PostExam 3: 10 key facts & Behavior

Question 1

Temporal Scale
Origin of Earth: ?
Earliest Life: ?
Earliest eukaryotes: ?
Earliest animals and land plants: ?
Earliest mammals: ?
Earliest homosapiens: ?

Answer 1

Origin of Earth: ~ 4.5bya
Earliest Life: ~ 3.5bya
Earliest eukaryotes: ~1.5bya
Earliest animals and land plants: ~ 500mya
Earliest mammals: ~200mya
Earliest homosapiens: ~200,000yrs

Question 2

What is coloniality and multicellularity?

Answer 2

coloniality: numerous origins
(remember: numerous “o”)
multicellularity: several origins
(remember: “cellu” & “sever”)

Question 3

Background Extinction

Answer 3

-typical level of extinction
-typical environmental change, competition, etc.
-can happen when replaced by a better adapted species

Question 4

Mass Extinction

Answer 4

-unusual high level of extinction
-harsh conditions

Question 5

Vertebrates

Answer 5

monophyletic
-animals with spines

Question 6

Invertebrates

Answer 6

paraphyletic
-animals without spines
most animals are invertebrates

Question 7

Land after Plants

Answer 7

-transformed terrestrial environments
-food for others

Question 8

non vascular plants

Answer 8

ex. mosses
“bryophytes”

Question 9

vascular seedless plants

Answer 9

ex. ferns
don’t produce flowers or seeds

Question 10

gymnosperms

Answer 10

ex. pines, firs, redwoods
seed plants without flowers

Question 11

angiosperms

Answer 11

flowering plants
90% of all land plants

Question 12

carnivorous plants

Answer 12

plants that digest insects for food/energy
ex. Venus fly trap

Question 13

Gametic (parthenogenesis)

Answer 13

-type of asexual reproduction
-single cell (egg) develops into embryo, then adult

Question 14

Agametic

Answer 14

-type of asexual reproduction
-no embryo forms
(buddins, fission, fragmentation, etc)

Question 15

Innate Behavior

Answer 15

inherited behavior that shows little variation based on past experience
-learning not possible
-high impact on fitness

Question 16

Instincts

Answer 16

-often better than learning
-cost of making mistake is high

Question 17

Learned Behavior

Answer 17

change in behavior based on prior experience

Question 18

Imprinting

Answer 18

rapid, irreversible learning during brief period

Question 19

Associative Learning

Answer 19

acquired ability to associate one environmental feature with another
ex. hand on hot stove= hot
conditioned to not put hand on stove

Question 20

Classical Conditioning

Answer 20

-type of associative learning
conditioned stimulus paired with unconditional stimulus
ex. food+bell+dog

Question 21

Operant Conditioning

Answer 21

trial and error learning
ex. mouse pressing random levers to get food

Question 22

Does behavior evolve?

Answer 22

-natural selection
-artificial selection
ex. breed mice that run faster to produce line of mice that run fast

Question 23

Altruistic Behavior

Answer 23

behavior that benefits someone else at the cost of oneself

Question 24

Inclusive Fitness

Answer 24

direct + indirect fitness
direct fitness: producing offspring
indirect fitness: helping related individuals produce offspring

Question 25

Kin Selection

Answer 25

natural selection that acts through benefits to relatives
ex. food sharing and defense, alarm calling

Question 26

Reciprocal Altruism

Answer 26

exchange of fitness benefits separated in time
-facilitated by stable groups= likely to interact with same individual again
-with relatives or non relatives

Question 27

Blood sharing in vampire bats

Answer 27

benefit to recipient > donor
kin selection, large benefit low cost
reciprocal altruism -> lead to long term association (friends)