Postmodern approach to understanding society Flashcards
P1: What is Lyotard’s (1984) main argument about postmodern society?
Lyotard argues that “meta-narratives” (big theories like Marxism and functionalism) no longer explain society, as knowledge is relative and fragmented.
What does postmodernism say about identity in contemporary society?
Postmodernists argue that identity is fluid and based on personal choice, rather than fixed social structures like class or gender.
Give an example of religious pluralism in postmodern society.
People mix spiritual beliefs, such as combining Christianity with yoga and astrology, reflecting the diversity of postmodern society.
Why is postmodernism considered useful in understanding society?
It highlights the complexity and diversity of contemporary society, recognising that society is dynamic and fragmented rather than stable and structured.
What is the Marxist critique of postmodernism?
Marxists argue that postmodernism ignores inequality—class, gender, and ethnicity still determine life chances. Harvey (1989) claims capitalism has become more flexible but still dominates.
P2: What is Baudrillard’s (1998) argument about media in postmodern society?
Baudrillard argues that media shapes our understanding of reality more than real experiences, creating “simulacra” (images with no connection to reality).
What is hyperreality, and how does it affect society?
Hyperreality occurs when people cannot distinguish between reality and media representations, leading to a world dominated by signs and symbols.
How does social media reflect postmodern ideas about identity?
Social media influencers create idealised versions of life, leading to unrealistic expectations and shaping self-image based on media rather than reality.
Why is postmodernism useful in explaining the role of media?
It highlights how media has become central to identity and perception, which traditional theories fail to acknowledge.
What is the functionalist critique of postmodernism’s view of media?
Functionalists argue that media reinforces shared values and norms, rather than replacing reality. Durkheim (1893) claims people still rely on collective norms, even in a changing society.
P3: What is Bauman’s (2000) argument about identity in postmodern society?
Bauman argues that identity is shaped by consumer choices rather than traditional social roles like class or gender.
How has consumer culture changed social identity?
People now define themselves through what they buy and consume, such as fashion and lifestyle brands, rather than fixed social categories.
Give an example of how consumer culture shapes identity.
Wearing designer clothes signals status and identity, reflecting consumer choices rather than traditional class-based identity.
Why is postmodernism useful in explaining consumer culture?
It recognises that people can “construct” identities through lifestyle choices, unlike Marxism, which sees class as fixed.
What is the feminist critique of postmodernism’s view of consumer culture?
Feminists argue that consumer choice is not equal—women still face gender-based discrimination, such as the gender pay gap. Walby (1990) claims patriarchy restricts women’s choices.
