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Anatomy Semester 3 > Posterior abdominal wall > Flashcards

Posterior abdominal wall Flashcards

1
Q

where do the kidneys lie?

A

retroperitoneally, at level of T12-L3

ant to 11th and 12th ribs

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2
Q

which kidney is higher than the other?

A

right is lower than left due to liver

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3
Q

what are the kidneys related to superiorly and inferiorly?

A

sup - diaphragm

inf - quadratus lumborum

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4
Q

which nerves descend diagonally across the post surface of the kidneys?

A

subcostal nerves and vessels, iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves

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5
Q

course of the ureters?

A

run inferomedially and anterior to psoas major and tips of the lumbar vertebrae
pass over pelvic brim at bifurcation of the common iliac
crosses external iliac then runs along lateral wall of pelvis to enter the bladder

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6
Q

what fat and fascia surrounds the kidney?

A

kidney is surrounded by perinephric fat, then renal fascia then paranephric fat

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7
Q

when does movement of the kidneys occur and what is normal renal motility?

A

during respiration and when moving from supine to erect positions
normal renal motility 3cm

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8
Q

In which three places is the ureter constricted?

A

the junction of the ureter and renal pelves
where the ureters cross the brim of the pelvic inlet
during their passage through the wall of the urinary bladder

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9
Q

what shape is the right adrenal gland and what is it related to?

A

pyramid shaped

related to IVC anteromedially and liver anterolaterally

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10
Q

what shape is the left adrenal gland and what is it related to?

A

crescent shaped

related to spleen, stomach, pancreas and left crus

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11
Q

what are the adrenal glands composed of and what is their function?

A

suprarenal cortex - secretes corticosteroids and androgens

suprarenal medulla - secretes adrenaline and NA

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12
Q

where do the renal arteries arise?

A

at the level of the IV disc between L1 and L2

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13
Q

where does the blood flow in the kidneys?

A 
renal artery
segmental arteries
interlobar artery
arcuate arteries
interlobular arteries
afferent arterioles
glomerular capillaries
efferent arterioles
peritubular capillaries
interlobular vein
arcuate vein
interlobar vein
renal vein
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14
Q

does the renal vein or artery lie more anteriorly?

A

renal vein

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15
Q

where does the hilum of the left kidney lie in relation to the median plane?

A

hilum of left kidney lies near the level of the transpyloric plane, 5cm from the median plane

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16
Q

what passes through the superior pole of the right kidney?

A

transpyloric plane

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17
Q

which kidney can be palpated in lean adults?

A

inferior pole of the right kidney

palpable as a rounded mass that descends during inspiration. left kidney not palpable unless enlarged/displaced

18
Q

where do the suprarenal arteries arise from?

A

superior - inferior phrenic artery
middle - aa near the origin of the SMA
inferior - renal artery

19
Q

which dome of the diaphragm is usually higher?

A

right due to liver

20
Q

during expiration, how high does each dome of the diaphragm reach?

A

right - 5th rib

left - 5th ics

21
Q

what are the three attachments of the diaphragm?

A

sternal - posterior aspect of the xiphoid process
costal - ribs 7-12 `and adjoining ribs (forms the domes of the diaphragm)
lumbar - arises from two aponeurotic arches, med and lat arcuate ligaments and 3 sup lumbar vertebrae

22
Q

what are the left and right crura?

A

right crus arises from L1-3 and IV discs. Some fibres from the right crus surround the oesophagus and act as a sphincter to prevent reflux of gastric contents into the oesophagus
left crus arises from L1, 2 and their IV discs

23
Q

what are the crura united by?

A

median arcuate ligament (goes over ant surface of the aorta)

24
Q

what are the medial and lateral arcuate ligaments made from?

A

medial - thickenings of the fascia covering psoas

lateral - thickenings of the fascia covering quadratus lumborum

25
Q

where is the caval opening and what passes through it?

A

T8

IVC, terminal branches of right phrenic nerve, lymph (middle phrenic and mediastinal nodes)

26
Q

what happens to the IVC when the diaphragm contracts during inspiration?

A

IVC adherent to the margin of the opening so when diaphragm contracts, it widens opening and dilates IVC - facilitates blood flow

27
Q

where is the oesophageal hiatus and what passes through it?

A

T10
ant and post vagal trunks
oesophageal branches of the left gastric vessel
lymph vessels

28
Q

where is the aortic hiatus and what passes through it?

A

T12, posterior of diaphragm

descending aorta, azygos vein and thoracic duct

29
Q

how is the oesopohageal hiatus formed?

A

fibres of the right crus decussate inf to the hiatus forming a muscular sphincter that constricts it when the diaphragm contracts

30
Q

what is the sternocostal triangle (foramen)?

A

small opening between sternal and costal attachments of diaphragm
transmits lymph vessels from diaphragmatic surface of liver and superior epigastric vessels

31
Q

where do the sympathetic trunks pass in relation to the diaphragm?

A

deep to the median arcuate ligament

32
Q

parts of the posterior abdominal wall from deep to superficial

A 
5 lumbar vertebrae
post abdo wall mm
lumbar plexus
fascia inc thoracolumbar fascia
diaphragm
fat, nerves, vessels and ln
33
Q

where does the abdominal aorta start and finish?

A

T12-L4

34
Q

where do the common iliac arteries start?

A

L4

35
Q

where do the suprarenal and renal arteries originate?

A

L1

36
Q

at what vertebral level do the gonadal arteries originate?q

A

L2

37
Q

at what vertebral level does the coeliac trunk originate?

A

T12

38
Q

at what vertebral level does the SMA and IMA originate?

A

SMA - L1

IMA - L3

39
Q

where does the left gonadal vein drain to?

A

left renal vein (not IVC)

40
Q

why is the IVC different to other veins in the body?

A

has no valves

41
Q

where does the IVC start?

A

L5 by the union of the common iliac veins

Anatomy Semester 3 (3 decks)

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