Post World War 2 Flashcards
How did the rationalisation of association football change the game in the 19th century?
Urbanisation: Large numbers of people living in one place gave a large captive audience.
More free time: Less time working in the factories.
Improved transport: Fans were able to travel.
Increased professionalism.
Social class links: middle class influence and approval gave football more respectability.
Increased organisation: highly structured, rules, leagues, teams (churches and factories), refs.
Explain the Bosman Ruling?
AnEuropean court of justice decision made on the 15th December 1995 concerning freedom of movement for workers. An important decision as it allowed the freedom movement of labour in the European Union. It effectively allowed footballers within the EU to move at the end of their contract to another club without a transfer being paid.
How was real tennis rationalised and developed into the modern-day game of lawn tennis?
- Lawn tennis was a middle class invention as the middle class aspired to be like the upper class but were excluded from or could not play real tennis.
- The middle class established private tennis courts where gardens were deemed unsuitable to house a tennis court.
- Lawn Tennis was first introduced at Wimbledon in 1877.
Define lawn tennis?
Originally called ‘sphairistike’ and played on an hourglass shaped court before its name and court shape were quickly replaced.
Describe the characteristics of lawn tennis?
- Played by the middle class in suburban gardens on lawn big enough to house, or private tennis courts.
- Needed the use of specialist equipment.
- Use of standardised rules.
- Played by males and females - tennis allowed social and gender mixing.
- It eventually spread to the lower class via public parks.
What was the open era?
When professional tennis players were allowed to compete along side amateurs.
How was Athletics rationalised and developed into track and field athletics?
■ The industrialisation of society led to rural fairs being replaced by urban fairs, as people migrated in large numbers to towns and cities for work.
■ Athletics became popular in such towns and cities, with purpose built tracks and facilities built in the mid nineteenth century.
■ Walking and running races took place over set distances and on race courses.
■ Lots of people started spectating and wagering on athletics events
■ Upper and middle class would run for enjoyment as the sport was rationalised (amateur sport)
■ Lower class ran for money and were deemed professionals
■ In 1866 The Amateur Athletics Club (AAC) was formed by public schools/ex universities.
■ They with drew the exclusion clause and opened up the sport to everyone. A professional became somebody who ran for money as opposed to someone from a working class.
What are the three parts of the golden triangle?
Sport
Business
Media
Explain the golden triangle?
■ Sport, the media, business and sponsorship are all strongly inter-linked and mutually dependent – ‘The Golden Triangle’.
■ Each element of the triangle relies on the others.
■ For instance: without media coverage, sports are less attractive to sponsors who want their business or product to be publicised to as many people as possible.
■ The media uses sport to gain viewers, listener and readers.
■ In turn, businesses and sponsors use the media to advertise their products and services: organisations often pay substantial sums to sport and the media for advertisements.
Define commercialisation?
The process of attempting to gain money from an activity e.g. sport.
Define sponsorship?
When a company pays for their products to be publicly displayed or advertised, usually as an attempt to increase the sales of there goods.
Define Merchandising?
The practice in which the brand or image from one ‘product’ is used to sell another, e.g. professional sport.
What are characteristics of commercial sport?
- Wide media coverage
- Professional sport
- Sponsorship and business
- Entertainment
- Athletes as commodities
- Contracts
What are effects of Commercialisation on sport?
1) Rules and regulations have been changed or introduced to speed up the action and prevent spectator boredom. (football - multi ball, badminton – score on every point)
2) Breaks are provided in play so that sponsors can advertise there products and services.
3) Competition formats have changed (e.g. twenty20 cricket)
4) Sports played by women receive less coverage, this can have a negative effect on participation. There are fewer role models and there is less money reinvested into sports at grass roots and professional levels.
5) The increase in technology gives the spectator a more personal experience.
What are the reasons why companies invest large amounts of money into sport?
- Increased sales/commercial benefits/increased profit/increased publicity.
- Creates an association with excellence at the highest levels of sport.
- Increased brand awareness/adds value to the brand Nike golf and Rory Mclloroy.
- Gives an opportunity to link to corporate hospitality.
- Sponsorships can decrease the amount of tax paid by a company (tax relief).
- Creates an association with the healthy image of sport.
- Improves company Morale.
