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710: Motor Control & Motor Learning > Postural Control > Flashcards

Postural Control Flashcards

1
Q

Postural control emerges from the interaction of what 3 things?

A
  • task
  • individual
  • environment
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2
Q

The ability to control our body’s position in space emerges from a complex interaction of musculoskeletal and neural systems is referred to as what?

A

the postural control system

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3
Q

What can be defined as “controlling the body’s position in space for the dual purposes of stability and orientation”?

A

postural control

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4
Q

What can be defined as “the ability to maintain an appropriate relationship between the body segments, and between the body and the environment”?

A

Postural orientation

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5
Q

What can be defined as the ability to control the center of mass in relationship to the base of support?

A

postural stability

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6
Q

What is the center of mass?

A

A point that is at the center of the total body mass, which is determined by finding the weighted average of the COM of each body segment

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7
Q

The vertical position of the COM is called what?

A

The center of gravity

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8
Q

Define the base of support

A

The area of the body that is in contact with the support surface

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9
Q

What can be defined as the center of the distribution of the total force applied to the supporting surface?

A

The center of Pressure

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10
Q

All tasks consist of what 2 components?

A

a stability component and a orientation component

*Orientation and stability demands change with each task

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11
Q

What is the clinical definition of a fall?

A

an event that results in a person coming to rest inadvertently on the ground (unplanned or unexpected contact with a supporting surface)

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12
Q

What is the research definition of a fall?

A

movement of the COM outside of the base of support (including stepping to recover stability)

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13
Q

What factors contribute to our stability during quiet stance?

A
  • body alignment
  • muscle tone
  • postural tone
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14
Q

Describe perfect alignment

A
  • mastoid process
  • a point just in front of the shoulders
  • the hip joints (or just behind)
  • a point just in front of the center of the knee joints
  • a point just in front of the ankle joints
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15
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

The force with which a muscle resists being lengthened (stiffness)

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16
Q

What 3 things contribute to our background muscle tone?

A
  • the intrinsic stiffness of the muscles themselves
  • the background muscle tone, which exists normally in all muscles because of neural contributions
  • postural tone
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17
Q

Define postural tone

A

the activation of antigravity muscles during quiet stance

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18
Q

Lesions to what area of the spinal cord result in reduce postural tone. What does this signify?

A

Dorsal column

The importance of somatosensory inputs to postural tone

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19
Q

What are 6 movement strategies to maintain balance?

A
  • Controlling body sway
  • Feedback control
  • Feedforward (anticipatory) control
  • Anteroposterior stability
  • Lateral stability
  • Multidirectional stability
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20
Q

How is body sway controlled?

A

The CoP works to control the CoM moving the body backward and forward.

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21
Q

What does feedback control refer to?

A

postural control that occurs in response to sensory feedback from an external perturbation

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22
Q

What are 2 examples of when feedback control is needed to maintain balance?

A
  • when the support surface moves

- when there are disruptions to gait

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23
Q

What does feedforward control refer to?

A

postural responses that are made in anticipation of a voluntary movement that is potentially destabilizing in order to maintain stability during the movement

24
Q

What are 2 examples of when feedforward control is needed to maintain balance?

A
  • prior to a voluntary movement that is potentially destabilizing (lifting a heavy object)
  • during volitional COM movements in stance
25
Q

What is a synergy?

A

A functional coupling of groups of muscles that are constrained to ACT TEGETHER as a unit

26
Q

What are the 3 postural movement strategies used by normal adults for controlling anteroposterior sway?

A
  • ankle
  • hip
  • stepping
27
Q

Which muscles are activated during forward sway when utilizing the ankle strategy?

A
  • paraspinal muscles
  • gastroc
  • hamstrings
28
Q

Which muscles are activated during backwayd sway when utilizing the ankle strategy?

A
  • abdominals
  • quads
  • tibialis anterior
29
Q

Muscle activity during the ankle strategy begins in the _____ muscles, followed by activation of the _____ muscles

A

distal

proximal

30
Q

Which muscles are activated during forward sway when utilizing the hip strategy?

A
  • abdominals

- quads

31
Q

Which muscles are activated during backward sway when utilizing the hip strategy?

A
  • paraspinal

- hamstrings

32
Q

When is the hip strategy used over the ankle strategy?

A
  • in response to larger, faster perturbations

- when the support surface is smaller than the feet

33
Q

Muscle activity during the hip strategy begins in the _____ muscles, followed by activation of the _____ muscles

A

proximal

distal

34
Q

Which strategy is used when the ankle and hip strategies are not enough to maintain balance?

A

stepping strategy

35
Q

What type of stability is used to recover stability in a mediolateral direction?

A

lateral stability pattern

36
Q

What muscles are used to maintain ML stability?

A

muscles at the hip and trunk

37
Q

Muscle patterns are organized in a ______-to-______ direction during lateral stability

A

proximal-to-distal

38
Q

Which brain structure is in control of adaptation?

A

the cerebellum

39
Q

How does the cerebellum control adaptation?

A

It modifies postural muscle amplitude in response to changing tasks and environmental conditions

40
Q

Which brain structure is in control of postural set?

A

the basal ganglia

41
Q

How does the basal ganglia control postural set?

A

By quickly changing muscle patterns in response to changing tasks and environmental conditions

42
Q

How does the brainstem contribute to postural control?

A
  • regulates postural tone
  • integrates sensory information
  • contributes to anticipatory postural control accompanying movements
43
Q

Effective postural control requires more than the ability to generate and apply forces for controlling the body’s position in space, we must know when and how to apply restoring forces. What is responsible for this?

A

perceptual systems within the CNS which develop a picture of where the body is in space and whether the body is stationary or in motion

44
Q

Which 3 systems detect the body’s position and movement is space with respect to gravity and the environment?

A
  • visual
  • somatosensory
  • vestibular
45
Q

Visual inputs provide information regarding what?

A

The position and motion of the head with respect to surrounding objects as well as a reference for verticality

46
Q

Visual inputs include what 2 types of information?

A
  • peripheral visual information

- foveal information

47
Q

What 2 things does the somatosensory system provide to the CNS?

A
  • position and motion information about the body with reference to the BOS
  • information about the relationship of body segments to one another
48
Q

What does the vestibular system provide the CNS with?

A

Information about the position and movement of the head with respect to gravity and inertial forces

49
Q

Can vestibular signals alone provide the CNS with a true picture of how the body is moving in space? Why or why not?

A

No, because it cannot distinguish between a simple head nod and a forward bend

50
Q

Vestibular inputs also provide information regarding _____ acceleration of the head

A

angular

51
Q

In summary _____ inputs provide a relationship of our body to the environment

A

visual

52
Q

In summary _____ inputs provide information regarding the surface of support

A

somatosensory

53
Q

In summary _____ inputs provide information regarding gravity

A

vestibular

54
Q

What does the sensory weighting hypothesis state?

A

When one sensory system is less reliable, the input to the CNS from that system is weighted less heavily, and inputs from other systems will be weighted more heavily

55
Q

What are the 6 sensory conditions to test sensory organization?

A

1) stable surface eyes open
2) stable surface eyes closed
3) stable surface with dome over head
4) unstable surface eyes open
5) unstable surface eyes closed
6) unstable surface with dome over head

56
Q

Which test helps determine which sensory system an individual relies on to maintain balance?

A

Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction in Balance (CTSIB)

710: Motor Control & Motor Learning (14 decks)

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