post-practice test 1 Flashcards
The Rational Planning Model process
structured process of decision-making
seeks to maximize the achievement of desired goals (ends) by careful consideration of potential consequences of available alternatives (means)
The Rational Planning Model focus
◦ The quality of decision
◦ The subordination of action to knowledge and of knowledge to values
The Rational Planning Model steps
1 - problem definition 2 - clarify values 3 - select goals 4 - form alternatives 5 - forecast consequences of alternatives 6 - develop plans for implementation 7 - review and evaluate
Comprehensive Rational Planning Achievements
A framework of reference and basis for authority; a role model for desirable planning for decades
Comprehensive Rational Planning Criticisms
The assumption of the model is too “strong” to apply to the reality in its pure form
In reality, various constraints bound rationality in planning, it is impossible to follow the pure form of the rational planning model in many cases
Incrementalism - Planning Theory father
Charles Lindblom
“The Science of Muddling Through”
1959
(Disjointed) Incrementalism process
◦ Select goals and policies simultaneously
◦ Consider alternatives only marginally different from status quo
◦ Make simplified, limited comparisons among alternatives
◦ Trust results of social experimentation over theory
◦ Act incrementally through repetitive attacks on problems being addressed
◦ Satisfice rather than maximize
Incrementalism basis
Major policy changes are best made in little increments over long periods of time
Incremental Planning directives
Planners should restrict their attention to relatively few values and relatively few alternative policies
Disjointed incremental strategy
relevant as well as real
small changes are appropriate to mutual adjustment
Incremental Planning vs Rational Planning
Rational: adequate theory, new question, lots of resources, has been around so can see results, numerous relations to other policy issues
Incremental Planning vs Rational Planning
Incremental: Lacking adequate theory, modifies old questions, limited relevant resources, not yet proven (little time to study effects), few relations to other policy issues
Mixed Scanning Planning father
Amitai Etzioni
“A Third Approach to Decision-Making”
1967
Mixed Scanning Planning for long-term
A wide-angle examination of patterns across all possibilities for long-term context and plan
Mixed Scanning Planning for short-term
A close-in examination of the promising options for short-term choices
Which Planning Theory involves increased comprehensive assessment?
Rationalism
Which Planning Theory involves increased attention to immediate context?
Incrementalism
1959
What planning theory balances comprehensive assessment and attention to immediate context?
Mixed-Scanning
1967
Rational Comp. Planning challenges
- problems are wicked and not subject to optimization
- knowledge is limited and not subject to comprehensive consideration
- interests are plural and and public interest is subject to over-simplification and bias
Advocacy Planning father
Paul Davidoff
“Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning”
1965
Role of Planner in advocacy planning
not neutral technician;
responsible for addressing inequities in political and bargaining processes;
represent the under-represented
public interest is plural not unitary
advocacy planning - represent diverse interests
Advocacy Planning limitations
◦ No way to reconcile plural plans—fosters conflict?
◦ Sometimes seen as patronizing
◦ Politically naïve—no change in distribution of power
◦ Highly influenced by political climate
Communicative Planning fathers
Habermas
“A Theory of Communicative Reason”
1984, 1987
Lawrence Susskind
