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AICP > post-practice test 1 > Flashcards

post-practice test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The Rational Planning Model process

A

structured process of decision-making
seeks to maximize the achievement of desired goals (ends) by careful consideration of potential consequences of available alternatives (means)

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2
Q

The Rational Planning Model focus

A

◦ The quality of decision

◦ The subordination of action to knowledge and of knowledge to values

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3
Q

The Rational Planning Model steps

A 
1 - problem definition
2 - clarify values
3 - select goals
4 - form alternatives
5 - forecast consequences of alternatives
6 - develop plans for implementation
7 - review and evaluate
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4
Q

Comprehensive Rational Planning Achievements

A

A framework of reference and basis for authority; a role model for desirable planning for decades

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5
Q

Comprehensive Rational Planning Criticisms

A

The assumption of the model is too “strong” to apply to the reality in its pure form
In reality, various constraints bound rationality in planning, it is impossible to follow the pure form of the rational planning model in many cases

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6
Q

Incrementalism - Planning Theory father

A

Charles Lindblom
“The Science of Muddling Through”
1959

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7
Q

(Disjointed) Incrementalism process

A

◦ Select goals and policies simultaneously
◦ Consider alternatives only marginally different from status quo
◦ Make simplified, limited comparisons among alternatives
◦ Trust results of social experimentation over theory
◦ Act incrementally through repetitive attacks on problems being addressed
◦ Satisfice rather than maximize

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8
Q

Incrementalism basis

A

Major policy changes are best made in little increments over long periods of time

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9
Q

Incremental Planning directives

A

Planners should restrict their attention to relatively few values and relatively few alternative policies

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10
Q

Disjointed incremental strategy

A

relevant as well as real

small changes are appropriate to mutual adjustment

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11
Q

Incremental Planning vs Rational Planning

A

Rational: adequate theory, new question, lots of resources, has been around so can see results, numerous relations to other policy issues

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12
Q

Incremental Planning vs Rational Planning

A

Incremental: Lacking adequate theory, modifies old questions, limited relevant resources, not yet proven (little time to study effects), few relations to other policy issues

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13
Q

Mixed Scanning Planning father

A

Amitai Etzioni
“A Third Approach to Decision-Making”
1967

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14
Q

Mixed Scanning Planning for long-term

A

A wide-angle examination of patterns across all possibilities for long-term context and plan

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15
Q

Mixed Scanning Planning for short-term

A

A close-in examination of the promising options for short-term choices

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16
Q

Which Planning Theory involves increased comprehensive assessment?

A

Rationalism

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17
Q

Which Planning Theory involves increased attention to immediate context?

A

Incrementalism

1959

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18
Q

What planning theory balances comprehensive assessment and attention to immediate context?

A

Mixed-Scanning

1967

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19
Q

Rational Comp. Planning challenges

A
  • problems are wicked and not subject to optimization
  • knowledge is limited and not subject to comprehensive consideration
  • interests are plural and and public interest is subject to over-simplification and bias
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20
Q

Advocacy Planning father

A

Paul Davidoff
“Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning”
1965

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21
Q

Role of Planner in advocacy planning

A

not neutral technician;
responsible for addressing inequities in political and bargaining processes;
represent the under-represented

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22
Q

public interest is plural not unitary

A

advocacy planning - represent diverse interests

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23
Q

Advocacy Planning limitations

A

◦ No way to reconcile plural plans—fosters conflict?
◦ Sometimes seen as patronizing
◦ Politically naïve—no change in distribution of power
◦ Highly influenced by political climate

24
Q

Communicative Planning fathers

A

Habermas
“A Theory of Communicative Reason”
1984, 1987
Lawrence Susskind

25
Q

Communicative Planning vs. Rational Planning

A
  • Rationalism masks social structures of inequality
  • Provides for an alternative rationality linked to
    community engagement
  • Identifies priorities, justifies claims, and selects
    strategies based on deeply deliberative
    processes of public interaction and debate
26
Q

Communicative Planning blocks

A
  • mutual comprehension
  • shared values
  • truth
  • trust
27
Q

Communicative Planning intention

A

to reach a new understanding

from language to action

28
Q

“Communicative Rationality”

A
  • Planning is fundamentally linked to clarification of
    interests (desired ends)
  • The selection of means cannot be isolated from the
    identification of value ends
  • Both are linked to community, and to the communicative acts that bind communities together
29
Q

“Communicative Rationality”

A

Emphasis on:

  • Transparency
  • Inclusiveness
  • Truth-seeking
30
Q

Consensus Building (Communicative Planning)

A
  • create workable comprehensive strategies
  • achieve coordination
  • get meaningful debate
  • gain political acceptance
  • be innovative
31
Q

Communicative Planning Process designer

A

Lawrence Susskind
“The public interest is revealed through the interaction of stakeholders seeking to negotiate desired outcomes within well-structured processes”

32
Q

Communicative Planning Process

A

1 - define problem
2 - map stakeholder interests
3 - analyze institutional resistance and pressures for reform
4- engage stakeholders
5- seek agreement on what needs to be done
6 - implement changes in policies, programs, and procedures
7 - reflect, encourage public learning, make adjustments

33
Q

Planners role in Communicative Planning

A 
technical expert
initiator
mediator
presenter
facilitator
34
Q

Radical Planning

A

seeks to manage development in an equitable and community-based manner

35
Q

Radical Planning fathers

A

Stephen Grabow, Allen Heskin
Foundations for a Radical Concept in Planning
1973

36
Q

Transactive planning

A

based on communicative rationality (alternative to comprehensive rational planning):
based on dialogue between planners and the people affected by planning

37
Q

Transactive Planning names

A

Kinyashi 2006
Larsen 2003
Mitchell 2002

38
Q

Transactive Planning basis

A

There exist various interests within society.

The interpersonal dialogue triggers a mutual learning process leading to an intensive communication about measures.

39
Q

Planner’s role in Transactive Planning

A

Planners act as supporters and participants among many (Mitchell)

40
Q

Planner’s role in Transactive Planning

A

Equipped with technical knowledge, communicative and group-psychological skills, planners are able to reduce the disparities between the participants and reach consensus (Kinyashi).

41
Q

Planner’s role in Transactive Planning

A

Planners are the center of systematic knowledge; they also mediate between different interests and communicate information between the actors in the planning process (Larsen 2003)

42
Q

population’s role in Transactive Planning

A

central contribution: traditional (and experimental) knowledge and experiences; actively plan and steer

43
Q

Transactive Planning process

A

decentralized:
interpersonal dialog and mutual learning;
central focus on individual and organizational development;
partnership building; incorporation of traditional knowledge

44
Q

Criticism of Transactive Planning process

A

participation takes time (poor may be left out and ignored);
high costs for participation;
population may not be well prepared to invest their time long-term (Hostovsky 2007)

45
Q

Feedback Planning Strategy

A

Michael Brooks
Planning Theories for Practitioners
2003

46
Q

Lewis Hopkins

A

“Urban Development: The Logic of Making Plans”

2001

47
Q

Donald Schön

A

“The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action”

1983

48
Q

“Blueprint” Planning

A

Urban planning with emphasis on improvement of built environment by technical professionals

49
Q

(James) Oglethorpe

A

“Sailors Advocate” - expose terrible conditions (humanitarian)
agrarian equality (perpetuate family farming)
prison reform
social equity
plan for Savannah, Georgia (1733)

50
Q

William Penn

A

plan for Philadelphia

51
Q

Synoptic Planning elements

A

(1) an enhanced emphasis on the specification of goals and targets;
(2) an emphasis on quantitative analysis and predication of the environment;
(3) a concern to identify and evaluate alternative policy options; and
(4) the evaluation of means against ends

52
Q

Synoptic Planning typology

A

rational, involved public participation

53
Q

Participatory Planning paradigm

A

emphasizes involving the entire community in the strategic and management processes of urban planning

54
Q

Nikos Angelos Salingaros urban view

A

“Principles of Urban Structure;” “A Theory of Architecture”
city is an adaptive system, grows according to process like plants;
buildings make people feel, tried to quantify how
(friend of Christopher Alexander)

55
Q

Carrier-infill urban design

A

in which the space around buildings (in-between and open space) is designed to a higher level of detail - urban design is the carrying structure

AICP (13 decks)

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