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BSCI 160 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

evolution

A

change in the genetic composition of a population over time

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2
Q

adaptation

A

change in which a species becomes more suited for its environment

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3
Q

What are the 4 requirements for evolution by natural selection to occur?

A
  1. Variation
  2. Struggle
  3. Heritability
  4. Differential reproduction: reproductive success would be different based on the traits one has, how many will survive and reproduce depending on the traits one has
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4
Q

Who discovered the idea that species are related by shared ancestry (two people)?

A

Darwin and Wallace

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5
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Independent evolution of similar features in species of different periods in time.
Convergent -> no shared ancestry, evolved trait independently

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6
Q

Divergent evolution

A

species have a common ancestor, traits are homologous

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7
Q

Coriolis Effect

A

Rotation of earth fastest at equator, deflection of surface air to the west as it moves towards equator

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8
Q

At what latitudes are deserts most present? Why?

A
  1. 30 degrees Nouth and South
  2. Hadley cells bring hot and dry air around these latitudes.
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9
Q

Why are higher temperatures closest to the equator?

A

Direct sunlight hits the equator more intensely which causes an increase in temperatures

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10
Q

What causes seasons?

A

Earth’s tilt of axis

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11
Q

What has to be fulfilled for a growing season?

A

Precipitation is higher than temperature
Temperature must be higher than 0 degrees C
(most rainforests are found near equator)

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12
Q

Homology

A

features that are similar due to their shared ancestory

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13
Q

Extinction

A

Cuvier- establishes extinction
-is an ongoing process throughout history of life

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14
Q

Heritability

A

proportion of trait variation in a population is accounted for by genetic variation in the population

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15
Q

Artificial Selection

A

selection affected by humans

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16
Q

4 processes that lead to evolution

A
  1. natural selection -> leads to adaptation
  2. Mutation
  3. Migration
  4. genetic drift
17
Q

what is b, B, d, D, r, N

A

b= per capita birth rate
d= per capita death rate
B= # of births
D= # of deaths
r= per capita birth rate
N= number of individuals

18
Q

population momentum

A

is why the population will keep increasing
due to large number of females being born

19
Q

what is the current world population size?

A

8 billion

20
Q

what is the recent average doubling time?

A

50 years

21
Q

What has led to a shorter time to add a billion people to the human population?

A

improvements of technology/ medicine
Agriculture advancements
Hygiene
High fecundity rates

22
Q

Even though r is decreasing, why is N still increasing?

A

Because r is still greater than 0 so N will still be increasing

23
Q

What are some known ways to reduce fertility rates?

A

Birth control, education

24
Q

What is the value of r when N = K?

A

r=0

25
Q

What happens to doubling time if r increases?

A

Doubling time will slow down
R is growing faster so it will take less time to double.

26
Q

Based on your knowledge of the mark-and-recapture method, how would your population size estimate be affected if a high percentage of the individuals you captured in sample #2 were marked? How about if a low percentage of the individuals you captured in sample #2 were marked?

A

High percentage= underestimate
Low percentage= overestimate

27
Q

Recent time to add a billion people is how many years?

A

10 years

28
Q

The maximum number of individuals that can be sustained in that habitat over a long period of time

A

carrying capacity

29
Q

a population growth model in which r decreases in value as the population in an area increases can be described as

A

density dependent

30
Q

earths latitudinal temperature gradient is due to…

A

the shape of the earth

31
Q

How many hours is day length at the spring and fall equinoxes?

A

12 hours

32
Q

The Coriolis Effect is due to the Earth’s ___ and ___.

A

rotation and shape

33
Q

Consequences of enormous human population size include…

A
  • habitat loss
    -global environment change
  • species extinction
    -decreased living standards
    -shortages of resources
34
Q

What factors affect K?

A

–availability of food
-nitrogen & phosphorus
-abundant resources/nutrients

35
Q

Fecundity

A

how much offspring one has

36
Q

population

A

group of individuals of single species living in same general area

37
Q

ecology

A

interactions of organisms with each other and with their environment (biotic or abiotic)

38
Q

natural selection

A

organisms seem to “fit” their environment

39
Q

Who was the first to propose a clear theory of evolution

A

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

BSCI 160 (6 decks)

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