Posture Deviations

Question 1

Equinus foot

Answer 1

hindfoot fixed in plantarflexion

Question 2

Calcaneal foot

Answer 2

fixed in dorsiflexion

Question 3

Calcaneal valgus

Answer 3

• foot pronation
• medial shift

Question 4

Calcaneal varus

Answer 4

• foot supination
• lateral shift

Question 5

Pes cavus

Answer 5

• high medial longitudinal arch
• calcaneal varus
• supination
• foot is a “cave”

Question 6

Pes planus

Answer 6

• flat medial longitudinal arch
• calcaneal valgus
• pronation

Question 7

Genu valgum

Answer 7

• knock-knees
• FOOT: calcaneal valgus, pronation

Question 8

Genu varum

Answer 8

• bowlegs
• barrel of “rum” can fit between knees
• FOOT: calcaneal varus, supination

Question 9

Genu recurvatum

Answer 9

hyperextension of knees

Question 10

Genu antecurvatum

Answer 10

• hyperflexion/underextension of knees
• knees can’t extend all the way
• knee flexion contracture

Question 11

Anteversion

Answer 11

• internal rotation of femur
• increased angle between femoral condyles and femoral head
• in-toeing
• KNEE: genu valgum, knock-knees
• FOOT: calcaneal valgus, pronation

Question 12

Retroversion

Answer 12

• external rotation of femur
• decreased angle between femoral condyles and head of femur
• out-toeing
• KNEE: genu varum, bowlegs
• FOOT: clacaneal varus, supination

Question 13

Coxa vara

Answer 13

• smaller angle of inclination between head and shaft of femur <125°
• HIP: anteversion of femur, in-toeing
• KNEE: genu valgum, knock-knees
• FOOT: calcaneal valgus, pronation

Question 14

Coxa valga

Answer 14

• larger angle of inclination between head and shaft of femur >125°
• HIP: retroversion of femur, out-toeing
• KNEE: genu varum, bowlegs
• FOOT: calcaneal varus, supination

Question 15

Nutation

Answer 15

• sacral flexion
• superior sacrum rotates anteriorly, inferior sacrum rotates posteriorly
• occurs with trunk flexion or hip extension
• anterior pelvic tilt
• lumbar lordosis

Question 16

Counternutation

Answer 16

• sacral extension
• superior sacrum rotates posteriorly, inferior sacrum rotates anteriorly
• occurs with trunk extension or hip flexion
• posterior pelvic tilt
• flat back, decreased lumbar lordosis

Question 17

Anterior pelvic tilt

Answer 17

• superior pelvis rotates anteriorly
• ASIS anterior to pubic symphysis
• increased lumbar lordosis and hip flexion
• nutation
• tight hip flexors and trunk extensors
• weak hip extensors and trunk flexors

Question 18

Posterior pelvic tilt

Answer 18

• superior pelvis rotates posteriorly
• ASIS posterior to pubic symphysis
• decreased lumbar lordosis, flat back
• counternutation
• tight hip extensors and trunk flexors
• weak hip flexors and trunk extensors

Question 19

Lateral pelvic tilt

Answer 19

• identified by low side
• weak hip abductors on opposite side (high side)
• trunk laterally bends to opposite side
• could be tight hip abductors on same side and and tight erector spinae and QL on opposite side

Question 20

Forward head

Answer 20

• mastoid process anterior to C7
• tight SCM
• ?weak suprahyoids and infrahyoids?

Question 21

Increased trunk flexion (kyphosis)

Answer 21

• increased anterior disk pressure
• decreased posterior facet pressure

Question 22

Increased trunk extension (lordosis)

Answer 22

• increased posterior facet pressure
• decreased anterior disk pressure