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Development and Ageing > Postnatal and Child Development > Flashcards

Postnatal and Child Development Flashcards

1
Q

development of the brain in a 4 week old embryo: four main sections in dorsal view

A 
future forebrain (prosencephalon)
future midbrain (mesencephalon)
future hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
future spinal cord
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2
Q

list the flexures present in the developing brain in a 4 week old embryo in side on view

A

cephalic flexure
pontine flexure
cervical flexure

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3
Q

development of the brain in a 5 week old embryo

A

fore/mid/hind brain develops
fore: telencephalon, diencephalon
mid
hind: pons, medulla

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4
Q

development of the brain in a 8 week old embryo

A

hemispheres and cerebellum developing

formation of ventricular system: aqueduct, 3rd/4th ventricle

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5
Q

list association cortices in the brain

A

motor
sensory
visual
prefrontal

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6
Q

features of association cortices

A

fx less predictable
not organised topographically
left-right symmetry weak or absent

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7
Q

what association cortex is associated with ADHD?

A

prefrontal

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8
Q

what part of the spinal cord is responsible for motor neurons?

A

grey matter in the anterior section of the cord

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9
Q

how is the grey matter in the anterior section of the spinal cord divided?

A

proxima
distal
flexors
extensors

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10
Q

list pyramidal tracts

A

lateral corticospinal

anterior corticospinal

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11
Q

list extra-pyramidal tracts

A

rubrospinal
reticulospinal
vestibulospinal
olivospinal

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12
Q

reticulospinal tract is responsible for?

A

coordinating automated movements of locomotion posture e.g. to painful stimuli

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13
Q

rubrospinal tract is responsible for?

A

automatic movements of arm in response to posture/balance changes

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14
Q

vestibulospinal tract is responsible for?

A

regulates posture to maintain balance, facilitates mainly alpha motor neurons of the postural, antigravity (extensor) muscles

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15
Q

anterior corticospinal tract is responsible for?

A

voluntary movements

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16
Q

list components of the reflex arc

A

stimulus > sensory receptor > sensory neuron > dorsal column > inteneuron/integrating center > motor neuron > effector

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17
Q

what is the Moro reflex?

A

when neck suddenly extended, arms abduct then adduct

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18
Q

when does the Moro reflex develop?

A

28-32 weeks gestation

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19
Q

when does the Moro reflex disappear?

A

3-6 months

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20
Q

the persistence of primitive reflexes can be a sign of?

A

impaired development

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21
Q

what is the stepping reflex?

A

baby appears to take steps or dance when held upright with his or her feet touching a solid surface

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22
Q

how long does the stepping reflex last?

A

~2months

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23
Q

what is the grasp reflex?

A

Stroking the palm of a baby’s hand causes the baby to close his or her fingers in a grasp

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24
Q

how long does the grasp reflex last?

A

5-6 months

9-12 in the toes

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25
Q

what is the tonic neck reflex?

A

When a baby’s head is turned to one side, the arm on that side stretches out and the opposite arm bends up at the elbow (fencing position)

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26
Q

how long does the tonic neck reflex last?

A

5-7 months

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27
Q

what is the rooting reflex?

A

when the corner of the baby’s mouth is stroked / touched, the baby will turn their head and open their mouth to follow and root in the direction of the stroking

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28
Q

how long does the rooting reflex last?

A

4 months

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29
Q

what is the suck reflex?

A

When the roof of the baby’s mouth is touched, the baby will start to suck

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30
Q

when does the sucking reflex develop?

A

32-36 weeks gestation

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31
Q

what are parachute reflexes?

A

baby protects themselves with outstretched arms when pushed sideways or forward

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32
Q

what is development?

A

global impression of a child encompassing: growth, ^ understanding, skill acquisition, more sophisticated response and behaviour

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33
Q

who helps monitor child development?

A

parents
doctors
nursery nurses
teachers

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34
Q

when are children monitored for development?

A

opportunistically

part of a planned programme of reviews

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35
Q

list the four domains of child development

A

gross motor skills
fine motor skills
social skills
speech and language skills

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36
Q

gross motor skills include?

A 
position
head lag
sitting
walking
running
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37
Q

fine motor skills include?

A 
use of hands
grasp and fine pincer
bricks
crayons
puzzles
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38
Q

social skills include?

A

social interaction
stranger reaction
eating skills
dressing

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39
Q

speech and language skills include?

A

vocalisation
words
understanding
imaginative play

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40
Q

gross motor development in a new born

A

limited flexing
symmetrical posture
marked head lag on pulling up

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41
Q

gross motor development in a child that is 6-8 weeks

A

raises head to 45 degrees in prone

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42
Q

gross motor development in a child that is 6-8 months

A

sits w/o support
6 months w/ round back
8 months w/ straight back

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43
Q

gross motor development in a child that is 8-9 months

A

crawling

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44
Q

gross motor development in a child that is 10 months

A

cruises around furniture

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45
Q

gross motor development in a child that is 12 months

A

walks unsteadily
broad gait
hands apart

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46
Q

gross motor development in a child that is 15 months

A

walks steadily

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47
Q

describe the variations in how children go from sitting to sitting to crawling to walking

A

‘commando’ crawl
crawling on all fours
bottom shuffling

48
Q

vision and fine motor development in a child that is 6 weeks

A

follows moving object or face by turning the head

49
Q

vision and fine motor development in a child that is 4 months

A

reaches out for toys

50
Q

vision and fine motor development in a child that is 5-6 months

A

palmar grasp

51
Q

vision and fine motor development in a child that is 7 months

A

transfers toys from one hand to another

52
Q

vision and fine motor development in a child that is 10 months

A

mature pincer grip

53
Q

vision and fine motor development in a child that is 16-18 months

A

makes marks with a crayon

54
Q

vision and fine motor development in a child that is 14 months - 4 years (building blocks)

A

tower of 3 > tower of 6 > tower of eight / train w/ 4 bricks > bridge from a model > steps (after demonstration)

55
Q

vision and fine motor development in a child that is 2-5 years (drawing shapes)

A

line > circle > cross > square > triangle

56
Q

hearing, speech and language development in a child that is a new born

A

startles to loud noises

57
Q

hearing, speech and language development in a child that is 3-4 months

A

vocalises alone or when spoken to, coos and laughs

58
Q

hearing, speech and language development in a child that is 7 months

A

turns to soft sounds out of sight

59
Q

hearing, speech and language development in a child that is 7-10 months

A

7 months > sounds used indiscriminately

10 months > sounds used discriminately to parents

60
Q

hearing, speech and language development in a child that is 12 months

A

two to three words other than ‘dada’ ‘mama’

61
Q

hearing, speech and language development in a child that is 18 months

A

6-10 months

shows two parts of the body

62
Q

hearing, speech and language development in a child that is 20-24 months

A

uses two or more words to make simple phrases

63
Q

hearing, speech and language development in a child that is 2.5-3 years

A

talks constantly in 3-4 word sentences

64
Q

social, emotional and behavioural development in a child that is 6 weeks

A

smiles responsively

65
Q

social, emotional and behavioural development in a child that is 6-8 months

A

puts food in mouth

66
Q

social, emotional and behavioural development in a child that is 10-12 months

A

waves bye
plays peek a boo
drinks from a cup with two hands

67
Q

social, emotional and behavioural development in a child that is 18-24 months

A

holds spoon and gets food safely to mouth

symbolic play

68
Q

social, emotional and behavioural development in a child that is 2 years

A

dry by day

pulls off some clothing

69
Q

social, emotional and behavioural development in a child that is 2.5-3 years

A

parallel play
interactive play evolving
takes turns

70
Q

list patterns of abnormal development

A

slow but steady
plateau
regression

71
Q

limit age for head control

A

4 months

72
Q

limit age for sitting unsupported

A

9 months

73
Q

limit age for standing independently

A

12 months

74
Q

limit age for walking independently

A

18 months

75
Q

median and limit ages for being able to push up on arms/hold head up

A

median age 1.5 months

limit age 2 months

76
Q

describe abnormal motor development at 1.5/2 months

A 
unable to lift head/push up on arms
stiff extended legs
pushing back w/ head
constantly fisted hand + stiff leg on one side
difficulty moving out of that position
77
Q

median and limit ages for being able to sit w/ support, holds head up, rounded back

A

median age 3 months

limit age 6 months

78
Q

describe abnormal motor development at 3/6 months

A

while seated: unable to lift head, floppy trunk, stiff arms, extended legs
when held up: arms flexed and held back, stiff, crossed legs

79
Q

median and limit ages for being able to sit w/o support, arms free to reach and grasp

A

median age 6 months

limit age 9 months

80
Q

describe abnormal motor development at 6/9 months

A

while seated: rounded back, poor use of arms, stiff legs, pointed toes
wont take weight on legs

81
Q

median and limit ages for being able to pull to stand

A

median age 9 months

limit age 13 months

82
Q

describe abnormal motor development at 9/13 months

A

not interested in weight bearing, difficulty pulling to stand, stiff legs, pointed toes
cannot crawl on hands and knees, may use only one side of body to move

83
Q

median and limit ages for being able to stand or walk independently

A

median age 12 months

limit age 18 months

84
Q

describe abnormal motor development at 12/18 months

A

arms stiff and bent, excessive tiptoe gait

sits w/ weight to one side, predominant use of one hand for play, one leg may be stiff

85
Q

progression of gross motor development

A

acquisition of tone + head control > primitive reflexes disappear > locomotor patterns > standing, walking, running > hopping, jumping, peddling

86
Q

progression of vision and fine motor development

A

visual alertness, fixing and following > grasp reflex, hand regard > voluntary grasping, pincer points > handles objects w/ both hands, transfers from hand to hand > writing, cutting, dressing

87
Q

limit age for fixes and follows visually

A

3 months

88
Q

limit age for reaching for objects

A

6 months

89
Q

limit age for transfers

A

9 months

90
Q

limit age for pincer grip

A

12 months

91
Q

progression of hearing, speech and language development

A

sound recognition, vocalisation > babbling > single words, understands simple requests > joining words, phrases > simple + complex conversation

92
Q

limit age for polysyllabic babble

A

7 months

93
Q

limit age for consonant babble

A

10 months

94
Q

limit age for saying 6 words w/ meaning

A

18 months

95
Q

limit age for joining words

A

2 years

96
Q

limit age for 3 words sentences

A

2.5 years

97
Q

progression of social, emotional behaviour development

A

smiling, socially responsive > separation anxiety > self help skills (feeding, dressing, toileting) > peer group relationships > symbolic play > social/communication behaviour

98
Q

limit age for smiling

A

8 weeks

99
Q

limit age for fear of strangers

A

10 months

100
Q

limit age for feeding self/spoon

A

18 months

101
Q

limit age for symbolic play

A

2-2.5 years

102
Q

limit age for interactive play

A

3-3.5 years

103
Q

what are the three key components to the ‘healthy child programme’

A

screening
general examination and immunisation
health education/promotion

104
Q

progression of screening from <12 weeks gestation to birth

A

Hbopathy, rhesus, infection > US scan dating and nuchal > US scan detailed > newborn blood spot, hearing and physical

105
Q

progression of screening from birth to 18

A

physical exam (GP) > vision > preschool background > health review at school transition

106
Q

progression of child health reviews

A

birth visit > 10-14 day visit > 6-8 wk > 1st year > 2 year > school entry

107
Q

education and health promotion from gestation to 5 years

A

relationships, breast feeding, vaccination, reading, weaning, social and emotional, injury prevention, learning, physical activity, nutrition

108
Q

factors can affect the developing human at what points in the life cycle?

A

prenatal
perinatal
postnatal

109
Q

evaluating the child with abnormal development

A

Hx: parental concern, birth hx, family hx
PMHx: dev hx, current skills
Exam: dev assess + gen/neuro assess, Ix as appropriate

110
Q

approach to developmental assessment

A

ask > observe > task

need to assess milestones preceding age > expected milestones for age > next important milestones

111
Q

factors that influence developmental delay

A

ill health
reduced inherent potential
sensory/motor impairment
lack of physical/psychological stimuli

112
Q

types of developmental delay

A

global

specific: language, motor, sensory, cognitive

113
Q

list causes of global delay

A

chromosomal abnormalities e.g. Down’s, Fragile X
metabolic e.g. hypothyroidism, inborn errors
antenatal and perinatal factors e.g. infections, drugs, toxins, anoxia, trauma, folate deficiency
environmental-social issues
chronic illness

114
Q

list causes of motor delay

A 
cerebral palsy
global delay e.g. Down's
congenital dislocation hip
social deprivation
muscular dystrophy - Duchenne's
neural tube defects: spina bifida
hydrocephalus
115
Q

list causes of language delay

A

hearing loss
learning disability
autism spectrum disorder
lack of stimulation
impaired comprehension of language (developmental dysphasia)
impaired speech production (stammer, dysarthria)

116
Q

commonly used assessment tools

A 
standardised tests
schedule of growing skills (II)
Griffith's developmental scale
Bailey developmental scale
Denver developmental screening tests

Development and Ageing (9 decks)

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