potential 8 mark questions Flashcards
explain the impact of the Norman conquest of England from 1066 to 1100.
POLITCAL:
- shift in power from anglo saxons to normans
- anglo Saxon noble’s land given to Norman lords
- this + change in feudal system allowed normans and their successors to control country
- William introduced “Murdum” law (fine everyone in an area of murder unless murderer caught in 5 days)
ECONOMIC:
- William conqueror ordered Domesday survey. helped him take control of tax system. 1085.
- normans abolished slavery which had affected 10% of population.
CULTURAL:
- transformation of architecture. Anglo-Saxon churches replaced by imposing Norman-style buildings still around today (e.g. Durham Cathedral)
- introduced OLD FRENCH (new language). over time combined with old English to make today’s English.
- introduced surnames to show people’s occupations and where they had migrated from.
explain why there were negative reaction to Jewish migration to England between 1066 and 1290.
- ill feeling grew as a result of high interest rates as they were not christian so could collect interest = became rich
- Edward I passed a law banning jews from collecting interest and in 1290 expelled remaining 3000 jews and seized their homes.
- Crusades led to view of Jews as the “other”
- blood libel. based on book 1144 by Thomas of Monmouth. claimed jews were ritually planning to murder a christian child every good Friday. church encouraged this with propaganda.
explain why there was migration to England from Flanders, Germany and Italy in the period 1200-1400.
FLANDERS (FLEMISH WEAVERS):
- some were leaving as their lands were torn apart by war
- others seeking higher wages and a better life.
- welcomed by Edward III who wanted to establish a cloth making industry. gave them state protection.
GERMANY (HANSEATIC MERCHANTS):
- major trading organisation
- invited during reign of Edward I to help grow the economy and establish international trade
- wool trade
ITALY (LOMBARD BANKERS)
- Italian bankers welcomed by monarchs as they could lend money to finance wars and buildings and building projects after Pope said they could charge interest.
- families such as Bardi saw opportunity to profit from wool trade. were given letters of protection to set up.
explain why there was migration to England from Europe in the period 1500-1730.
WALLOONS AND HUGENOTS:
- Walloons (1560s) fleeing Duke of Alba’s protestant persecution.
- Huguenots after Massacre of St Bartholomew’s Day (10,000 killed) and again when Louis XIV revoked edict protecting protestants and they were again attacked.
RHINELAND PALATINES:
- suffering under French catholic landlords and poor harvests.
- 1709 Foreign Protestants Naturalisation Act, invited European Protestants to settle in Britain.
- hoped to travel from Britain to North America (new life)
JEWS:
- invited by Cromwell 1656 (belief that Second Coming would only take place after conversion of Jews)
- thought they might be source of revenue.
- were being persecuted in Ukraine and sought asylum
Explain why there was African and Asian migration to England in the period 1500-700
AFRICANS:
- black men who had fought in the American War of Independence came to Britain at the end of 18th century
- North Africans, common enemy in Catholic Spanish
- others came directly from Spain and may have been muslims converted to christianity.
- others came from west Africa. brought to England to learn English and become translator.
- Royal African Company, slave trade. had monopoly over trade with West Africa
ASIANS:
- Britain dominated trade in Asia.
- east India company control of India. English people who went as employees hired Indian children as servants and women as nannies for children. returned with Indian wives, servants and ayahs. showed wealth and opulence.
explain the impact of migrant groups who came to Britain in the period 1500-1700.
POLITICAL:
- because of the arrival of the palatines, the Foreign Protestant Naturalisation Act was repealed in 1712. no longer had “open border” policy for European migrants.
ECONOMIC:
- Huguenots, revitalised silk weaving trade and kick-started manufacturing industries (e.g. cutlery making in Sheffield), invested heavily in growing business + bank of England. enabled empire to grow. skills played an important part in the transformation of industrialising Britain. introduced many skills like clock making, woodcarving, paper making and clothing design.
- jewish businesses contributed to the economy and helped to develop coasts towns such a s Hull, Portsmouth, Plymouth and Liverpool
- businesses shipped goos to West Africa in exchange for slaves to be transported to plantations in Americas. the commodities they produced, sugar and tobacco mostly, were shipped to Britain and sold for great profits.
CULTURAL:
- racism against darker skinned people began to spread in later years.
- africans in Tudor England though were accepted
- huguenots influenced fashion and style
- allowances given to protestant refugees and r jews paved way for openness to religious differences.
explain why there was asian migrant to Britain in the period 1700-1900.
- east India company hired Lascars (men who worked on board ships).
- they were preferred by captains because they were more comfortable in hotter climates, often didn’t drink alcohol (many were muslim) and could pay them less than white sailors
- some were forced to come here as indentured labourers bit then were abandoned in ports on their arrival or fled poor conditions on board, becoming “accidental migrants”.
- many wealthy Indians also came to the UK. some came to study while other such as Maharajah Duleep Singh, joined high society.
explain why there was African migration to Britain in the period 1700-1900.
- we don’t know how many people of African origin were living in Britain in the 18th and 19th centuries.
- many were here as a result of the Transatlantic Trade in enslaved Africans
- some came with owners from NA and the West Indies to work as servants.
- e.g. Mary Prince, brought here forcibly in 1828 but escaped with the help of white servants. (known from her autobiography)
- after abolishment of slavery throughout empire black people came in smaller numbers and settle. included refugees escapeing USA enslavement, or had served in British army during american war of independence and were promised freedom from enslavement in Britain.
explain the impact of African and Asian migration to Britain in the period 1840-1900.
POLITICAL:
- William Davidson and Robert Wedderburn were both children of black enslaved mothers and white fathers who became political activists against slavery.
- Mary prince autobiography, first black woman to release one.
- Equiano and Cugoano also played leading roles in the abolition of slavery campaign. organisation “Sons of Africa”.
- black soldiers played an important role inhelping British army during both AWOI and napoleonic wars.
- 2 Indians elected as members of Parliament.
ECONOMIC:
- black people worked in a range of different roles, particularly in port cities such as London, Bristol + Liverpool.
- number of West African and West Indian seamen worked on ships bringing raw materials to Britain and exported coal and goods to countries around the worlds.
- asian seamen helped to expand British trade across the world. Britain became a global economic superpower.
SOCIAL:
-autobiographies helped turn many people againstslavery
- coffee, chocolate and sugar came on merchant ships
- Indian food and “Shampoo” beauty business.
- fabrics, porcelain and furniture highly fashionable.
explain why there was Irish migration to Britain in the period 1840-1900.
- thousands of Irish families left because of rising rents, bad landlords, poor harvests, rising prices and lack of jobs.
- 1840s, potato crop wiped out by a disease = widespread famine as potato was a diet staple.
- many left in waves of mass migration.
- majority came to work in the factories in especially Liverpool (easily reached by boat from Dublin and Belfast)
- joined equally poor migrants from all over Britain, working in harsh conditions in the textile factories.
- another common employment for Irish men were working as “navvies”, digging the earth to build canals, roads, railways and docks. they settled in port communities such as South Shields and Cardiff.
explain why there was migration to Britain from Europe in the period 1800-1900.
ITALIANS:
- extreme poverty and civil war affected the villages of southern Italy so badly that thousands migrated north to Britain. Many settled in large cities (London’s “little Italy”).
GERMANS:
- queen Victoria’s husband Prince Albert was German and close ties between the countries encouraged many germans to come as students and stay as engineers, designers and businessmen
EASTERN EUROPEAN JEWS:
- came because they were subject to violent attacks (pogroms) in what is now Russia, Poland and Ukraine.
- they were desperately fleeing terror (some travelled entirely on foot) and britain’s relatively open door meant that about 140,000 arrived from the 1880s onwards, settling gin urban areas (east London, leeds +Manchester)
- many of these jewish refugees were hoping to travel to USA but couldn’t afford to go further. many joined relatives already in UK.
explain why Irish migrants faced discrimination in Britain in the period 1840-1900.
- arrived in a poor state (hungry, weak and sick) and found themselves living overcrowded unhealthy “court dwellings”.
- high death rates and outbreaks of deadly diseases like cholera.
- very hard life experience by 100,00s made worse by racism.
- in cartoons, newspaper articles, speeches by politicians and popular jokes, Irish people were portrayed as savage, violent, drunken and animal-like. anti-iris racism was widespread and nasty.
- other reasons for divisions include politics (because many Irish wanted Ireland to have their own govt, because, any English workers felt that the Irish were undercutting their wages by accepting lower pay AND religion, because most Irish immigrants were catholic.
explain the impact of migrant groups who came to Britain in the period 1800-1900
POLITICAL:
- William Davidson and Robert Wedderburn were both children of black enslaved mothers and white fathers who became political activists against slavery.
- Equiano and Cugoano also played leading roles in the abolition of slavery campaign. organisation “Sons of Africa”.
- 2 Indians elected as members of Parliament.
- Dr Thomas Barnado (Irish immigrant) set up Barnado’s Homes for destitute children in 1866 (now children’s charity Barnado’s)
-1858 first jewish member of parliament Lionel de Rothschild took his seat in Parliament.
- 1889 10,000 jewish tailors living there went on strike for better pay and conditions.
ECONOMIC:
- black people worked in a range of different roles, particularly in port cities such as London, Bristol + Liverpool.
- number of West African and West Indian seamen worked on ships bringing raw materials to Britain and exported coal and goods to countries around the worlds.
- asian seamen helped to expand British trade across the world. Britain became a global economic superpower.
- infrastructure built by Irish navies.
CULTURAL:
-autobiographies helped turn many people againstslavery
- coffee, chocolate and sugar came on merchant ships
- Indian food and “Shampoo” beauty business.
- fabrics, porcelain and furniture highly fashionable.
- Italian and German food
explain the part played by migrant communities in movements for change in Britain between 1772-1905.
- William Davidson and Robert Wedderburn. both children of black enslaved mothers and white fathers who became political activists against slavery and for rights of working people.
- Mary prince autobiography, first black woman to release one.
- Equiano and Cugoano also played leading roles in the abolition of slavery campaign. organisation “Sons of Africa”.
- black soldiers played an important role inhelping British army during both AWOI and napoleonic wars.
- 2 Indians elected as members of Parliament.
- dr thomas barnado (Irish immigrant) set up Barnado’s Homes for destitute children 1886 (now a children’s charity)
- Fergus O’Connor (Irish) leader of Chartist movement for political reform. e.g. secret ballots in election, votes for all + payment to MPs so not only the rich could stand for election.
- 1889 10,000 jewish tailors on strike for better pay and conditions.
- Marx and Engles’ analysis of social conditions, class and capitalism had a massive influence on political system.
