Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

evolution

A

change in the genetic composition of a population over time

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2
Q

adaptation

A

change in which a species becomes more suited for its environment

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3
Q

What are the 4 requirements for evolution by natural selection to occur?

A
  1. Variation
  2. Struggle
  3. Heritability
  4. Differential reproduction: reproductive success would be different based on the traits one has, how many will survive and reproduce depending on the traits one has
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4
Q

Who discovered the idea that species are related by shared ancestry (two people)?

A

Darwin and Wallace

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5
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Independent evolution of similar features in species of different periods in time.
Convergent -> no shared ancestry, evolved trait independently

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6
Q

Divergent evolution

A

species have a common ancestor, traits are homologous

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7
Q

Coriolis Effect

A

Rotation of earth fastest at equator, deflection of surface air to the west as it moves towards equator

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8
Q

At what latitudes are deserts most present? Why?

A
  1. 30 degrees Nouth and South
  2. Hadley cells bring hot and dry air around these latitudes.
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9
Q

Why are higher temperatures closest to the equator?

A

Direct sunlight hits the equator more intensely which causes an increase in temperatures

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10
Q

What causes seasons?

A

Earth’s tilt of axis

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11
Q

What has to be fulfilled for a growing season?

A

Precipitation is higher than temperature
Temperature must be higher than 0 degrees C
(most rainforests are found near equator)

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12
Q

Homology

A

features that are similar due to their shared ancestory

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13
Q

Extinction

A

Cuvier- establishes extinction
-is an ongoing process throughout history of life

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14
Q

Heritability

A

proportion of trait variation in a population is accounted for by genetic variation in the population

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15
Q

Artificial Selection

A

selection affected by humans

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16
Q

4 processes that lead to evolution

A
  1. natural selection -> leads to adaptation
  2. Mutation
  3. Migration
  4. genetic drift
17
Q

what is b, B, d, D, r, N

A

b= per capita birth rate
d= per capita death rate
B= # of births
D= # of deaths
r= per capita birth rate
N= number of individuals

18
Q

population momentum

A

is why the population will keep increasing
due to large number of females being born

19
Q

what is the current world population size?

20
Q

what is the recent average doubling time?

21
Q

What has led to a shorter time to add a billion people to the human population?

A

improvements of technology/ medicine
Agriculture advancements
Hygiene
High fecundity rates

22
Q

Even though r is decreasing, why is N still increasing?

A

Because r is still greater than 0 so N will still be increasing

23
Q

What are some known ways to reduce fertility rates?

A

Birth control, education

24
Q

What is the value of r when N = K?

25
What happens to doubling time if r increases?
Doubling time will slow down R is growing faster so it will take less time to double.
26
Based on your knowledge of the mark-and-recapture method, how would your population size estimate be affected if a high percentage of the individuals you captured in sample #2 were marked? How about if a low percentage of the individuals you captured in sample #2 were marked?
High percentage= underestimate Low percentage= overestimate
27
Recent time to add a billion people is how many years?
10 years
28
The maximum number of individuals that can be sustained in that habitat over a long period of time
carrying capacity
29
a population growth model in which r decreases in value as the population in an area increases can be described as
density dependent
30
earths latitudinal temperature gradient is due to...
the shape of the earth
31
How many hours is day length at the spring and fall equinoxes?
12 hours
32
The Coriolis Effect is due to the Earth's ___ and ___.
rotation and shape
33
Consequences of enormous human population size include...
- habitat loss -global environment change - species extinction -decreased living standards -shortages of resources
34
What factors affect K?
--availability of food -nitrogen & phosphorus -abundant resources/nutrients
35
Fecundity
how much offspring one has
36
population
group of individuals of single species living in same general area
37
ecology
interactions of organisms with each other and with their environment (biotic or abiotic)
38
natural selection
organisms seem to "fit" their environment
39
Who was the first to propose a clear theory of evolution
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck