Potential Clinic Questions Flashcards
What is the difference between an active and a passive emollient?
An active emollient contains and additional active ingredient called urea.
Describe the pathology of callus and corns.
Callus: Excessive, intermittent pressure or friction increases blood flow = hyper keratosis = callus formation
Corns: intermittent loss of blood supply due to pressure of a callosity = dead tissue which is moulded into a nucleus by pressure and becomes a foreign body. Callus forms over it and around corn to isolate nucleus and protect the site.
Name a passive emollient, it’s ingredients and describe how it works.
Eg Diprobase
Contains liquid paraffin, white soft paraffin and water
Works by providing a layer of oil in the surface of the skin to prevent water loss through evaporation
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diprobase
Name an active emollient, it’s ingredients and its modes of action
Calmurid
Urea (10%), lactic acid (5%)
1) provides a layer of oil on the surface of the skin to prevent water escaping
2) urea (found naturally in skin) penetrates stratum corneum where it absorbs and retains water thus increasing skins capacity to retain moisture.
3) lactic acid is a keratolytic which breaks down keratin (excessively produced in chronic skin conditions). Breaks this down helping to shed skin from area and improve appearance of skin. Lactic acid also improves the ability of urea to penetrate and hydrate the area.
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmurid
What is the test to indicate glycated haemoglobin?
What values indicate good control and poor control?
HbA1c is used to measure average blood glucose level over a period of time of 6-8 weeks.
Good control 58 mmol/mol (7.5%) or less
Poor control is 86 mmol/mol (10%) or more
List the types of medications available for RA, along with their advantages and disadvantages
DMARDS methotrexate,gold injections, sulphasalazine, hydroxychloroqyine, anti malarials, ciclosporin. Pt put on these ASAP, they reduce activity of immune system and slow down disease process. Disadvantages are toxicity and side effects.
Biologics are used if 2 or more dmards have been unsuccessful and these slow down part of immune system (anti-tnf or block tcell function). They provide more benefit and less danage.can protect the joints against further damage and slow progression of disease. Disadvantages include risk of infection eg don’t use in high risk eg MS and injection site reactions
What is HbA1c and what represents poor and good control?
Glycated haemoglobin measures average plasma glucose concentration over prolonged periods of time.
Poor control more than 8
Be careful more than 7
Good control 7 or less
