POSTURAL CONTROL, BALANCE AND MOBILITY

Question 1

What is posture?

Answer 1

Represents the overall position of the body and limbs relative to one another and their representation in space

Postures can be in static and dynamic conditions

Question 2

Postural control

Answer 2

involves controlling body’s position in space for the dual purposes of stability and orientation

Question 3

Center of pressure

Answer 3

vertical projection of the COM

Question 4

center of mass

Answer 4

point that is at the center of the total body mass

Question 5

Stability limits

Answer 5

boundaries of an area in space which the body can maintain its position without changing the base of support

Question 6

base of support

Answer 6

the are underneath and between both feet

Question 7

Which test can be used to measure stability limits?

Answer 7

functional reach test

MDRT

Question 8

Increasing stability limits in older adults and individuals with neurological conditions results in a

Answer 8

decreased risk for falls

Question 9

Is the effect greater in A/P or M/L direction?

Answer 9

A/P?

Question 10

Postural Orientation

Answer 10

The way you position yourself in space - biomechanical alignment of the body + orientation of the body vs. environment

Question 11

Postural Stability (balance)

Answer 11

The ability to:
stay still in a certain position
maintain the projected centre of mass within stability limits (without changing the base of support)

Question 12

** Orientation & Stability demands ______ with each task **

Answer 12

change

Question 13

Postural _______ depends on postural ________

Answer 13

stability on orientation

Question 14

Neural system (perception) :

Answer 14

Integration of sensory information to assess the position and motion of the body in space

Question 15

Musculoskeletal system (action):

Answer 15

Ability to generate forces for controlling body position systems

Question 16

Conditions involving neurological (ex: CP, MS, stroke, etc.) and/or musculoskeletal (ex: arthritis, neuropathic pain, amputation fibromyalgia, etc. ) systems can lead to deficits in postural _______ or _________ (because of impairments to neuro + musculo systems)

Answer 16

orientation or stability

Question 17

2 types of postural control

Answer 17

anticipatory and reactive

Question 18

Anticipatory postural control

Answer 18

Advance planning of actions
Obstacles, different types of surfaces

ex: getting ready to climb stairs

Question 19

Reactive postural control

Answer 19

Actions that cannot be planned in advance due to the unexpected nature of an event
Ex: Being bumped in a crowd
Clinical Implications: important for falls prevention

Question 20

CNS preprograms force based on____________ of what the task requires

Answer 20

anticipation

Question 21

When doing balance exercises in rehab, is it more important to train anticipatory or reactive postural control?

Answer 21

reactive???

Question 22

Goal of postural movement strategies :

Answer 22

To restore the COM of the body to a position of stability following a loss of balance

Question 23

These postural responses are activated in response which 3 inputs?

Answer 23

to proprioceptive, visual and vestibular inputs

Question 24

3 motor strategies

Answer 24

ankle, hip or stepping

Question 25

Ankle strategy

Answer 25

Restore COM to a position of stability through body movement centered primarily about the ankle joints

Question 26

- To oppose forward sway: activation of...

Answer 26

PF

Question 27

- To oppose backward sway: activation of _______________

Answer 27

DF

Question 28

Ankle strategy is in reaction to?

Answer 28

small perturbations and firm surface

Question 29

Which is the first strategy?

Answer 29

ankle

Question 30

Hip strategy controls..

Answer 30

Controls motion of the COM by producing large and rapid motions at the hip joints

Question 31

Hip strategy in reaction to?

Answer 31

In reaction to larger and faster perturbations and when support surface is smaller than the feet (beam)

Question 32

Stepping strategy happens when

Answer 32

When ankle and hip strategies are insufficient to recover balance, a step or hop is used to bring the support base into alignment under the COM

Question 33

Visual system

Answer 33

Position and motion of the head & body with respect to surrounding objects Reference for verticality

Question 34

Which system is very important for neurological conditions?

Answer 34

visual to compensante for decrease in somatosensory system

Question 35

Somatosensory system

Answer 35

Provides CNS with position and motion information about the body with reference to supporting surfaces (horizontal) ex: ankle joint in standing position Relationship of body segments to one another

Question 36

Vestibular system

Answer 36

Information about HEAD position and motion | (displacement and acceleration; gravity)

Question 37

Injuries or disorders to these 3 systems can lead to _________ problems ex: ataxic CP, hemiparesis, aging, etc.

Answer 37

balance

Question 38

Can a loss of any of these systems be compensated by the other 2 systems?

Answer 38

yes

Question 39

to understand these systems go to p.319

Answer 39

p.319

Question 40

When standing still, does our nervous system rely more heavily on vision or somatosensory info?

Answer 40

It appears that under normal conditions, the nervous system may weigh the importance of somato info for postural control more heavily than vision and vestibular inputs

Question 41

It appears that under normal conditions, the nervous system may weigh the importance of ______________ info for postural control more heavily than vision and __________ inputs

Answer 41

somatosensory, vestibular

Question 42

Neurological lesions : people rely predominantly on : _______ during the early part of their balance recovery process and then use more somatosensory inputs

Answer 42

vision

Question 43

Based on the stickman graph, if you are aging and over 65 years old, which do you resemble most?

Answer 43

5 and 6

Question 44

Reducing the availability of ___ senses appears to have a significant effect on postural steadiness in ________ adults

Answer 44

2, healthy older

Question 45

To maintain standing balance, elderly people with vestibular loss need their… _______ or their ___________________

Answer 45

vision, somatosensory function