
- limitless replicative potential
- sustained angiogenesis
what do oncogenes produce
normal growth factors
two hit hypothesis of carcinogenesis
tumour suppressor genes come in pair
if one lost the other can compensate
if both lost then malignant transformation may occur
field change theory
area surrounding a primary tumour site may be more susceptible to developing oral cancer
