Early Life Nutrition and Lifelong Health: Lactation Science & Barriers Flashcards
what are WHO guidelines for breast feeding?
exclusive for around 6 months
up to 2 years and beyond
what is the full duration of breastfeeding per child?
between 4 and 7 years
breast feeding can reduce the risk of what for the baby?
infections diarrhoea and vomiting sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) obesity cardiovascular disease in adulthood
contents of human breast milk
nucleotides amino acids fats enzymes antimicrobial factors hormones vitamin & minerals inflammatory markers + growth factors
anti-viral functions of human breast milk
sIgA, gangliosides, oxysterols, GAGs, oligosaccharides, mucins, lactadherin, Lewis X, lysozyme, Tenasin C, cytokines, bacteriophages, lactoferrin, extracellular vesicles, vitamin A, monolaurin
variance in the infant ___________ depends almost solely on breast milk for the first 14 months
gut microbiome
function of tryptophan in breast milk
helps infants to set a diurnal rhythm
how do oligosaccharides contribute to infant immunity?
some are not metabolised by humans, used to selectively grow lactobacillus bacilli
as soon as non human proteins (solid food) is detected in the gut, what occurs?
genetic signals activate to seal up gaps and activates tight junctions, blunts an immune programming mechanism > greater risk of autoimmunity
factors affecting the development of disease
genetic susceptibility
aberrant microbiome
environmental stressors
infant feeding has been implicated in what diseases?
asthma obesity type 1 diabetes mellitus acute lymphoblastic leukaemia neurological disease
propose a mechanism of fatty acids in breast milk helping infants regulate body temperature
breast milk alkylglycerols > macrophages > PAF > PTAFR > IL-6 > STAT3
stop conversion from beige to white adipocytes
how is connectivity in the brain affected by whether or not a child is fed breast milk?
fed breast milk > increased connectivity
breastfeeding reduces the risk of what cancers and disease?
breast cancer
ovarian cancer
endometrial cancer
postnatal depression
how do rates of breastfeeding change from birth to 1 year?
around 80% to 0% decreases drastically
what two hormones drive normal lactation?
prolactin
oxytocin
role of prolactin in lactation
milk production
role of oxytocin in lactation
milk ejection
normal breastfeeding patterns
typically feed at least 8-12 times per 24 hours
4 month growth spurt
cluster feeds
normal sleep patterns in infants
no clear circadian rhythm > 50% ‘active’ sleep
arousal in active sleep can be caused by?
hunger cold discomfort startle reflex unfamiliar conditions
what can affect milk supply?
supplemental feeding with formula using a dummy in early weeks separating mother and baby trying to follow a routine sleep training
responsive feeding is associated with?
higher prolactin longer duration of breastfeeding fewer breastfeeding difficulties increased milk supply lower risk of overweight later satiety responsiveness
key barriers to breast feeding
attitudes to breastfeeding
when do infants migrate to adult sleep cycles?
4 months
