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KINES-LEC 3rd Shift > postural control > Flashcards

postural control Flashcards

1
Q

posture

A
  • also called “postural orientation”
  • ability to maintain an appropriate relationship between:
    1) body segments
    2) body & environment
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2
Q

examples of relationship between BODY SEGMENTS (that will determine posture)

A
  • between head and trunk
  • between trunk and lower ex.
  • between arm and forearm

t/n: their alignment w/ eao will determine posture

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3
Q

examples of relationship between BODY & ENV (that will determine posture)

A
  • sitting on a chair
  • lying on bed

t/n: orientation between body segment + body + environment =posture

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4
Q

quadrupedal stance vs bipedal stance

A

quadrupedal
- BW distributed in UE and LE
- ancient times
- ambulating/exploring env using (ALL 4) bilateral ex.

bipedal
- only 2 LE used
- reduced BOS, increased work at heart, increased stress on vb column & LE
- weight of HAT transmitted down to vb column

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5
Q

reduced BOS challenges

A
  • challenging stability
  • make some control to maintain balance
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6
Q

COG

A
  • center of gravity
  • vertical projection of COM
  • dependent on the body position
  • in whatever we do, there is a chance that we are shifting our COG fwd, bwd, sideways, or combo
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7
Q

control mechanism of the body

A

everytime COG is moved, body must maintain its equilibrium/balance, adjustments are made

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8
Q

postural stability/balance

A

ability to maintain body in equilibrium

t/n: whether body is at rest or in motion (static posture vs dynamic posture)

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9
Q

True/False:
Postural stability entails muscle contractions.

A

true

t/n: it is a dynamic process when certain muscles (internal forces) will exert their forces to be able to maintain your position

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10
Q

COM

A
  • center of mass
  • COM should be maintained OVER BOS for STABILITY (COM/BOS = stability)

t/n: a point at the center of the total body mass represents the concentration of all the mass of the entire body (weighted average of the COM of each body segment)

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11
Q

BOS

A
  • base of support
  • support surface
  • area of object that is in contact with support surface
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12
Q

Static vs Dynamic Posture

A

static
- body and its segments are
1) aligned
2) maintained in certain positions

dynamic
- body and its segments are
1) moving

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13
Q

postural control

A
  • postural adjustments body HAS TO MAINTAIN
  • muscle activation patterns and segmental movements (that enable us control the body’s segmental linkages in relation to the BOS)
  • allow us to properly execute our functional activities without placing too much stress on certain structures
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14
Q

(2) types of postural control

A

1) reactive = compensatory
2) proactive = anticipatory

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15
Q

reactive/compensatory postural control

A

reacts to external force displacing body’s COM/external force came intro contact with your bodu

compensatory postural control by which the force is already displaced the body’s COM

e.g. if we try to push someone; and that push came into contact with body = challenges reactive/compensatory postural control

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16
Q

proactive/anticipatory postural control

A

responds to internally-generated anticipated destabilizing forces

anticipates arrival of external force/force hasn’t come contact into body yet

internally-generated muscle contractions will happen early prior to destabilizing force effect

e.g. riding a roller coaster/fast vehicle, encountering a curve, body adjusts already (bend sideways)

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17
Q

perturbation

A

sudden nudges/change in conditions that displaces the body away from equilibrium

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18
Q

(2) types of perturbation

A

1) sensory perturbation
2) mechanical perturbation

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19
Q

sensory perturbation (w/ examples)

A

alteration of visual input

e.g. covering someone’s eyes when walking in a dark room > challenges visual > challenges posture > sensory perturbation

20
Q

mechanical perturbation (w/ examples)

A

displacements affecting COM & BOS/EXTERNAL forces displacing COM out of BOS

e.g. we nudge someone, push someone, ride a train and it suddenly stops

21
Q

strategies to sensory perturbation

A

postural strategy

widening BOS (slouch, extend arms, widen legs apart, bend knees)

22
Q

(3) strategies to mechanical perturbation

A

1) ankle strategy (prevent too much dorsiflexion)
2) hip strategy (used in stronger force)
3) change-in-support strategies (stepping/grasping)

23
Q

change-in-support strategy

A

there is a change in support = your feet/foot STEPS FORWARD

24
Q

stepping strategy

A

pushed > step forward > catch COG within that BOS

25
Q

grasping response

A

pushed > UE grasp to something > catch body

26
Q

protective response

A
27
Q

(2) head stabilizing strategies

A

1) Head Stabilization in Space (HSS)
2) Head Stabilization on Trunk (HST)

28
Q

HSS

A
  • head stabilization in space
  • trunk bent sideways (fixed), only head will move contralaterally

t/n: this is to still get proper orientation of the environment

29
Q

HST

A
  • head stabilization on the trunk
  • anticipatory change in head position with the trunk (both head and trunk will adjust)
30
Q

(2) forces affecting posture

A

1) internal (muscle/passive tension from static structures)
2) external (inertia/GRF/gravity)

31
Q

inertial/gravitational forces

A
  • external forces that will affect COG of the body
  • why we do postural sway/sway envelope
32
Q

postural sway/sway envelope

A
  • constant swaying motion of the body in an erect standing posture
  • very minimal ANTEROPOSTERIOR / MEDIOLATERAL swaying when STANDING
33
Q

GRF

A
  • ground reaction forces
  • body contacts the ground > ground exerts back same amt. of force
  • common when standing/walking
34
Q

GRF in walking

A

each time you walk > body exerts DOWNWARD weight > ground exert an equal and opposite reaction (3rd law of newton)

35
Q

forces on ankle

A

internal
LOG: anterior to ankle joint/axis
created moment: DF (try to move tibia forward)/flexion

external (counteract external DF moment)
muscle: soleus (create internal PF moment)

t/n: this is to remain state of equilibrium of the body

36
Q

forces on knee

A

internal
LOG: anterior to knee joint axis
created moment: knee EXT.

external (counteract hyperEXT.)
structures:
- posterior passive ligaments
- posterior knee capsule (prevent hyperextension caused by femur moving fwd)

muscle: soleus
- pull tibia backwards
- prevent too much movement of tibia fwd

37
Q

forces on hip & pelvis

A

internal
LOG: posterior
line of axis: a bit posterior
created moment: pelvic TILTING/hip joint EXT.

external (counteract tilting/ext.)
structures:
- anterior passive structures
- anterior capsule,
- anterior ligaments
- hip flexors (dynamic structures)

38
Q

forces on lumbar spine

A

internal
LOG: posterior the segment of lumbar area
created moment: hyperEXT./excessive lumbar lordosis

external (counteract LOG behind)
muscle:
- abdominal muscles
- core muscles

39
Q

forces on thoracic spine

A

internal
LOG: anterior

external
muscle: erector spinae (found posterior)

40
Q

forces on cervical spine

A

internal
LOG: posterior

external
muscle:
- anterior cervical muscles should contract (prevent posterior pull of cervical spine)
- temporalis (prevent too much opening of mandible)
structures:
- anterior passive structures provide stabilization

41
Q

(4) postural muscles

A

1) temporalis
2) trapezius
3) erector spinae
4) soleus

42
Q

good vs bad posture

A

good posture
- not much COG displacement
- less muscle acts
- less support from passive structures

bad posture
- excessive COG displacement
- more muscle contraction
- greater stress on passive structures
= fatige muscles > strain injuries
= overly-stretched passive structures > sprain injuries

43
Q

functional tasks to assess sitting/standing/walking (steady/reactive/proactive state)

A

sitting
steady: berg 1/sit
reactive: nudge (in any direction)
proactive: berg 2/sit-to-sa=tand

standing
steady: berg 3/stand
reactive: nudge (in any direction)
proactive: berg 6/functional reach test

walking
steady: 10-m walk
reactive: walk w/ perturbation
proactive: dynamic gait index/step over obstacles

44
Q

(9) factors affecting posture

A

1) body (height/weight)
2) age (young vs old)
3) gender (male vs female muscle bulk)
4) pregnancy (COG forwarded/challenged stability)
5) occupation and reaction (cross narrow passageways/ballet dancing/single-leg stance)
6) physical conditions (stroke/cerebellar ataxia)

45
Q

as PT, our goal when considering balance are (5)

A

1) identify balance issues
2) determine whether static balance/dynamic balance problem
3) know whether problem is d/t reactive/proactive problems
4) know whether muscles are weak
5) know whether certain problems are tight/not flexible

KINES-LEC 3rd Shift (4 decks)

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