Normal Control of Mobility

Question 1

Why is mobility important?

Answer 1

It is a key feature of our independence as human beings.

Question 2

What is the primary goal of a patient?

Answer 2

to regain mobility

Question 3

What are the 3 requirements for mobility?

Answer 3

• Progression
• Postural control
• Adaptability

Question 4

Define progression

Answer 4

the ability to generate a rhythmic stepping pattern to move the body forward

Question 5

Progression is the ability to do what 2 things?

Answer 5

• generate forces that can move the body in the desired direction
• initiate and terminate movement

Question 6

What are 3 types of progressions?

Answer 6

• locomotion
• stair walking
• transfer tasks

Question 7

What is another word for locomotion?

Answer 7

gait

Question 8

What are the 2 phases of gait?

Answer 8

stance and swing

Question 9

Describe the stance phase

Answer 9

Phase is which there is a stabilizing limb for weight bearing and generating forces to move the body for continued motion

Question 10

Describe the swing phase

Answer 10

Phase in which there is advancement of the swing leg to reposition the limb and make sure toe clear the ground

Question 11

When generating forces to propel the body upstairs, what type of contraction are you utilizing?

Answer 11

concentric

Question 12

When controlling the body’s descent down stairs, what type of contraction are you utilizing?

Answer 12

eccentric

Question 13

Transfer tasks can be described as what?

Answer 13

movement in a desired direction

Question 14

What is postural control aka?

Answer 14

stability

Question 15

What is postural control?

Answer 15

the ability to support and control the body against gravity

Question 16

Posture must be controlled throughout what 3 movements?

Answer 16

• locomotion
• stair walking
• transfer tasks

Question 17

During stance phase _____ forces support the body mass against gravity

Answer 17

vertical

Question 18

What type of postural control must occur during swing phase?

Answer 18

repositioning of the limb in preparation for weight acceptance

Question 19

What are stability difficulties that arise with stair walking?

Answer 19

Controlling the CoM within a constantly changing base of support

Question 20

Define adaptability

Answer 20

the ability to adapt gait to changing task and environmental requirements

Question 21

One must adapt to what things during the stance phase of gait?

Answer 21

Changes in speed and direction or alterations in the support surface

Question 22

One must adapt to what things during the swing phase of gait?

Answer 22

avoidance of obstacles by swing foot

Question 23

The ability to adapt during stair walking and transfer tasks is important for what reasons?

Answer 23

Due to changing tasks and environmental conditions

Question 24

What are the 2 main phases of the gait cycle? What percentage does each account for?

Answer 24

Stance (60%)

Swing (40%)

Question 25

When does the stance phase begin?

When does the swing phase begin?

Answer 25

• when the foot strikes the ground

- when the foot leaves the ground

Question 26

What are the 5 substages of the stance phase?

Answer 26

1) Initial contact
2) Loading response
3) Mid-stance
4) Terminal stance
5) Preswing

Question 27

What are the 3`substages of the stance phase?

Answer 27

1) Initial swing
2) Mid-swing
3) Terminal swing

Question 28

Define step length

Answer 28

The distance between the contralateral foot strikes

Question 29

Define stride length

Answer 29

The distance from one foot strike to the next for the same foot

Question 30

Gait velocity is measured in what?

Answer 30

meters/second

Question 31

Define cadence

Answer 31

the number of steps within a unit time

Question 32

Cadence is measured in what?

Answer 32

steps/minute

Question 33

What are 3 ways in which gait can be analyzed?

Answer 33

• Kinematic description
• Muscle activity (EMG) pattern
• Joint kinetics

Question 34

What is kinematic description?

Answer 34

The movement of the joints and segments of the body through space

Question 35

Elegant coordination of motion at all joints ensures what?

Answer 35

The smooth forward progression of the center of body mass

Question 36

What 4 joint movements can be examined in the sagittal plane?

Answer 36

• plantar flexion and dorsiflexion at the ankle
• flexion and extension at the knee
• flexion and extension at the hip
• pelvic tilt

Question 37

In general muscle in the stance limb have 2 goals, what are they?

Answer 37

• postural control: securing the stance limb against the impact force of foot strike and supporting the body against the force of gravity
• progression: subsequent force generation to propel the body forward into the next step

Question 38

In order to accomplish the first goal (impact absorption for postural stability) what muscles are activated?

Answer 38

• Eccentric activation of the knee extensors (quads)

- Eccentric activation of the ankle dorsiflexors (tibialis anterior)

Question 39

In addition to eccentric activation what other muscles are activated to keep the body from collapsing into gravity during the stance phase?

Answer 39

Extensors at the hip, knee, and ankle

Question 40

In order to accomplish the second goal (generating a propulsive forces to keep the body in motion) what muscles are activated?

Answer 40

• Plantarflexors rotate the ankle
• Quadriceps straighten the knee
• Concentric contraction of the ilipsoas to pull leg forward, while the knee passively flexes
• Eccentric contraction of the hamstrings near the end to slow motion and allow heel strike to occur

Question 41

What do joint kinetics examine?

Answer 41

The forces generated during the step cycle