Posterior Seg

Question 1

What is the difference between giant cell arteritis (AION) and NAION?

Answer 1

AION - jaw claudication, scalp tenderness, severe VA loss

Question 2

What is vitreous syneresis?

Answer 2

liquefaction of vitreous strands

Question 3

What is PVD?

Answer 3

Posterior vitreous detachment

Question 4

What is lattice degeneration?

Answer 4

Peripheral retina becomes atrophic in a lattice pattern and may develop tears / breaks / holes, which may further progress to retinal detachment

Question 5

What are retinal holes and tears associated with?

Answer 5

PVD
high myopia
ocular trauma

Question 6

What is an operculated retinal hole?

Answer 6

piece of retina is in the vitreous, less chance of RD

Question 7

What is an atrophic retinal hole?

Answer 7

Retinal thinning, no operculum

Question 8

What is an operculum?

Answer 8

a prefoveal opacity

Question 9

A retinal detachment is a separation of the retina between what two layers?

Answer 9

photoreceptor layer and RPE

Question 10

What is retinoschisis?

Answer 10

separation of the retina between OPL and INL

Question 11

When should you suspect ocular inflammation?

Answer 11

Deep/achy pain
Decreased vision with shadows
Photosensitivity
Unilateral red eye
Poorly reactive pupils
EOM pain

Question 12

Ocular pain is mainly associated with what nerve?

Answer 12

Trigeminal nerve. V1

Question 13

What symptom is never associated with retinal disease?

Answer 13

pain

Question 14

What is retrobulbar blockage?

Answer 14

Patient can’t see anything and neither can the doctor

Question 15

What ocular condition is highly associated with MS?

Answer 15

ocular neuritis

Question 16

What is vitritis?

Answer 16

white blood cells in the vitreous

Question 17

Posterior uveitis is typically associated with what?

Answer 17

systemic diseases

Question 18

Lipofucsin

Answer 18

Orange pigment. Macrophages with lipofuscin and melanin granules from degenerated RPE

Question 19

What is drusen?

Answer 19

whitish yellow deposits that indicated probably chonicity

Question 20

Which is a good prognostic sign: drusen or lipofuscin?

Answer 20

drusen

Question 21

What is To Find Small Ocular Melanoma

Answer 21

Thickness
Fluid
Symptoms
Orange pigment
Margin touching ONH

Question 22

What is congenital hypertrophy of RPE?

Answer 22

Benign, flat, pigmented lesion, distinct borders, usually mid-periphery
Happens more in females

Question 23

What is the leading cause of visual loss in working-age americans?

Answer 23

Diabetic retinopathy

Question 24

What is the main cause of vision impairment in patients with DR?

Answer 24

Diabetic macular edema

Question 25

What are the signs of CRVO vs CRAO?

Answer 25

CRVO - flame-shaped hemes, cotton wool spots, micro/macro-aneurisms CRAO - white macula, cherry red spot at macula

Question 26

What has a better visual prognosis: non-ischemic or ischemic CRVO?

Answer 26

Non-ischemic

Question 27

What is amaurosis fugax?

Answer 27

loss of vision in one eye due to a temporary lack of blood flow to the retina

Question 28

What medication causes the salt and pepper fundus appearance?

Answer 28

Phenothiazine

Question 29

What medication causes multiple superficial yellow crystalline ring-like deposits at the macula?

Answer 29

Tamoxifen

Question 30

What medication causes bull’s eye maculopathy and paracentral scotomas?

Answer 30

Plaquenil

Question 31

What are the five I's of disc edema?

Answer 31

``` Intracranial pressure Inflammation Ischemia Infiltration Infection ```

Question 32

Why does disc pallor occur with atrophy?

Answer 32

Dead axons are being replaced with glial tissue

Question 33

What is jaw claudication?

Answer 33

pain when chewing

Question 34

What are the optic nerve diseases that cause (+)RAPD?

Answer 34

``` AION NAION Glaucoma Optic Neuritis *color vision defect also affected* ```

Question 35

What are the retinal disease that cause (+)RAPD?

Answer 35

CRVO CRAO RD *color vision defect also*

Question 36

What is IIH associated with?

Answer 36

Obesity Young females Asymptomatic Headaches/Nausea

Question 37

What macular disorders cause scotoma?

Answer 37

Macular hole | Solar maculopathy

Question 38

What macular disorders cause (+)RAPD?

Answer 38

None

Question 39

What characterizes central serous maculopathy?

Answer 39

Sudden decreased vision | RD at the macula

Question 40

What characterizes cystoid macular edema?

Answer 40

Gradual decreased vision Macular edema 1 month after cataract surgery vein occlusion

Question 41

What characterizes epiretinal membrane maculopathy?

Answer 41

Cellophane maculopathy | Macular pucker

Question 42

What characterizes a macular hole?

Answer 42

Cherry red spot at macula with even borders

Question 43

What characterizes solar maculopathy?

Answer 43

Cherry red spot at macula with uneven borders

Question 44

What is the leading cause of blindness people over the age of 65?

Answer 44

Dry ARMD

Question 45

What is the main difference between wet ARMD and dry ARMD?

Answer 45

Wet - Exudates and CNVM | Dry - Only drusen

Question 46

What characterizes a macular scar?

Answer 46

RPE hyper or hypo-pigmentation

Question 47

When should you suspect a retinal break with floaters/flashes?

Answer 47

``` New onset Doesn't go away w/ blinking Flashes last minutes Curtain over vision Progressive ```

Question 48

What is the difference between a retinal detachment and retinoschisis?

Answer 48

RD - b/w photoreceptor layer and RPE | Retinoschisis - b/w OPL and INL

Question 49

What symptoms characterize RD?

Answer 49

Flashes, curtain, blurry VA

Question 50

What are the symptoms of PVD?

Answer 50

Floaters | No VA decrease

Question 51

What retinal diseases are associated with pain?

Answer 51

none

Question 52

What characterizes optic neuritis?

Answer 52

Younger onset Retrobulbar blockage MS

Question 53

What is Best's disease?

Answer 53

Vitlliform Macular Dystrophy Usually in first decade of life One egg-yolk lesion at macula

Question 54

What is Stargardt's Disease?

Answer 54

Most common juvenile macular dystrophy VA stabilizes at 20/200 bronze-beaten appearance of macula

Question 55

What is cone/rod dystrophy?

Answer 55

Bull's eye appearance of macula Bilateral progressive vision loss from periphery to center of vision Photopsia - vision better at night End stage: tunnel vision

Question 56

What is retinitis pigmentosa

Answer 56

Pigmentary retinal dystrophy Loss of rod cells Loss of peripheral vision Night blindness

Question 57

What is a choroidal nevus?

Answer 57

Birthmark located in the choroid layer

Question 58

What is congenital hypertrophy of RPE?

Answer 58

benign flat pigmented lesion with distinct borders in the mid-periphery More in females