Early Life Nutrition and Lifelong Health: Lactation Science & Barriers

Question 1

what are WHO guidelines for breast feeding?

Answer 1

exclusive for around 6 months

up to 2 years and beyond

Question 2

what is the full duration of breastfeeding per child?

Answer 2

between 4 and 7 years

Question 3

breast feeding can reduce the risk of what for the baby?

Answer 3

infections
diarrhoea and vomiting
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
obesity
cardiovascular disease in adulthood

Question 4

contents of human breast milk

Answer 4

nucleotides
amino acids
fats
enzymes
antimicrobial factors
hormones
vitamin & minerals
inflammatory markers + growth factors

Question 5

anti-viral functions of human breast milk

Answer 5

sIgA, gangliosides, oxysterols, GAGs, oligosaccharides, mucins, lactadherin, Lewis X, lysozyme, Tenasin C, cytokines, bacteriophages, lactoferrin, extracellular vesicles, vitamin A, monolaurin

Question 6

variance in the infant ___________ depends almost solely on breast milk for the first 14 months

Answer 6

gut microbiome

Question 7

function of tryptophan in breast milk

Answer 7

helps infants to set a diurnal rhythm

Question 8

how do oligosaccharides contribute to infant immunity?

Answer 8

some are not metabolised by humans, used to selectively grow lactobacillus bacilli

Question 9

as soon as non human proteins (solid food) is detected in the gut, what occurs?

Answer 9

genetic signals activate to seal up gaps and activates tight junctions, blunts an immune programming mechanism > greater risk of autoimmunity

Question 10

factors affecting the development of disease

Answer 10

genetic susceptibility
aberrant microbiome
environmental stressors

Question 11

infant feeding has been implicated in what diseases?

Answer 11

asthma
obesity
type 1 diabetes mellitus
acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
neurological disease

Question 12

propose a mechanism of fatty acids in breast milk helping infants regulate body temperature

Answer 12

breast milk alkylglycerols > macrophages > PAF > PTAFR > IL-6 > STAT3
stop conversion from beige to white adipocytes

Question 13

how is connectivity in the brain affected by whether or not a child is fed breast milk?

Answer 13

fed breast milk > increased connectivity

Question 14

breastfeeding reduces the risk of what cancers and disease?

Answer 14

breast cancer
ovarian cancer
endometrial cancer
postnatal depression

Question 15

how do rates of breastfeeding change from birth to 1 year?

Answer 15

around 80% to 0% decreases drastically

Question 16

what two hormones drive normal lactation?

Answer 16

prolactin

oxytocin

Question 17

role of prolactin in lactation

Answer 17

milk production

Question 18

role of oxytocin in lactation

Answer 18

milk ejection

Question 19

normal breastfeeding patterns

Answer 19

typically feed at least 8-12 times per 24 hours
4 month growth spurt
cluster feeds

Question 20

normal sleep patterns in infants

Answer 20

no clear circadian rhythm > 50% ‘active’ sleep

Question 21

arousal in active sleep can be caused by?

Answer 21

hunger 
cold
discomfort
startle reflex
unfamiliar conditions

Question 22

what can affect milk supply?

Answer 22

supplemental feeding with formula
using a dummy in early weeks
separating mother and baby
trying to follow a routine
sleep training

Question 23

responsive feeding is associated with?

Answer 23

higher prolactin
longer duration of breastfeeding
fewer breastfeeding difficulties
increased milk supply
lower risk of overweight
later satiety responsiveness

Question 24

key barriers to breast feeding

Answer 24

attitudes to breastfeeding

Question 25

when do infants migrate to adult sleep cycles?

Answer 25

4 months