Post Natal and Child Development Flashcards
Draw and label the dorsal view of the embyo developing brain at 4 weeks
Draw and label the side view of the embyo developing brain at 4 weeks
Label teh flexures
at what week does the developing brain look like this and label it
5 WEEKS
At what week does the development of the ventricular system occur
8 week
summarise the developing brain from 4 week gestation to 8 week
if a baby has ADHD, what part of the brain is responsible for that
Frontal lobe
what motor tracts are responsible for the primitive reflexes in infants
the extrapyramidal tracts
Primitive reflexes
explain the moro reflex , when does it develop and disappear?
Stimuli: Baby neck is extended
Response: Baby hands abduct then adduct
It develops at 28-32 wk gestation and dissappea between 3 and 6 month after birth
Persistence after 6 months shows pathology (impaired development)
Primitive reflexes
Explain the Standing reflex
Response:
extension of lower extremities with hip slightly flexed.
Hip slightly behing shoulder and head free to turn
Primitive reflex
Explain the grasp reflex and what replaces all the primitve relfexes
object placed in baby palm then Fingers grasp very tightly.
Stroke on lateral part of hand opens the finger up again
Replaced by fine motor control as they develop (at 6-9 months(
Protective primitive reflex
Explain the Parachute reflex
Developed at 6-9 months
Baby placed in forward leaning position, they protect themselves with outstretched arms.
It can also occur when you put the baby on one side and it will elicit the sideways parachute reflex
Define development
Global impression of a child encompassing: growth, increase in understanding, acquisition of new skills and more sophisticated responses and behavior
Endows child with increasingly complex skills in order to function in society
who are the people best placed to assess child’s development and when can you assess it
Who?
- Parents : (BEST PEOPLE)
- All doctors
- Nursery nurses
- Teachers
When?
- Opportunistically
- Planned as part of programme of reviews
What are the 4 major domains of Developmental Assessment?
give subskills
Speech and language skills
- Vocalization, words
- Understadning
- Imaginative play
Social skills
- Social interaction
- Stranger reaction
- Eating skills
Gross motor skills
- Postioning
- Head lag
- sitting, walkimng and running
Fine motor skills
- Use of hands
- Grasp and fine pincer
- buliding bricks
- crayon
- puzzles
what are the developmental milestones by median age for Gross motor skills
Newborn-
- They should have a flexed posture and marked head lag when you pull the baby up
7 months:
- sit without support firstly with round back then it straigthen out over the next month
1 yr-
- Stand independently (different variation)
15-18 months:
- Walks independently from unsteady broad gait with hand apart to steady
2. 5 yrs: Run and jumps
what are the variations of ways in which babies go to standing
From an immobile infant to either:
- Commando crawl
- Crawling on all fours
- Bottom shuffling (this can cause parents great distress)
To a walking toddler
what are the median developmental milestones for Vision and Fine motor.
Vision and fine motor control go together
Newborn:
- Fixes and follows face by turning face
- at 4 month can reahc for toys
7 months:
- Transfers objects from hand to hand
1 year:
- Develops pincer grip then
- Can now point the finger
15-18 months:
- Immature grip of pencil
- Can do random scribble
- 5 yrs
* can draw
what is this palmar grasp
Baby uses the whole hand to grasp objects
it is the inferior grasp
the superior is the pincer grasp
Vision and Fine motor control
For building blocks and drawing shapes, outline the age at whci the can do differing shapes
Hearing, speech and language
Outline the developmental milestones by median age
Newborn:
- Stay still to voice
- Startles to loud noise
7 months:
- Baby turns to voice
- They have Polysyballic babble
1 yr:
- can say 1-2 words
- Understands name
15-18 months:
- can say 6-10 words
- Can point to 4 body parts
2.5 yrs:
- 3-4 sentences and talks constantly
- Understands 2 joined commands
Draw the patterns of abnormal development
what are the limit ages (concern) for Gross motor development
Head control: be worried at 4 months if they havent developed it. Begin Ixs
Sit unsupported: 9 months
Stands independently: 12 months
Walks independently: 18 months
At median age of 1.5 months, the normal development is in the picture.
what is the abnormal motor developement? give limit age and what disease does it suggest
Limit age is 2 months: THEY NEED TO have their head up at this time
Abnormal is in the pictture
Suggests evolving cerebral palsy
Gross motor Development
At 3 months, the child normally sits with support and holds head up
Describe the abnormal developemnt for cerebral palsy and give limit age
Limit: 6 months
Abnormal:
- Unable to lift head
- Floppy trunk
- Stiff arms and extended legs
On trying to stand the child up:
- Arms flexed and held back
- Stiff, corssed legs as there’s excess tone due to less descending inhibition
Baby sits without support and arms are free to reach at median age of 6 months
Describe abnormal motor develpoment at the limit age
Limit is 9 months
- Poor head control
- Difficulty getting arms forward
- Arches back – stiff legs
- Poor ability to lift head and back
- Will not take weight on legs
- Rounded back
- Poor use of arms for play
- Stiff legs, pointed toes
At 9 months baby can generally pull themselves up to stand
Describe abnormal motor developement and limit age
Limit is 13 months
Abnormal:
- Not interested in weight bearing
- Difficulty in pulling to stand
- Stiff legs, pointed toes
- Cannot crawl on hands and knees
- May use only one side of body to move
at around 12 months, babies can generally stand independently or walk
Outline limit age and abnormal developement for cerebal palsy
limit age : 18 months
Abnormal:
- Holds arm or both arms stiffly and bent
- Excessive tiptoe gait
- Sits with weight to one side
- Uses predominantly one hand for play
- One leg may be stiff
Give a general overview of the development of Vision and fine control and give limit ages
Limit ages:
- 3 months: fixes and follows visually
- 6 months: reaches for objects
- 9 months: transfers objects between hands
- 12 months: pincer grip
Give a general overveiw of Social, emoitonal behavioural development
Outline limit ages foe social emotional behavioural development
Explain what you would screen for in pregnancy, at brith and 2-4 weeks.
Less than 12 weeks:
- Hbopathy
- Rhesus
- infection
12 weeks:
- US nuchal scan for thickening
20 weeks: US scan detected
Birth:
- Newborn blood spot
- Hearing
- Physical
outline the screening, immunisation, child health review and health promotion from 6-8 weeks to 2 years
outline the health child programm from 3 yrs to 18 yrs
what are the factors affecting developmental delay?
These factors are still within the perinatal, pre natal and post natal classifications
Lack of physical or psychological stimuli:
- seen in deprived areas
Ill health:
- esp recurrent otitis media- speech is affected as they cannot hear properly
Reduced inherent potential due to genetics
Sensory/Motor impairment
- e.g ambylopia or visual abnormalities
what are the types of developemntal delay
Global: all 4 domains affected
Specific- one of the following:
- Language
- motor
- sensory
- cogntiive
