post-practice test 1 Flashcards
The Rational Planning Model process
structured process of decision-making
seeks to maximize the achievement of desired goals (ends) by careful consideration of potential consequences of available alternatives (means)
The Rational Planning Model focus
◦ The quality of decision
◦ The subordination of action to knowledge and of knowledge to values
The Rational Planning Model steps
1 - problem definition 2 - clarify values 3 - select goals 4 - form alternatives 5 - forecast consequences of alternatives 6 - develop plans for implementation 7 - review and evaluate
Comprehensive Rational Planning Achievements
A framework of reference and basis for authority; a role model for desirable planning for decades
Comprehensive Rational Planning Criticisms
The assumption of the model is too “strong” to apply to the reality in its pure form
In reality, various constraints bound rationality in planning, it is impossible to follow the pure form of the rational planning model in many cases
Incrementalism - Planning Theory father
Charles Lindblom
“The Science of Muddling Through”
1959
(Disjointed) Incrementalism process
◦ Select goals and policies simultaneously
◦ Consider alternatives only marginally different from status quo
◦ Make simplified, limited comparisons among alternatives
◦ Trust results of social experimentation over theory
◦ Act incrementally through repetitive attacks on problems being addressed
◦ Satisfice rather than maximize
Incrementalism basis
Major policy changes are best made in little increments over long periods of time
Incremental Planning directives
Planners should restrict their attention to relatively few values and relatively few alternative policies
Disjointed incremental strategy
relevant as well as real
small changes are appropriate to mutual adjustment
Incremental Planning vs Rational Planning
Rational: adequate theory, new question, lots of resources, has been around so can see results, numerous relations to other policy issues
Incremental Planning vs Rational Planning
Incremental: Lacking adequate theory, modifies old questions, limited relevant resources, not yet proven (little time to study effects), few relations to other policy issues
Mixed Scanning Planning father
Amitai Etzioni
“A Third Approach to Decision-Making”
1967
Mixed Scanning Planning for long-term
A wide-angle examination of patterns across all possibilities for long-term context and plan
Mixed Scanning Planning for short-term
A close-in examination of the promising options for short-term choices
Which Planning Theory involves increased comprehensive assessment?
Rationalism
Which Planning Theory involves increased attention to immediate context?
Incrementalism
1959
What planning theory balances comprehensive assessment and attention to immediate context?
Mixed-Scanning
1967
Rational Comp. Planning challenges
- problems are wicked and not subject to optimization
- knowledge is limited and not subject to comprehensive consideration
- interests are plural and and public interest is subject to over-simplification and bias
Advocacy Planning father
Paul Davidoff
“Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning”
1965
Role of Planner in advocacy planning
not neutral technician;
responsible for addressing inequities in political and bargaining processes;
represent the under-represented
public interest is plural not unitary
advocacy planning - represent diverse interests
Advocacy Planning limitations
◦ No way to reconcile plural plans—fosters conflict?
◦ Sometimes seen as patronizing
◦ Politically naïve—no change in distribution of power
◦ Highly influenced by political climate
Communicative Planning fathers
Habermas
“A Theory of Communicative Reason”
1984, 1987
Lawrence Susskind
Communicative Planning vs. Rational Planning
- Rationalism masks social structures of inequality
- Provides for an alternative rationality linked to
community engagement - Identifies priorities, justifies claims, and selects
strategies based on deeply deliberative
processes of public interaction and debate
Communicative Planning blocks
- mutual comprehension
- shared values
- truth
- trust
Communicative Planning intention
to reach a new understanding
from language to action
“Communicative Rationality”
- Planning is fundamentally linked to clarification of
interests (desired ends) - The selection of means cannot be isolated from the
identification of value ends - Both are linked to community, and to the communicative acts that bind communities together
“Communicative Rationality”
Emphasis on:
- Transparency
- Inclusiveness
- Truth-seeking
Consensus Building (Communicative Planning)
- create workable comprehensive strategies
- achieve coordination
- get meaningful debate
- gain political acceptance
- be innovative
Communicative Planning Process designer
Lawrence Susskind
“The public interest is revealed through the interaction of stakeholders seeking to negotiate desired outcomes within well-structured processes”
Communicative Planning Process
1 - define problem
2 - map stakeholder interests
3 - analyze institutional resistance and pressures for reform
4- engage stakeholders
5- seek agreement on what needs to be done
6 - implement changes in policies, programs, and procedures
7 - reflect, encourage public learning, make adjustments
Planners role in Communicative Planning
technical expert initiator mediator presenter facilitator
Radical Planning
seeks to manage development in an equitable and community-based manner
Radical Planning fathers
Stephen Grabow, Allen Heskin
Foundations for a Radical Concept in Planning
1973
Transactive planning
based on communicative rationality (alternative to comprehensive rational planning):
based on dialogue between planners and the people affected by planning
Transactive Planning names
Kinyashi 2006
Larsen 2003
Mitchell 2002
Transactive Planning basis
There exist various interests within society.
The interpersonal dialogue triggers a mutual learning process leading to an intensive communication about measures.
Planner’s role in Transactive Planning
Planners act as supporters and participants among many (Mitchell)
Planner’s role in Transactive Planning
Equipped with technical knowledge, communicative and group-psychological skills, planners are able to reduce the disparities between the participants and reach consensus (Kinyashi).
Planner’s role in Transactive Planning
Planners are the center of systematic knowledge; they also mediate between different interests and communicate information between the actors in the planning process (Larsen 2003)
population’s role in Transactive Planning
central contribution: traditional (and experimental) knowledge and experiences; actively plan and steer
Transactive Planning process
decentralized:
interpersonal dialog and mutual learning;
central focus on individual and organizational development;
partnership building; incorporation of traditional knowledge
Criticism of Transactive Planning process
participation takes time (poor may be left out and ignored);
high costs for participation;
population may not be well prepared to invest their time long-term (Hostovsky 2007)
Feedback Planning Strategy
Michael Brooks
Planning Theories for Practitioners
2003
Lewis Hopkins
“Urban Development: The Logic of Making Plans”
2001
Donald Schön
“The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action”
1983
“Blueprint” Planning
Urban planning with emphasis on improvement of built environment by technical professionals
(James) Oglethorpe
“Sailors Advocate” - expose terrible conditions (humanitarian)
agrarian equality (perpetuate family farming)
prison reform
social equity
plan for Savannah, Georgia (1733)
William Penn
plan for Philadelphia
Synoptic Planning elements
(1) an enhanced emphasis on the specification of goals and targets;
(2) an emphasis on quantitative analysis and predication of the environment;
(3) a concern to identify and evaluate alternative policy options; and
(4) the evaluation of means against ends
Synoptic Planning typology
rational, involved public participation
Participatory Planning paradigm
emphasizes involving the entire community in the strategic and management processes of urban planning
Nikos Angelos Salingaros urban view
“Principles of Urban Structure;” “A Theory of Architecture”
city is an adaptive system, grows according to process like plants;
buildings make people feel, tried to quantify how
(friend of Christopher Alexander)
Carrier-infill urban design
in which the space around buildings (in-between and open space) is designed to a higher level of detail - urban design is the carrying structure
