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PPO 1b > Posterior Seg > Flashcards

Posterior Seg Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between giant cell arteritis (AION) and NAION?

A

AION - jaw claudication, scalp tenderness, severe VA loss

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2
Q

What is vitreous syneresis?

A

liquefaction of vitreous strands

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3
Q

What is PVD?

A

Posterior vitreous detachment

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4
Q

What is lattice degeneration?

A

Peripheral retina becomes atrophic in a lattice pattern and may develop tears / breaks / holes, which may further progress to retinal detachment

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5
Q

What are retinal holes and tears associated with?

A

PVD
high myopia
ocular trauma

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6
Q

What is an operculated retinal hole?

A

piece of retina is in the vitreous, less chance of RD

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7
Q

What is an atrophic retinal hole?

A

Retinal thinning, no operculum

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8
Q

What is an operculum?

A

a prefoveal opacity

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9
Q

A retinal detachment is a separation of the retina between what two layers?

A

photoreceptor layer and RPE

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10
Q

What is retinoschisis?

A

separation of the retina between OPL and INL

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11
Q

When should you suspect ocular inflammation?

A 
Deep/achy pain
Decreased vision with shadows
Photosensitivity
Unilateral red eye
Poorly reactive pupils
EOM pain
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12
Q

Ocular pain is mainly associated with what nerve?

A

Trigeminal nerve. V1

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13
Q

What symptom is never associated with retinal disease?

A

pain

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14
Q

What is retrobulbar blockage?

A

Patient can’t see anything and neither can the doctor

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15
Q

What ocular condition is highly associated with MS?

A

ocular neuritis

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16
Q

What is vitritis?

A

white blood cells in the vitreous

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17
Q

Posterior uveitis is typically associated with what?

A

systemic diseases

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18
Q

Lipofucsin

A

Orange pigment. Macrophages with lipofuscin and melanin granules from degenerated RPE

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19
Q

What is drusen?

A

whitish yellow deposits that indicated probably chonicity

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20
Q

Which is a good prognostic sign: drusen or lipofuscin?

A

drusen

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21
Q

What is To Find Small Ocular Melanoma

A 
Thickness
Fluid
Symptoms
Orange pigment
Margin touching ONH
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22
Q

What is congenital hypertrophy of RPE?

A

Benign, flat, pigmented lesion, distinct borders, usually mid-periphery
Happens more in females

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23
Q

What is the leading cause of visual loss in working-age americans?

A

Diabetic retinopathy

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24
Q

What is the main cause of vision impairment in patients with DR?

A

Diabetic macular edema

25
Q

What are the signs of CRVO vs CRAO?

A

CRVO - flame-shaped hemes, cotton wool spots, micro/macro-aneurisms
CRAO - white macula, cherry red spot at macula

26
Q

What has a better visual prognosis: non-ischemic or ischemic CRVO?

A

Non-ischemic

27
Q

What is amaurosis fugax?

A

loss of vision in one eye due to a temporary lack of blood flow to the retina

28
Q

What medication causes the salt and pepper fundus appearance?

A

Phenothiazine

29
Q

What medication causes multiple superficial yellow crystalline ring-like deposits at the macula?

A

Tamoxifen

30
Q

What medication causes bull’s eye maculopathy and paracentral scotomas?

A

Plaquenil

31
Q

What are the five I’s of disc edema?

A 
Intracranial pressure
Inflammation
Ischemia
Infiltration
Infection
32
Q

Why does disc pallor occur with atrophy?

A

Dead axons are being replaced with glial tissue

33
Q

What is jaw claudication?

A

pain when chewing

34
Q

What are the optic nerve diseases that cause (+)RAPD?

A 
AION
NAION
Glaucoma
Optic Neuritis
*color vision defect also affected*
35
Q

What are the retinal disease that cause (+)RAPD?

A

CRVO
CRAO
RD
color vision defect also

36
Q

What is IIH associated with?

A

Obesity
Young females
Asymptomatic
Headaches/Nausea

37
Q

What macular disorders cause scotoma?

A

Macular hole

Solar maculopathy

38
Q

What macular disorders cause (+)RAPD?

A

None

39
Q

What characterizes central serous maculopathy?

A

Sudden decreased vision

RD at the macula

40
Q

What characterizes cystoid macular edema?

A

Gradual decreased vision
Macular edema
1 month after cataract surgery
vein occlusion

41
Q

What characterizes epiretinal membrane maculopathy?

A

Cellophane maculopathy

Macular pucker

42
Q

What characterizes a macular hole?

A

Cherry red spot at macula with even borders

43
Q

What characterizes solar maculopathy?

A

Cherry red spot at macula with uneven borders

44
Q

What is the leading cause of blindness people over the age of 65?

A

Dry ARMD

45
Q

What is the main difference between wet ARMD and dry ARMD?

A

Wet - Exudates and CNVM

Dry - Only drusen

46
Q

What characterizes a macular scar?

A

RPE hyper or hypo-pigmentation

47
Q

When should you suspect a retinal break with floaters/flashes?

A 
New onset
Doesn't go away w/ blinking
Flashes last minutes
Curtain over vision
Progressive
48
Q

What is the difference between a retinal detachment and retinoschisis?

A

RD - b/w photoreceptor layer and RPE

Retinoschisis - b/w OPL and INL

49
Q

What symptoms characterize RD?

A

Flashes, curtain, blurry VA

50
Q

What are the symptoms of PVD?

A

Floaters

No VA decrease

51
Q

What retinal diseases are associated with pain?

A

none

52
Q

What characterizes optic neuritis?

A

Younger onset
Retrobulbar blockage
MS

53
Q

What is Best’s disease?

A

Vitlliform Macular Dystrophy
Usually in first decade of life
One egg-yolk lesion at macula

54
Q

What is Stargardt’s Disease?

A

Most common juvenile macular dystrophy
VA stabilizes at 20/200
bronze-beaten appearance of macula

55
Q

What is cone/rod dystrophy?

A

Bull’s eye appearance of macula
Bilateral progressive vision loss from periphery to center of vision
Photopsia - vision better at night
End stage: tunnel vision

56
Q

What is retinitis pigmentosa

A

Pigmentary retinal dystrophy
Loss of rod cells
Loss of peripheral vision
Night blindness

57
Q

What is a choroidal nevus?

A

Birthmark located in the choroid layer

58
Q

What is congenital hypertrophy of RPE?

A

benign flat pigmented lesion with distinct borders in the mid-periphery
More in females

PPO 1b (11 decks)

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