Postcranium

Question 1

Axial postcranium

Answer 1

Vertebral column, thoracic cage (ribs/sternum)

Question 2

Function of vertebral column

Answer 2

• protect spinal cord
• transfer weight of torso to lower limb
• muscle attachments that help sit up and stand up right

Question 3

Function of thoracic cage

Answer 3

To protect heart and lungs

Question 4

Vertebral column consists:

Answer 4

• Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)
• Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
• Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
• Sacrum (S1-S5) fused vertebrae
• Coccyx

Question 5

Spinal curves

Answer 5

Make spine flexible

• cervical = lordosis (anterior bend)
• thoracic = kyphosis
• lumbar = lordosis
• sacral/coccyx = kyphosis (posterior bend)

Question 6

Axial skeleton

Answer 6

Consists of skull, sternum, ribs, sacrum, coccyx, and vertebral column

Question 7

Vertebral features

All of them have

Answer 7

1) centrum/body except C1
2) transverse process to attach muscle
3) spinous process
4) vertebral foramen where spinal cord goes through
5) superior articular process where it attaches to the vertebrae below it
6) inferior articular process where it attaches to the vertebrae above it

Question 8

Cervical vertebrae feature

C1-C7

Answer 8

1) C1= atlas, hyoid floats attaches to muscle. “Yes” joint, attaches to occipital condyles
2) C2= axis, “No” joint (pivot joint)

Uniqueness:

• small
• transverse foramen

Question 9

Thoracic vertebrae features

T1-T12

Answer 9

Uniqueness:

1) ribs attach in 2 locations; centrum & transverse process
2) 3 costal facets where ribs articulate

Question 10

Lumbar vertebrae features

L1-L5

Answer 10

Uniqueness:

Big vertebrae

Question 11

Intervertebral structures

Answer 11

1) intervertebral discs: cartilage that separate joints that connect the centrum together (shock absorption)
2) vertebral canal: extension of vertebral foramen between bones
3) intervertebral foramina: side by side holes when 2 vertebrae are connected. Spinal nerves pass through

Question 12

Sacral features

Answer 12

1) sacral body: big centrum (body) L5 attaches
2) ala: wings of sacrum
3) sacral foramina: holes where spinal nerves come out
4) sacral hiatus: on the back towards the bottom
5) coccyx: tail bone

Question 13

Thorax

Answer 13

Region that contains the lungs and heart. Surrounded and protected by the thoracic or rib cage

Question 14

Thoracic cage consist

Answer 14

1) ribs = 12 left and 12 right
2) sternum = manubrium, body, xiphoid process
3) thoracic vertebrae

Function: attachment place for muscle to breathe

Thoracic cage moves during breathing
Costal cartilage helps with flexibility

Question 15

Rib types

Answer 15

1) vertebrosternal ribs: attach from vertebrae to sternum through 1 costal cartilage. Ribs 1-7. Flat & short
2) vertebrochondral ribs: attach from vertebrae to sternum through several costal cartilage. Ribs 8-10. Long, taller than wide

3) vertebral ribs: attach only to vertebrae. Ribs 11&12
Short. Blunted part at tip not flat like others

Question 16

Rib structure

Answer 16

1) tubercle: attaches to transverse process
2) neck
3) head: attaches to centrum
4) Sternal end: attaches to sternum
5) costal groove: where 1 artery, vein, and nerve runs through

Question 17

Vertebral features

All of them have

Answer 17

1) centrum/body except C1
2) transverse process to attach muscle
3) spinous process
4) vertebral foramen where spinal cord goes through
5) superior articular process where it attaches to the vertebrae below it
6) inferior articular process where it attaches to the vertebrae above it

Question 18

Cervical vertebrae feature

C1-C7

Answer 18

1) C1= atlas, hyoid floats attaches to muscle. “Yes” joint, attaches to occipital condyles
2) C2= axis, “No” joint (pivot joint)

Uniqueness:

• small
• transverse foramen

Question 19

Thoracic vertebrae features

T1-T12

Answer 19

Uniqueness:

1) ribs attach in 2 locations; centrum & transverse process
2) 3 costal facets where ribs articulate

Question 20

Lumbar vertebrae features

L1-L5

Answer 20

Uniqueness:

Big vertebrae

Question 21

Intervertebral structures

Answer 21

1) intervertebral discs: cartilage that separate joints that connect the centrum together (shock absorption)
2) vertebral canal: extension of vertebral foramen between bones
3) intervertebral foramina: side by side holes when 2 vertebrae are connected. Spinal nerves pass through

Question 22

Sacral features

Answer 22

1) sacral body: big centrum (body) L5 attaches
2) ala: wings of sacrum
3) sacral foramina: holes where spinal nerves come out
4) sacral hiatus: on the back towards the bottom
5) coccyx: tail bone

Question 23

Thorax

Answer 23

Region that contains the lungs and heart. Surrounded and protected by the thoracic or rib cage

Question 24

Thoracic cage consist

Answer 24

1) ribs = 12 left and 12 right
2) sternum = manubrium, body, xiphoid process
3) thoracic vertebrae

Function: attachment place for muscle to breathe

Thoracic cage moves during breathing
Costal cartilage helps with flexibility

Question 25

Rib types

Answer 25

1) vertebrosternal ribs: attach from vertebrae to sternum through 1 costal cartilage. Ribs 1-7. Flat & short
2) vertebrochondral ribs: attach from vertebrae to sternum through several costal cartilage. Ribs 8-10. Long, taller than wide

3) vertebral ribs: attach only to vertebrae. Ribs 11&12
Short. Blunted part at tip not flat like others

Question 26

Rib structure

Answer 26

1) tubercle: attaches to transverse process
2) neck
3) head: attaches to centrum
4) Sternal end: attaches to sternum
5) costal groove: where 1 artery, vein, and nerve runs through