Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

KINES-LEC 3rd Shift > foot and ankle > Flashcards

foot and ankle Flashcards

1
Q

foot & ankle complex (28) bones

A
  • 1 tibia / 1 fibula
  • 1 talus / 1 calcaneus
  • 1 cuboid / 1 navicular / 3 cuneiforms (5 tarsal bones)
  • 5 metatarsals
  • 14 phalanges

t/n: these all forms 25 joints in one extremity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

proximal tibiofibular joint

A
  • superior tibia + fibula
  • “forgotton joint”
  • SYNOVIAL PLANE joint type

t/n: is called “forgotten joint” because it is often neglected by clinicians/anatomists alike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

distal tibiofibular joint

A
  • inferior tibia + fibula
  • SYNDESMOSIS joint type (allows small movements/slightly movable fibrous joint)

t/n: only allows small movements/slightly movable fibrous joint as they are connected by CONNECTIVE TISSUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

everything about (3) regions of the foot

A

1) hindfoot
- clue: HIDE / asa likod / POSTERIOR segment
- formed by (4) bones: fibula / tibia, talus / calcaneus

2) midfoot
- clue: MIDDLE / asa gitna / MIDDLE segment
- formed by (5) TARSAL bones

3) forefoot
- clue: FORWARD / asa harap / ANTERIOR segment
- formed by METATARSALS and PHALANGES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

talocrural joint

A
  • formed by ankle mortise
  • comprised of (3) bones: tibia / fibula / talus/talar bone
  • HINGE joint type (DF+PF)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

talocrural joint - ankle mortise

A

lateral & medial malleoli

t/n: lateral malleoli (distal protrusion of fibula) / medial malleoli (extending inferior part of tibia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

talocrural joint CPP & OPP

A

CPP
- full dorsiflexion

OPP
- 10 deg plantarflexion
- midway between inversion & eversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

talocrural joint - everything about TALUS

A
  • trochlea = proximal aspect of body of talus
  • (3) articulations’:
    1) lateral (larger) malleolar facet / fibula
    2) medial (smaller) malleolar facet / tibia
    3) superior (dome) facet / tibia inferior aspect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

talocrural joint - lateral malleolus

A
  • distal extensions of tibia and fibula
  • more DISTAL (protruding) and POSTERIORLY (situated) > tibial torsion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

talocrural joint - tibial torsion

A
  • external tibial torsion / tibiofibular torsion
  • causes toe-out in normal standing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

talocrural joint - toe-out angle

A
  • “fick’s angle”
  • (2) normal values:
    1) adult = 12-18 deg
    2) children = 5 deg

t/n: quick check up if toe-out is normal, look at person posterior view, if you see only 3 toes = normal, if more than 3 toes = not normal, excessive ER of tibia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

talocrural joint - talocural axis

A
  • obliquely oriented
  • normal values = 14 deg (from horizontal axis)

t/n: because of anatomical structure of tibia and fibula/shape of tc joint, talocrural axis is not completely horizontal > DF and PF happen uniaxially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

talocrural joint - DOF

A
  • 1 DOF
  • DF/PF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

talocrural joint - WB vs NWB motions

A

NWB
- DF w/ EV
- PF w/ INV

WB
- DF w/ INV
- PF w/ EV

clue: alphabetically arranged first (ev comes first before inv)
t/n: this is d/t inclined/obliquely-oriented axis (~14 deg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

subtalar joint

A
  • “talocalcaneal joint”
  • formed by TALUS and CALCANEUS (below ‘sub’ talus)
  • PLANE joint type

t/n: complex type of joint because of articulating surfaces’ SHAPE being HIGHLY VARIABLE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

subtalar joint - sinus tarsi (anatomy & function)

A
  • houses proprioceptive center
  • location of mechanoreceptors > provides proprioceptive info on ankle and foot
  • proprioceptors: deep sensory receptors
    ***
  • ANTERIOR to LATERAL malleolus
  • tunnel lies LAT to MED side
  • SMALL END lies BELOW TIBIAL MALL
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

subtalar joint - tarsal canal

A
  • located LATERAL aspect of FOOT
  • TUNNEL FUNNEL-SHAPED running OBLIQUELY
  • LARGE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

subtalar joint - sustentaculum tali

A
  • a BONY prominence
  • palpable close to SMALLER END of sinus tarsi

t/n: important to palpate to know where sinus tarsi is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

transverse tarsal joint

A
  • “midtarsal joint” “choparts joint” “surgeon’s joint”
  • s-shaped
  • combination of (2) joints:
    1) calcaneocuboid
    2) talonavicular/talocalcaneovicular
  • allows ABD/ADD of FOREFOOT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

transverse tarsal joints - motions

A
  • supination and pronation (tri-planar axes)

t/n: this is caused by the oblique axis of the joint by 57 deg (sagittal), 52 deg (transverse superiorly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

transverse tarsal joint - supination and pronation

A

1) supination
- combination of ADD, INV, PF

2) pronation
- combination of ABD, EV, DF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

transverse tarsal joint composite motions (NWB vs WB)

A

NWB

  • supination
  • calceneal ADD
  • INV
  • PF
  • pronation
  • calcaneal ABD
  • EV
  • DF

WB (calcaneus is fixed/proximal segments are the one moving)

  • supination
  • calcaneal INV
  • talar ABD
  • talar DF
  • tibiofib ER

*pronation
- calcaneal EV
- talar ADD
- talar PF
- tibiofib IR

23
Q

tarsometatarsal joint

A
  • articulation of TARSALS (cuboid/cuneiform) and METATARSALS
  • PLANE SYNOVIAL joint type
24
Q

tarsometatarsal joint (3) capsule sharing & articulation

A

1) 1st = own capsule / medial cuneiform
2) 2nd & 3rd = share capsule / middle cuneiforms (med, mid, lat)
3) 4th & 5th = share capsule / cuboid

25
tarsometatarsal joint (2) twisting motions
1) supination twist - hindfoot pronation > medial forefoot ground / lateral side lift > 1st and 2nd ray DF / 4th and 5th PF - entire foot inversion ROT at tarsometatarsal 2) pronation twist - reverse t/n: this is to keep entire foot on the ground (if there's a problem w/ WB supi / prona of transverse tarsal)
26
metatarsophalangeal joint
- formed by metatarsal (convex) and proximal phalanges (concave) - SYNOVIAL CONDYLOID joint type - 2 DOF: FLEX / EXT, ABD / ADD - has 3 metatarsal variations
27
metatarsophalangeal joints - 3 metatarsal variations
1) index plus - 1st metatarsal longer 2) index minus - 2nd metatarsal longer 3) index plus-minus - 1st and 2nd metatarsals equal in length, longer than others
28
metatarsophalangeal joint - metatarsal break
- mtp extension during walking (normal)
29
metatarsophalangeal joint - hallux rigidus vs hammer toe
hallux rigidus - rigid hallux - interferes w/ metatarsal break - there is not much extension happening in the joint hammer toe - excessive EXT of MTP / FLEX of IP - both PROXIMAL and DISTAL - does not influence metatarsal break - places TOO MUCH PRESSURE on metatarsal head > SKIN breakdown
30
interphalangeal joint (joint type & DOF)
- SYNOVIAL HINGE joint type - 1 DOF: FLEX / EXT (sagittal plane)
31
(4) tibiofibular joints ligaments
1) crucial tibiofibular interosseous ligament 2) tibiofibular interosseus membrane 3) anterior / posterior tibiofibular ligament - supports both proximal and distal tbf joint - these structures are affected w/ HIGH ANKLE SPRAINS (syndesmotic injuries) t/n: sprains often occur at the level of malleoli, but with these ligaments may be affected when we have sprain above malleoli (high ankle)
32
(2) talocrural joint ligaments
1) lateral collateral ligament (LCL) 2) medial collateral ligament (MCL)
33
talocrural joint - (3) LCL bands and its MOI
1) anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) - WEAKEST ligament (fibers spread out) - MOI: excessive INV / foot PF - affected in this position because of ANT/HORIZONTAL orientation 2) posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL) - RARELY torn - MOI: ext ROT of foot / DF - located POSTERIOR/BEHIND foot 3) calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) - MOI: excessive INV / neutral position (between DF & PF), sometimes DF - located MORE LAT
34
talocrural joint - MCL
- "deltoid" ligament - fan-shaped orientation of fibers - MAIN FUNCTION is to RESIST excessive EV / VALGUS force - stronger / least injured than LCL because of (4) BANDS t/n: they are not widely spread like LCL > eversion injuries LESS COMON
35
talocrural joint - (4) MCL bands
1) anterior tibiotalar ligament (ATTL) 2) posterior tibiotalar ligament (PTTL) 3) calcaneotibial/tibiocalcaneal ligament (CTL) 4) tibionavicular ligament
36
subtalar joint (4) ligaments
1) calcaneofibular ligament - part of your LCL 2) lateral talocalcaneal ligament - provide LATERAL STABILIZATION on SUBTALAR 3) cervical ligament - STRONGEST among 4 4) interosseus talocalcaneal ligament - found between TALUS and CALC t/n: they serve as LATERAL support (superficial to deep) / relies more on BONE CONFIG than ligaments for STABILITY
37
transverse tarsal joint - spring / plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
- talonavicular joint - main passive stabilizer of MEDIAL longitudinal arch - MOST IMPORTANT LIG. on the MEDIAL side of the foot
38
transverse tarsal joint (4) calcaneocuboid ligaments
1) bifurcate/calcaneocuboid ligament - lateral support 2) dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament - dorsal support 3) plantar calcaneocuboid ligament - plantar support 4) long plantar ligaments - plantar support - supports LATERAL longitudinal arch t/n: lateral side hence support LATERAL side of the foot
39
ankle and foot (3) muscle compartments
1) anterior 2) posterior 3) lateral
40
ankle and foot (4) muscles of ANTERIOR compartment
1) tibialis anterior "primary dorsiflexor" - DF / INV 2) extensor digitorum long. "secondary dorsiflexor" - DF (2 deg) / EXT toes 3) extensor hallucis "secondary dorsiflexor" - DF (2 deg) / EXT big toe 4) peroneus tertius "weak dorsiflexor - DF / EV - only evertor of the ANT. comp (insert towards LAT. aspect of foot)
41
ankle and foot (3) muscles of POSTERIOR SUPERFICIAL compartment
1) gastrocnemius "double-jointed" - 2 heads: medial & lateral - influenced by knee pos - active / passive insufficiency 2) soleus "single jointed" 3) plantaris "fisherman's nerve" - weak plantarflexor
42
ankle and foot POSTERIOR SUPERFICIAL comp - triceps surae
- gastrocnemius & soleis - "TRI" because gastrocs has 2 heads
43
ankle and foor (3) muscles of POSTERIOR DEEP compartment
1) flexor digitorum longus "pf/weak invertor of the foot" 2) flexor hallucis longus "pf/weak invertor of the foot" 3) tibialis posterior "invertor par excellence" - PRIMARY/MAJOR muscle for INV - DEEPEST muscle of POST. compartment
44
ankle and foot (2) muscles of LATERAL compartment
1) peroneus/fibularis longus - PF / EV 2) peroneus/fibularis brevis - PF / EV t/n: considered plantarflexors even evertors (tendons located posterior to axis of ankle PF & DF movements of foot)
45
(2) foot intrinsics compartments
1) dorsal compartment 2) plantar compartment
46
ankle & foot (1) muscle of DORSAL compartment
1) extensor digitorum brevis - ONLY muscle in the DORSAL compartment - sends fibers on MEDIAL FOUR toes TO AID in EXT of toes > extensor hallucis brevis - part of EDB - most medial fiber of EDB
47
ankle & foot (4) layers of muscles of PLANTAR compartment
1st layer 1) ABD HALL 2) ABD DIGI MINI 3) FLEX DIGI BREV 2nd layer 1) LUMBRICALS 2) QUAD PLANT / FLEXOR ACCESSORIES 3rd layer 1) ADD HALL 2) FELEX DIGI MINI 3) FLEX HALL BREV 4th layer (deepest layer) 1) INTEROSSEI 2) (7) DORSAL / (3) PLANTAR
48
(3) plantar arches of the foot & function
1) medial longitudinal arch 2) lateral longitudinal arch 3) transverse arch - normally flat in children below 5 yrs old (flatfootedness) - integrated to ENHANCE DYNAMIC function of the foot > have MOBILITY / STABILITY function in WB stance > for MOBILITY, adapt to VARIOUS SURFACE SHAPES during EARLY STANCE phase > for STABILITY, arch makes foot MORE RIGID to allow WEIGHT distribution
49
medial longitudinal vs lateral longitudinal vs transverse arch (keystone, passive support, etc.)
medial longitudinal arch - keystone: talus/navicular - DYNAMIC support by EXTRINSIC / INTRINSIC muscles of the foot - PASSIVE support by SPRINGlig., INTEROSS. TALOCALC lig., DELTOID lig., PLANTAR aponeurosis lateral longitudinal arch - keystone: cuboid - PASSIVE support by LONG & SHORT PLANTAR lig. transverse arch - keystone: middle cuneiform - PASSIVE support by DEEP TRANSVERSE MATATARSAL lig.
50
plantar aponeurosis
- plantar fascia - keeps the INTEGRITY of all 3 ARCHES - generates TENSION that PREVENTS ARCHES from COLLAPSING t/n: they come from MEDIAL TUBERCLE of CALCANEUS > plantar plates > proximal phalanx of each toe
51
plantar aponeurosis - windlass effect
- tension bought by MTP hyperEXT. - produces TENSION of PLANTAR FASCIA - DRAWS hindfoot & MT TOGETHER - CONTRACTS intrinsic muscles - RAISES longitudinal arches t/n: beneficial during gait (push-off) > aponeurosis taut > calceneus pulled anteriorly > achilles tendon stretch > gastrocs contract > propel foot forward
52
pes planus
- hyperpronated foot "foot flatednes" - limits MTP EXT. - increased TENSION in PLANTAR AP - windlass effect DECREASED
53
plantar fascitis
- INFLAMMATION of plantar fascia - common condition with FLAT-FOOTED people - PAIN felt during FIRST STEP in the morning - common areas: heel / front of calcaneus / middle long. arch
54
foot & ankle weight distribution
- trabecular system - 100% weight from HEAD, LEG, TRUNK, UPPER PART OF LEG > received by TALUS - talus distributes 50% EQUAL > CALCANEUS (POSTERIOR) > MID & FOREFOOT (ANTERIORLY) t/n: plantar pressure in QUIET stance is distributed EQUALLY to hindfoot and forefoot. walking and running even produce STRONGER pressure

KINES-LEC 3rd Shift (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions