Normal Control of Mobility Flashcards
Why is mobility important?
It is a key feature of our independence as human beings.
What is the primary goal of a patient?
to regain mobility
What are the 3 requirements for mobility?
- Progression
- Postural control
- Adaptability
Define progression
the ability to generate a rhythmic stepping pattern to move the body forward
Progression is the ability to do what 2 things?
- generate forces that can move the body in the desired direction
- initiate and terminate movement
What are 3 types of progressions?
- locomotion
- stair walking
- transfer tasks
What is another word for locomotion?
gait
What are the 2 phases of gait?
stance and swing
Describe the stance phase
Phase is which there is a stabilizing limb for weight bearing and generating forces to move the body for continued motion
Describe the swing phase
Phase in which there is advancement of the swing leg to reposition the limb and make sure toe clear the ground
When generating forces to propel the body upstairs, what type of contraction are you utilizing?
concentric
When controlling the body’s descent down stairs, what type of contraction are you utilizing?
eccentric
Transfer tasks can be described as what?
movement in a desired direction
What is postural control aka?
stability
What is postural control?
the ability to support and control the body against gravity
Posture must be controlled throughout what 3 movements?
- locomotion
- stair walking
- transfer tasks
During stance phase _____ forces support the body mass against gravity
vertical
What type of postural control must occur during swing phase?
repositioning of the limb in preparation for weight acceptance
What are stability difficulties that arise with stair walking?
Controlling the CoM within a constantly changing base of support
Define adaptability
the ability to adapt gait to changing task and environmental requirements
One must adapt to what things during the stance phase of gait?
Changes in speed and direction or alterations in the support surface
One must adapt to what things during the swing phase of gait?
avoidance of obstacles by swing foot
The ability to adapt during stair walking and transfer tasks is important for what reasons?
Due to changing tasks and environmental conditions
What are the 2 main phases of the gait cycle? What percentage does each account for?
Stance (60%)
Swing (40%)
When does the stance phase begin?
When does the swing phase begin?
- when the foot strikes the ground
- when the foot leaves the ground
What are the 5 substages of the stance phase?
1) Initial contact
2) Loading response
3) Mid-stance
4) Terminal stance
5) Preswing
What are the 3`substages of the stance phase?
1) Initial swing
2) Mid-swing
3) Terminal swing
Define step length
The distance between the contralateral foot strikes
Define stride length
The distance from one foot strike to the next for the same foot
Gait velocity is measured in what?
meters/second
Define cadence
the number of steps within a unit time
Cadence is measured in what?
steps/minute
What are 3 ways in which gait can be analyzed?
- Kinematic description
- Muscle activity (EMG) pattern
- Joint kinetics
What is kinematic description?
The movement of the joints and segments of the body through space
Elegant coordination of motion at all joints ensures what?
The smooth forward progression of the center of body mass
What 4 joint movements can be examined in the sagittal plane?
- plantar flexion and dorsiflexion at the ankle
- flexion and extension at the knee
- flexion and extension at the hip
- pelvic tilt
In general muscle in the stance limb have 2 goals, what are they?
- postural control: securing the stance limb against the impact force of foot strike and supporting the body against the force of gravity
- progression: subsequent force generation to propel the body forward into the next step
In order to accomplish the first goal (impact absorption for postural stability) what muscles are activated?
- Eccentric activation of the knee extensors (quads)
- Eccentric activation of the ankle dorsiflexors (tibialis anterior)
In addition to eccentric activation what other muscles are activated to keep the body from collapsing into gravity during the stance phase?
Extensors at the hip, knee, and ankle
In order to accomplish the second goal (generating a propulsive forces to keep the body in motion) what muscles are activated?
- Plantarflexors rotate the ankle
- Quadriceps straighten the knee
- Concentric contraction of the ilipsoas to pull leg forward, while the knee passively flexes
- Eccentric contraction of the hamstrings near the end to slow motion and allow heel strike to occur
What do joint kinetics examine?
The forces generated during the step cycle