PostExam 3: 10 key facts & Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Temporal Scale
Origin of Earth: ?
Earliest Life: ?
Earliest eukaryotes: ?
Earliest animals and land plants: ?
Earliest mammals: ?
Earliest homosapiens: ?

A

Origin of Earth: ~ 4.5bya
Earliest Life: ~ 3.5bya
Earliest eukaryotes: ~1.5bya
Earliest animals and land plants: ~ 500mya
Earliest mammals: ~200mya
Earliest homosapiens: ~200,000yrs

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2
Q

What is coloniality and multicellularity?

A

coloniality: numerous origins
(remember: numerous “o”)
multicellularity: several origins
(remember: “cellu” & “sever”)

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3
Q

Background Extinction

A

-typical level of extinction
-typical environmental change, competition, etc.
-can happen when replaced by a better adapted species

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4
Q

Mass Extinction

A

-unusual high level of extinction
-harsh conditions

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5
Q

Vertebrates

A

monophyletic
-animals with spines

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6
Q

Invertebrates

A

paraphyletic
-animals without spines
most animals are invertebrates

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7
Q

Land after Plants

A

-transformed terrestrial environments
-food for others

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8
Q

non vascular plants

A

ex. mosses
“bryophytes”

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9
Q

vascular seedless plants

A

ex. ferns
don’t produce flowers or seeds

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10
Q

gymnosperms

A

ex. pines, firs, redwoods
seed plants without flowers

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11
Q

angiosperms

A

flowering plants
90% of all land plants

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12
Q

carnivorous plants

A

plants that digest insects for food/energy
ex. Venus fly trap

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13
Q

Gametic (parthenogenesis)

A

-type of asexual reproduction
-single cell (egg) develops into embryo, then adult

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14
Q

Agametic

A

-type of asexual reproduction
-no embryo forms
(buddins, fission, fragmentation, etc)

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15
Q

Innate Behavior

A

inherited behavior that shows little variation based on past experience
-learning not possible
-high impact on fitness

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16
Q

Instincts

A

-often better than learning
-cost of making mistake is high

17
Q

Learned Behavior

A

change in behavior based on prior experience

18
Q

Imprinting

A

rapid, irreversible learning during brief period

19
Q

Associative Learning

A

acquired ability to associate one environmental feature with another
ex. hand on hot stove= hot
conditioned to not put hand on stove

20
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

-type of associative learning
conditioned stimulus paired with unconditional stimulus
ex. food+bell+dog

21
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

trial and error learning
ex. mouse pressing random levers to get food

22
Q

Does behavior evolve?

A

-natural selection
-artificial selection
ex. breed mice that run faster to produce line of mice that run fast

23
Q

Altruistic Behavior

A

behavior that benefits someone else at the cost of oneself

24
Q

Inclusive Fitness

A

direct + indirect fitness
direct fitness: producing offspring
indirect fitness: helping related individuals produce offspring

25
Kin Selection
natural selection that acts through benefits to relatives ex. food sharing and defense, alarm calling
26
Reciprocal Altruism
exchange of fitness benefits separated in time -facilitated by stable groups= likely to interact with same individual again -with relatives or non relatives
27
Blood sharing in vampire bats
benefit to recipient > donor kin selection, large benefit low cost reciprocal altruism -> lead to long term association (friends)