Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Development and Ageing > Postnatal and Child Development > Flashcards

Postnatal and Child Development Flashcards

1
Q

development of the brain in a 4 week old embryo: four main sections in dorsal view

A 
future forebrain (prosencephalon)
future midbrain (mesencephalon)
future hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
future spinal cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

list the flexures present in the developing brain in a 4 week old embryo in side on view

A

cephalic flexure
pontine flexure
cervical flexure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

development of the brain in a 5 week old embryo

A

fore/mid/hind brain develops
fore: telencephalon, diencephalon
mid
hind: pons, medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

development of the brain in a 8 week old embryo

A

hemispheres and cerebellum developing

formation of ventricular system: aqueduct, 3rd/4th ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

list association cortices in the brain

A

motor
sensory
visual
prefrontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

features of association cortices

A

fx less predictable
not organised topographically
left-right symmetry weak or absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what association cortex is associated with ADHD?

A

prefrontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what part of the spinal cord is responsible for motor neurons?

A

grey matter in the anterior section of the cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how is the grey matter in the anterior section of the spinal cord divided?

A

proxima
distal
flexors
extensors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

list pyramidal tracts

A

lateral corticospinal

anterior corticospinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

list extra-pyramidal tracts

A

rubrospinal
reticulospinal
vestibulospinal
olivospinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

reticulospinal tract is responsible for?

A

coordinating automated movements of locomotion posture e.g. to painful stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

rubrospinal tract is responsible for?

A

automatic movements of arm in response to posture/balance changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

vestibulospinal tract is responsible for?

A

regulates posture to maintain balance, facilitates mainly alpha motor neurons of the postural, antigravity (extensor) muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

anterior corticospinal tract is responsible for?

A

voluntary movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

list components of the reflex arc

A

stimulus > sensory receptor > sensory neuron > dorsal column > inteneuron/integrating center > motor neuron > effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the Moro reflex?

A

when neck suddenly extended, arms abduct then adduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

when does the Moro reflex develop?

A

28-32 weeks gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

when does the Moro reflex disappear?

A

3-6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the persistence of primitive reflexes can be a sign of?

A

impaired development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the stepping reflex?

A

baby appears to take steps or dance when held upright with his or her feet touching a solid surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how long does the stepping reflex last?

A

~2months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the grasp reflex?

A

Stroking the palm of a baby’s hand causes the baby to close his or her fingers in a grasp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how long does the grasp reflex last?

A

5-6 months

9-12 in the toes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the tonic neck reflex?

A

When a baby’s head is turned to one side, the arm on that side stretches out and the opposite arm bends up at the elbow (fencing position)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how long does the tonic neck reflex last?

A

5-7 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the rooting reflex?

A

when the corner of the baby’s mouth is stroked / touched, the baby will turn their head and open their mouth to follow and root in the direction of the stroking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how long does the rooting reflex last?

A

4 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the suck reflex?

A

When the roof of the baby’s mouth is touched, the baby will start to suck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

when does the sucking reflex develop?

A

32-36 weeks gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are parachute reflexes?

A

baby protects themselves with outstretched arms when pushed sideways or forward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is development?

A

global impression of a child encompassing: growth, ^ understanding, skill acquisition, more sophisticated response and behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

who helps monitor child development?

A

parents
doctors
nursery nurses
teachers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

when are children monitored for development?

A

opportunistically

part of a planned programme of reviews

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

list the four domains of child development

A

gross motor skills
fine motor skills
social skills
speech and language skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

gross motor skills include?

A 
position
head lag
sitting
walking
running
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

fine motor skills include?

A 
use of hands
grasp and fine pincer
bricks
crayons
puzzles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

social skills include?

A

social interaction
stranger reaction
eating skills
dressing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

speech and language skills include?

A

vocalisation
words
understanding
imaginative play

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

gross motor development in a new born

A

limited flexing
symmetrical posture
marked head lag on pulling up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

gross motor development in a child that is 6-8 weeks

A

raises head to 45 degrees in prone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

gross motor development in a child that is 6-8 months

A

sits w/o support
6 months w/ round back
8 months w/ straight back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

gross motor development in a child that is 8-9 months

A

crawling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

gross motor development in a child that is 10 months

A

cruises around furniture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

gross motor development in a child that is 12 months

A

walks unsteadily
broad gait
hands apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

gross motor development in a child that is 15 months

A

walks steadily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

describe the variations in how children go from sitting to sitting to crawling to walking

A

‘commando’ crawl
crawling on all fours
bottom shuffling

48
Q

vision and fine motor development in a child that is 6 weeks

A

follows moving object or face by turning the head

49
Q

vision and fine motor development in a child that is 4 months

A

reaches out for toys

50
Q

vision and fine motor development in a child that is 5-6 months

A

palmar grasp

51
Q

vision and fine motor development in a child that is 7 months

A

transfers toys from one hand to another

52
Q

vision and fine motor development in a child that is 10 months

A

mature pincer grip

53
Q

vision and fine motor development in a child that is 16-18 months

A

makes marks with a crayon

54
Q

vision and fine motor development in a child that is 14 months - 4 years (building blocks)

A

tower of 3 > tower of 6 > tower of eight / train w/ 4 bricks > bridge from a model > steps (after demonstration)

55
Q

vision and fine motor development in a child that is 2-5 years (drawing shapes)

A

line > circle > cross > square > triangle

56
Q

hearing, speech and language development in a child that is a new born

A

startles to loud noises

57
Q

hearing, speech and language development in a child that is 3-4 months

A

vocalises alone or when spoken to, coos and laughs

58
Q

hearing, speech and language development in a child that is 7 months

A

turns to soft sounds out of sight

59
Q

hearing, speech and language development in a child that is 7-10 months

A

7 months > sounds used indiscriminately

10 months > sounds used discriminately to parents

60
Q

hearing, speech and language development in a child that is 12 months

A

two to three words other than ‘dada’ ‘mama’

61
Q

hearing, speech and language development in a child that is 18 months

A

6-10 months

shows two parts of the body

62
Q

hearing, speech and language development in a child that is 20-24 months

A

uses two or more words to make simple phrases

63
Q

hearing, speech and language development in a child that is 2.5-3 years

A

talks constantly in 3-4 word sentences

64
Q

social, emotional and behavioural development in a child that is 6 weeks

A

smiles responsively

65
Q

social, emotional and behavioural development in a child that is 6-8 months

A

puts food in mouth

66
Q

social, emotional and behavioural development in a child that is 10-12 months

A

waves bye
plays peek a boo
drinks from a cup with two hands

67
Q

social, emotional and behavioural development in a child that is 18-24 months

A

holds spoon and gets food safely to mouth

symbolic play

68
Q

social, emotional and behavioural development in a child that is 2 years

A

dry by day

pulls off some clothing

69
Q

social, emotional and behavioural development in a child that is 2.5-3 years

A

parallel play
interactive play evolving
takes turns

70
Q

list patterns of abnormal development

A

slow but steady
plateau
regression

71
Q

limit age for head control

72
Q

limit age for sitting unsupported

73
Q

limit age for standing independently

74
Q

limit age for walking independently

75
Q

median and limit ages for being able to push up on arms/hold head up

A

median age 1.5 months

limit age 2 months

76
Q

describe abnormal motor development at 1.5/2 months

A 
unable to lift head/push up on arms
stiff extended legs
pushing back w/ head
constantly fisted hand + stiff leg on one side
difficulty moving out of that position
77
Q

median and limit ages for being able to sit w/ support, holds head up, rounded back

A

median age 3 months

limit age 6 months

78
Q

describe abnormal motor development at 3/6 months

A

while seated: unable to lift head, floppy trunk, stiff arms, extended legs
when held up: arms flexed and held back, stiff, crossed legs

79
Q

median and limit ages for being able to sit w/o support, arms free to reach and grasp

A

median age 6 months

limit age 9 months

80
Q

describe abnormal motor development at 6/9 months

A

while seated: rounded back, poor use of arms, stiff legs, pointed toes
wont take weight on legs

81
Q

median and limit ages for being able to pull to stand

A

median age 9 months

limit age 13 months

82
Q

describe abnormal motor development at 9/13 months

A

not interested in weight bearing, difficulty pulling to stand, stiff legs, pointed toes
cannot crawl on hands and knees, may use only one side of body to move

83
Q

median and limit ages for being able to stand or walk independently

A

median age 12 months

limit age 18 months

84
Q

describe abnormal motor development at 12/18 months

A

arms stiff and bent, excessive tiptoe gait

sits w/ weight to one side, predominant use of one hand for play, one leg may be stiff

85
Q

progression of gross motor development

A

acquisition of tone + head control > primitive reflexes disappear > locomotor patterns > standing, walking, running > hopping, jumping, peddling

86
Q

progression of vision and fine motor development

A

visual alertness, fixing and following > grasp reflex, hand regard > voluntary grasping, pincer points > handles objects w/ both hands, transfers from hand to hand > writing, cutting, dressing

87
Q

limit age for fixes and follows visually

88
Q

limit age for reaching for objects

89
Q

limit age for transfers

90
Q

limit age for pincer grip

91
Q

progression of hearing, speech and language development

A

sound recognition, vocalisation > babbling > single words, understands simple requests > joining words, phrases > simple + complex conversation

92
Q

limit age for polysyllabic babble

93
Q

limit age for consonant babble

94
Q

limit age for saying 6 words w/ meaning

95
Q

limit age for joining words

96
Q

limit age for 3 words sentences

97
Q

progression of social, emotional behaviour development

A

smiling, socially responsive > separation anxiety > self help skills (feeding, dressing, toileting) > peer group relationships > symbolic play > social/communication behaviour

98
Q

limit age for smiling

99
Q

limit age for fear of strangers

100
Q

limit age for feeding self/spoon

101
Q

limit age for symbolic play

A

2-2.5 years

102
Q

limit age for interactive play

A

3-3.5 years

103
Q

what are the three key components to the ‘healthy child programme’

A

screening
general examination and immunisation
health education/promotion

104
Q

progression of screening from <12 weeks gestation to birth

A

Hbopathy, rhesus, infection > US scan dating and nuchal > US scan detailed > newborn blood spot, hearing and physical

105
Q

progression of screening from birth to 18

A

physical exam (GP) > vision > preschool background > health review at school transition

106
Q

progression of child health reviews

A

birth visit > 10-14 day visit > 6-8 wk > 1st year > 2 year > school entry

107
Q

education and health promotion from gestation to 5 years

A

relationships, breast feeding, vaccination, reading, weaning, social and emotional, injury prevention, learning, physical activity, nutrition

108
Q

factors can affect the developing human at what points in the life cycle?

A

prenatal
perinatal
postnatal

109
Q

evaluating the child with abnormal development

A

Hx: parental concern, birth hx, family hx
PMHx: dev hx, current skills
Exam: dev assess + gen/neuro assess, Ix as appropriate

110
Q

approach to developmental assessment

A

ask > observe > task

need to assess milestones preceding age > expected milestones for age > next important milestones

111
Q

factors that influence developmental delay

A

ill health
reduced inherent potential
sensory/motor impairment
lack of physical/psychological stimuli

112
Q

types of developmental delay

A

global

specific: language, motor, sensory, cognitive

113
Q

list causes of global delay

A

chromosomal abnormalities e.g. Down’s, Fragile X
metabolic e.g. hypothyroidism, inborn errors
antenatal and perinatal factors e.g. infections, drugs, toxins, anoxia, trauma, folate deficiency
environmental-social issues
chronic illness

114
Q

list causes of motor delay

A 
cerebral palsy
global delay e.g. Down's
congenital dislocation hip
social deprivation
muscular dystrophy - Duchenne's
neural tube defects: spina bifida
hydrocephalus
115
Q

list causes of language delay

A

hearing loss
learning disability
autism spectrum disorder
lack of stimulation
impaired comprehension of language (developmental dysphasia)
impaired speech production (stammer, dysarthria)

116
Q

commonly used assessment tools

A 
standardised tests
schedule of growing skills (II)
Griffith's developmental scale
Bailey developmental scale
Denver developmental screening tests

Development and Ageing (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions