Anterior abdominal wall

Question 1

Superior and inferior boundaries of the anterolateral abdo wall

Answer 1

superior - cartilages of 7th-10th ribs and xiphoid process

inferior - inguinal ligament and pelvic bones

Question 2

layers of the antlat abdo wall

superficial to deep

Answer 2

skin
camper fascia
scarpa fascia
EO
IO
TA
transversalis fascia
extraperitoneal fat
parietal peritoneum

Question 3

arcuate line

Answer 3

lower limit of the posterior layer of the rectus sheath where inf epigastric vessels perforate the rectus abdominis
1/3 of the distance from umbilicus to pubic crest

Question 4

describe the aponeuroses of the muscles above and below the arcuate line

Answer 4

above - ant layer of rectus sheath formed by EO aponeurosis and ant lamina of IO aponeurosis. Posterior layer formed by post lamina of the IO aponeurosis and TA aponeurosis
below - aponeuroses of EO, IO and TA pass ant to rectus abdominis to form the ant rectus sheath. Transversalis fascia covers the RA posteriorly

Question 5

Contents of the rectus sheath

Answer 5

Rectus abdominis
pyramidalis
sup and inf epigastric arteries and veins
lymph vessels
thoraco-abdominal and subcostal nerves (distal portions of ant rami of spinal nerves T7-12)

Question 6

where does the linea alba stretch to and from?

Answer 6

xiphoid process to pubic symphysis

Question 7

what vertebral level is the iliac crest?

Answer 7

L4

Question 8

what do the semilunar lines demarcate?

Answer 8

lateral borders of the rectus abdominis and rectus sheath

Question 9

where do the semilunar lines go to and from?

Answer 9

from inferior costal margin near cc9 to pubic tubercle

Question 10

contents of the femoral canal

Answer 10

lymph vessels, draining the deep lymph nodes
deep lymph node - lacunar node
empty space
loose connective tissue

Question 11

what is a femoral hernia

Answer 11

protrusion of small intestine through the femoral ring into the femoral canal

Question 12

how does a femoral hernia present

Answer 12

as a lump inferolateral to the pubic tubercle

can enlarge by passing through the saphenous opening

Question 13

where is the inguinal canal

Answer 13

between the deep and superficial inguinal rings, superior and parallel to the inguinal ligament

Question 14

how do the walls of the inguinal canal prevent herniation (which muscles are involved?)

Answer 14

contraction of the EO brings ant wall towards post wall
contraction of the IO and transversus abdominis cause the roof to descend
posterior part is transversalis fascia

Question 15

where is the deep inguinal ring found?

Answer 15

lateral to the epigastric vessels, above midpoint of inguinal ligament
evagination of transversalis fascia

Question 16

where is the superficial inguinal ring found?

Answer 16

superolateral to the pubic tubercle

Question 17

what is an inguinal hernia

Answer 17

protrusion of parietal peritoneum and viscera through a normal/abnormal opening from the abdominal cavity

Question 18

what is a direct inguinal hernia

Answer 18

acquired
herniating bowel passes medial to inf epigastric vessels, pushing through peritoneum and transversalis fascia to enter inguinal canal

Question 19

what is an indirect inguinal hernia

Answer 19

congenital

herniating bowel passes lateral to inferior epigastric vessels to enter deep inguinal ring

Question 20

where does the inguinal ligament go to and from

Answer 20

ASIS to pubic tubercle

Question 21

what is the iliopubic tract?

Answer 21

thickened margin of transversalis fascia
from asis to pubic tubercle
runs parallel and deep to the inguinal ligament

Question 22

what is the spermatic cord?

Answer 22

contains structures running to and from the testis and suspends the testis in the scrotum
begins at the deep inguinal ring

Question 23

contents of the inguinal canal - women

Answer 23

round ligament of the uterus
ilioinguinal nerve
blood and lymph vessels

Question 24

contents of the inguinal canal men

Answer 24

spermatic cord
ilio-inguinal nerve
blood and lymph vessels

Question 25

3 types of fascia derived from the ant lat abdo wall during prenatal relocation of the testis

Answer 25

internal spermatic fascia - derived from transversalis fascia
external spermatic fascia - derived from external oblique
cremasteric fascia - derived from internal oblique

Question 26

what is the cremasteric reflex

Answer 26

draws the testis superiorly in the scrotum
occurs to maintain the temperature of the testis for spermatogenesis
ilioinguinal nerve

Question 27

constituents of the spermatic cord

Answer 27

ductus deferens (vas deferens)
testicular artery
artery of ductus deferens
cremasteric artery
pampiniform venous plexus
sympathetic nerve fibres
genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
lymph vessels
vestige of the processus vaginalis

Question 28

what does parietal peritoneum do?

Answer 28

lines internal surface of abdominopelvic wall

Question 29

what do visceral peritoneum do

Answer 29

lines investing viscera such as spleen and stomach

Question 30

which planes divide the abdomen into 9 parts?

Answer 30

midclavicular planes (midpoint of clavicles to mid-inguinal point (midpoint of ASIS and pubic symphysis
subcostal plane (inf border of 10th cc on each side, L3)
transtubecular plane (iliac tubercles and body of L5 vertebrae

Question 31

where do the inf epigastric vessels perforate the RA

Answer 31

arcuate line

Question 32

how is the inguinal canal formed during development?

Answer 32

formed in relation to the relocation of the ovary/testes during development

Question 33

borders of the inguinal canal

Answer 33

ant - EO aponeurosis and IO
post - transversalis fascia and conjoint tendon
roof - IO and TA and transversalis fascia laterally
floor - inguinal ligament, lacunar ligament and iliopubic tract

Question 34

what is the conjoint tendon

Answer 34

formed from IO and TA

inserts into the pubic crest and pectineal line immediately behind the superficial inguinal ring