Post Test Flashcards
The rate of conduction of action potentials along a nerve will be increased by:
A. stimulating the Na-K pump
B. inhibiting the Na-K pump
C. decreasing the diameter of the nerve
D. myelinating the nerve
E. lengthening the nerve fiber
D. myelinating the nerve
Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter at all of the ff except the
A. motor end plate of the masseter muscle
B. sympathetic preganglionic fibers to the cardiac muscle
C. parasympathetic preganglionic fibers to the submaxillary glands
D. sympathetic postganglionic fibers to the cardiac muscle
E. parasympathetic postganglionic fibers to the submaxillary glands
D. sympathetic postganglionic fibers to the cardiac muscle
Irritation of respiratory passages initiate the cough reflex that send signals from the afferent nerve to the_____.
A. facial nerve
B. accessory nerve
C. vagus nerve
D. trigeminal nerve
E. glossopharyngeal
C. vagus nerve
(COUGH) (0UGH- CN X
(SNEEZE) 5NEEZE- CN V
The more load placed on muscle the greater will be the force of contraction up to a maximum tension (Starling’s Law). This is a property of which types of muscle?
i. Skeletal
ii. Cardiac
iii. Smooth
A. i, ii
B. i, iii
C. ii, iii
D. all of the above
A. i, ii
To which receptor in vascular smooth muscle cells does the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine binds?
A. Delta
B. Beta
C. Alpha
D. Gamma
C. Alpha
NOTES:
BE AN
BETA: EPINEPHRINE
ALPHA: NOREPINEPHRINE
Which of the following responses is mediated by parasympathetic muscarinic receptors?
A. Dilation of bronchiolar smooth muscle
B. Erection
C. Ejaculation
D. Constriction of gastrointestinal (GI) sphincters
E. Increases cardiac contractility
B. Erection
The presence of surfactant, a lipoprotein mixture, has which one of the ff actions around the alveoli?
A. lubrication
B. rapid diffusion of carbon dioxide and oxygen
C. antibacterial action
D. reduces alveolar surface tension
E. none of the above
D. reduces alveolar surface tension
In regulating blood pressure, decreased blood pressure stimulates the kidney to release what substance?
A. Angiotensin
B. Renin
C. Aldosterone
D. Angiotensinogen
E. Angiotensin-converting enzyme
B. Renin
Aldosterone- ADRENAL GLAND
Angiotensinogen- LIVER
Angiotensin-converting enzyme- LUNG
During Ventricular systole: Period of ejection, which valves are open?
A. AV valves
B. Semilunar valves
C. Both A and B
D. No valves are open
E. 1 AV and 1 semilunar
B. Semilunar valves
NOTES:
Systole – period of contraction
Diastole – period of relaxation
(1) ATRIAL SYSTOLE
AV Valves: open
Semilunar Valves: close
(2) VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE: ISOVOLUMETRIC CONTRACTION
AV Valves: close
Semilunar Valves: close
(3) VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE: PERIOD OF ERECTION
AV Valves: close
Semilunar Valves: open
(4) VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE: ISOVOLUMETRIC RELAXATION
AV Valves: close
Semilunar Valves: close
(5) ATRIAL SYSTOLE: PASSIVE VENTRICULAR FILLING
AV Valves: open
Semilunar Valves: close
This factor forms a bridge between exposed collagen of the blood vessel wall and platelets by binding to platelet surface receptors and collagen.
A. Stuart
B. Hageman
C. Von Willebrand
D. Christmas
E. Labile
C. Von Willebrand
During tubular reabsorption, thick segment of ascending limb of loop of Henle is ________.
A. permeable to solutes but impermeable to water
B. permeable to some solutes (Na+, Cl−, H+) generally under hormonal control and depends on the current conditions of the body.
C. highly permeable to water and moderately permeable to urea, Na+, and most other ions.
D. not freely permeable to water or solutes.
E. permeable to both water and solutes
D. not freely permeable to water or solutes.
Which of the following cranial nerves has a parasympathetic activity?
A. I, III, VII, IX
B. III, V, VII, IX
C. II, V, IX, X
D. III, VII, IX, X
E. V, VII, VIII, X
D. III, VII, IX, X
NOTES:
PARA: 1973: 10, 9, 7, 3
During the upstroke of the action potential:
A. there is net outward current and the cell interior becomes more negative
B. there is net outward current and the cell interior becomes less negative
C. there is net inward current and the cell interior becomes more negative
D. there is net inward current and the cell interior becomes less negative
D. there is net inward current and the cell interior becomes less negative
Which of the following has a correct sequence of renal blood flow?
A. Renal artery – interlobar artery – segmental artery – glomerulus – interlobar vein
B. Interlobular artery – arcuate artery – glomerulus– vasa recta – segmental vein
C. Arcuate artery – interlobular artery – peritubular capillaries – interlobar vein
D. renal vein – vasa recta –glomerulus – afferent arteriole – interlobar artery
E. renal artery – efferent arteriole – glomerulus –vasa recta – renal vein
C. Arcuate artery – interlobular artery – peritubular capillaries – interlobar vein
Serotonin and adenosine diphosphate are released from which of the ff substances during the process of hemostasis?
A. prothrombin
B. fibrinogen
C. factor VIII
D. thrombin
E. none of the above
E. none of the above
NOTES:
ADP and serotonin released from the dense granules recruit additional platelets that spread on the exposed subendothelial cell surfaces and adhere to these surfaces.
Type of respiration which is the diffusion of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and the blood.
A. Inspiration
B. Internal Respiration
C. External Respiration
D. Pulmonary Ventilation
E. all of the above
C. External Respiration
Which of the following has a correct pairing of enzyme and its function?
A. salivary amylase – digests lipids
B. pepsin – antibacterial
C. hydrochloric acid – converts pepsinogen to pepsin
D. bile – emulsify protein
E. pepsin – decreases stomach pH
C. hydrochloric acid – converts pepsinogen to pepsin
NOTES:
Salivary amylase – digests carbohydrates
HCL – antibacterial
bile – emulsify fats
pepsin – digests protein
Cells in the stomach:
1. G-cells= Gastrin
2. Parietal (pARAYtal) = HCL, Intrinsic factor (Vit B12 Absorption)
3. Chief= Pepsinogen
4. Pepsin= digest protein
This clotting factors form the complex as Prothrombinase:
I. Tissue Factor
II. Fibrinogen
III. Stuart factor
IV. Labile Factor
V. Fibrin-stabilizing Factor
VI. Calcium
VII. Prothrombin
A. i, ii, vi, vii
B. ii, iii, vi
C. v, vi, vii
D. iii, iv, vi
D. iii, iv, vi
To initiate the contraction of smooth muscles, Ca binds to what regulatory protein?
A. Actin
B. Troponin
C. Tropomyosin
D. Calmodulin
E. Tropomyosin
D. Calmodulin
NOTES:
CALMODULIN- SMOOTH
TROPONIN C- SKELETAL, CARDIAC
When a sample of blood is mixed with anti A- agglutinins (antisera) and anti B-agglutinins, the cells agglutinate with anti B-antisera but not anti-A; therefore this patient’s blood type is
A. AB
B. O
C. B
D. A
C. B
NOTES:
Blood type: A
Antigen: A
Antibody: B
Blood type: B
Antigen: B
Antibody: A
Blood type: AB
Antigen: A&B
Antibody: ❌A❌B
Blood type: O
Antigen: ❌A❌B
Antibody: A&B
Which of the following is/are included in the functional anatomy of parasympathetic nervous system?
I. Otic ganglion
II. Inferior mesenteric ganglion
III. Prevertebral ganglia
IV. Vagus Nerve
V. S2
A. i, iv and v
B. i, ii and v
C. ii, iv and v
D. iii and v
E. I, iii and v
A. i, iv and v
Simple diffusion:
A. occurs against electrochemical gradient
B. occurs with the use of energy
C. occurs with the help of carrier proteins
D. is a passive process
D. is a passive process
NOTES:
DIFFUSION= PASSIVE
To stimulate normal inspiration, alveolar pressure _____ cm of water.
A. decreases to -1
B. increases to +1
C. remains in 0
D. decreases to +1
E. increases to -1
A. decreases to -1
The parasympathetic nervous system acts on the salivary glands to
i. decrease blood flow
ii. increase blood flow
iii. decrease salivary flow
iv. increase salivary flow
A. i, iii
B. ii, iii
C. i, iv
D. ii, iv
D. ii, iv
ii. increase blood flow
iv. increase salivary flow
Which characteristic or component is shared by skeletal muscle and smooth muscle?
A. Thick and thin filaments arranged in sarcomeres
B. Troponin
C. Elevation of intracellular Ca for excitation- contraction coupling
D. Spontaneous depolarization of membrane potential
C. Elevation of intracellular Ca for excitation- contraction coupling
The neurotransmitter in the postganglionic nerve terminals of the sympathetic nervous system is:
A. Dopamine
B. Acetylcholine
C. Norepinephrine
D. Serotonin
C. Norepinephrine
Which of the following characteristic is shared by simple and facilitated diffusion of glucose?
A. occurs down an electrochemical gradient
B. is saturable
C. requires metabolic energy
D. is inhibited by the presence of galactose
E. requires a Na gradient
A. occurs down an electrochemical gradient
Respiratory activity is regulated by chemoreceptors sensitive to Co2, H+ and O2; these receptors are anatomically located in the
A. aortic body
B. carotid body
C. medulla
D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Aortic body- CO2
Carotid body- O2
Medulla- O2
The osmolarity of plasma is about twice as high as saliva; therefore if an erythrocyte is suspended in saliva?
A. Na+ would move rapidly into the cell
B. H2O would move rapidly into the cell
C. Na+ and H2O would rapidly diffuse out of the cell
D. H2O only would move out of the cell
E. the cell would remain normal in volume and shape in the salivary gland
B. H2O would move rapidly into the cell
Key differences between apoptotic and necrotic cell death include which of the following?
A. Apoptotic cells do not release factor that influence inflammation.
B. Necrosis does not trigger inflammation.
C. Apoptosis does not utilize intracellular proteases.
D. Apoptosis usually follows a lethal physical damage to a cell.
E. Necrosis is involved in formation of some organs during embryonic development.
A. Apoptotic cells do not release factor that influence inflammation.
During one cardiac cycle the widest range of pressure is found in the
A. right atrium
B. inferior vena cava
C. left ventricle
D. aorta
C. left ventricle- APEX
Neurohormones such as corticotropin releasing factor
I. secreted by hypothalamic neurons
II. reach the anterior pituitary via the pituitary portal vessels
III. stimulate the release of cortisol directly from the adrenal cortex
IV. stimulate the release of a specific anterior pituitary hormone
V. increase the synthesis of adenyl cyclase in the posterior pituitary
A. i, iii, v
B. i, ii, iv
C. ii, iii, v
D. iii, iv, v
A. i, iii, v
I. secreted by hypothalamic neurons
III. stimulate the release of cortisol directly from the adrenal cortex
V. increase the synthesis of adenyl cyclase in the posterior pituitary
Which of the following is true about Meiosis 2?
A. It is an equatorial type of division
B. Synapsis happens on this stage
C. It will lead on the production of 2 cells with 23 chromosomes each.
D. It is a reductional type of division.
E. Crossing over is essential on this stage
A. It is an equatorial type of division
NOTES:
MEIOSIS I: (-) reductional
MEIOSIS II: (=) equatorial
Which of the following is found during meiosis but not in mitosis?
A. Chromatids
B. Polar microtubules
C. metaphase
D. Synapsis
E. Cytokinesis
D. Synapsis
A characteristic feature of the mature parathyroid gland is the presence of:
A. oxyphil cells
B. chromaffin cells
C. C cells
D. B cells
E. none of the above
A. oxyphil cells
