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Periop > post-operative pain > Flashcards

post-operative pain Flashcards

1
Q

Pain definition

A

Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
- Highly subjective

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2
Q

factor influences of pain

A
  • memory of previous pain
  • psychological factors of anticipated pain
  • neural stimuli received from damaged tissue.
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3
Q

Acute pain definition

A

Lasts for a short time and occurs following surgery or trauma or other condition.

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4
Q

Chronic pain definition

A

Beyond the time expected for healing following surgery, trauma or other condition.

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5
Q

Cancer pain definiton

A

Occur in pt with early state and advanced disease, and in cancer survivors as a severe and debilitating side-effect of treatment.

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6
Q

Post-operative pain definition

A

Defined as ‘acute pain experienced immediately after surgery, up to 7 days’.
- Amount of pain is related to the extent of tissue damage and the site of surgery.

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7
Q

Physiological consequences of pain

A

Unrelieved pain is harmful to pt as it is a trigger of the stress response.
- Activates the autonomic nervous system and can cause adverse effects on various organ systems.

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8
Q

Physiological Neurological consequences of pain

A
  • Confusion
  • Distress
  • Anxiety
  • Impaired ability to think
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9
Q

Physiological cardiovascular consequences of pain

A
  • Hypertension
  • Unstable angina
  • MI
  • DVT
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10
Q

Physiological Resp consequences of pain

A
  • Atelectasis (collapse of a part/ all of the lung)
  • Hypoxia
  • Hyper/hypoventilation
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11
Q

Physiological Endocrine/ metabolic consequences of pain

A
  • Increased RR
  • Increased HR
  • Shock
  • Hyperglycaemia
  • Fluid overload
    Hypertension
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12
Q

Physiological Immunological consequences of pain

A
  • Decreased immune response
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13
Q

Physiological GI consequences of pain

A
  • Nausea
  • Paralytic ileus
  • Vomiting
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14
Q

Physiological Renal/urological
consequences of pain

A
  • Fluid imbalance
  • Electrolyte disturbance
  • Urinary retention
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15
Q

Physiological Musculoskeletal
consequences of pain

A
  • Immobility
  • Weakness
  • Muscle spasms
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16
Q

Nociceptive pain definition

A

Pain arising from tissue damage
- Typically changes with movement position and load.
- Classified into somatic and visceral pain

17
Q

Superficial somatic

A
  • skin and superficial tissue
  • Sharp, well defined, clearly located
  • e.g., Superficial burn
18
Q

Deep somatic

A
  • Ligaments, bones, muscle, fascia
  • Dull, aching, poorly localised
  • e.g., Sprain, fractures
19
Q

Visceral

A
  • Organs, body cavities, blood vessels
  • Generalised aching, dull, vague, hard to pinpoint
  • Menstrual pain, bladder infection
20
Q

Referred pain

A

Occurs as visceral sensory neurons share the same pathways with somatic reflex arcs.
- Causes the visceral pain to travel along the same pathway as somatic pain, so pain is perceived as somatic in origin.
- Occurs in response to deep somatic pain not superficial
E.g., MI - located in the mid/left side of the chest (visceral in origin), but it triggers pain in the jaw or left (deep somatic)

21
Q

Neuropathic pain

A

Pain arising from nervous system damage (central or peripheral).
- From disease, injury or pinching.
- E.g., hitting your funny bone
- Anything that damages neurons

22
Q

Other pain

A

Pain arising from neurological dysfunction, not damage.
- Used to describe pain that doesn’t fit within the nociceptive or neuropathic pathways.

23
Q

Nocipathic pain

A

Pain doesn’t follow the normal nociceptive pain pathway, but is still responsive to nociceptive pain management.

24
Q

Nociplastic pain

A

Problem arises from changes in how nociceptive pain works

25
Q

Algopathic pain

A

Pathological perception/sensation
- E.g., phantom limb pain

26
Q

Pain management aim

A

minimise the pt discomfort, facilitate early mobilisation and functional recovery, and prevent acute pain developing into chronic pain.

27
Q

mild pain management

A

non-opioid +/- adjuvant therapy

28
Q

mild-moderate pain management

A

‘weak’ opioid +/- non-opioid
+/- adjuvant therapy

29
Q

moderate to severe pain management

A

‘strong’ opioid +/- non-opioid +/- adjuvant therapy

Periop (18 decks)

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