POST-MIDTERM Flashcards
How has poverty been defined historically ?
Historically, researchers and analysts have sued monetary measures to define poverty : households living on less than 1$ or 2$ a day.
How can the poverty line be arbitrary ?
The poverty line is something arbitrary; millions living just above it are also poor, and vulnerable to price stocks and household disasters
How did inflation adjust the poverty line ?
This has adjusted with inflation : the poverty line between 2008 and 2015 was 1.25US a day; the world bank raised this to 1.90US in 2015
During the modernization theory era, policymakers and scholars measure wealth according to _______
GDP
What is the problem with GDP?
presupposes equitable resource distribution, ignores inequality - can give a false sense of stability when there is a large section of the population suffering
Compare high-inequality societies and low-inequality societies in terms of need for growth ?
High-inequality societies need to grow a lot more quickly to reduce the same amount of poverty compared to low-inequality societies
What did a focus on GDP lead to ? What did that result in ?
- A focus on GDP also led to promotions of policies that would boost industrial output and sidelined subsistence agriculture (agriculture were people grow to feed themselves and sell some surplus but no global network- tends to equate poverty but these people are also protection themselves from food insecurity)
- Boost industrial production might increase inequality because of the distribution of profits
- This threatens food security (population secure and reliable access to food) and traditional ways of life (which can destabilize population)
When we talk about the environment and development , what do we need to consider ?
When we talk about the environment, we need to think of it not only as hold off to climate change or impacts. These matter but they interact with other factors such as how they interact with building economies and life outcomes. Ecological factors need to be plugged in into other issues.
What are some non-monetary indicators of poverty ?
Infant mortality, life expectancy and literacy rates (which tends to correlate with inequality, access to education is unequally distributed) stand in for Monetary measures as robust predictors of poverty
What did the consideration of environmental issues and poverty lead to ?
This led the United Nations to adopt sustainable development goals in 2015, building on earlier versions (More holistic approach to a society level of development)
The global community has increasingly come to understand poverty as being intertwined with __________
ecological factors (which don’t exist on their own)
What does female literally rates point at ?
Women tend to have less access to education, and lower female literacy rates pint to differently poverty levels according to gender
What is the political implication programs such as of biometric ID for banking ?
-Political aspect of these programs = through that government support, these initiatives are more likely to succeed
What are indicators/statistic that depict gender and poverty ?
“Today 58% of women have a bank account compared to 65% of men. This means that 1.1 billion women remain unbanked”
“These inequalities persist delisted evidence that women are good money managers”
“In latin-American women led small to medium enterprises default on payments 54% less often than men’s and although they invest 50% less than male entrepreneurs, they tend to make 20% more in revenue”
Need an approach that takes gender ____________
seriously into account across various indicators
Depict an example of Poverty alienation by the state
- Poverty tends to be transgenerational; breaking out of poverty when you’ve been born into it is exceedingly low
- Under left-leaning president Lula da silva, Brazil adopted the bolsa familia (family subsidy) program in 2003
- The Bolsa is a conditional cash transfer program : it provides financial aid to poor Brazilian families, and requires in exchange that parents send their children to school and vaccinate them (addressing two very important indicator of poverty)
- Whenever possible, it is distribution to the female head of a household
- This program addresses poverty in short-term and long-term ways
- About 26% of the population is registered - very significant
- The bolsa helped bring poverty down by 27.7% from 2003-06
Poverty tends to be ____________. What does that mean ?
transgenerational; breaking out of poverty when you’ve been born into it is exceedingly low
What does the Bolsa Familia represent in terms of the state ?
Role of the state : approach development from within the state representing interaction between the state and the population
Why is Bolsa Familia significant politically ?
Usually , key indicators of the state were violent police through which the population experience the States - so one of the most important dimension of the Bolsa familia , is how it represent a fairly radical variation in the interaction between state and population. Represent a transformation
Does Bolsa Familia adhere to Weber’s or Midgal’s framework ? How ?
Both
Max weber = need for modern state to run such programs in the first place
Midgal = once these programs run, you start to feel the state, interface with the state
What does Bolsa Familia also represent ?
Application of technology too - because of the card
What are 3 factors we need to take into account when it comes to poverty ?
- Path Dependency : histories of colonization, war, and development policy play key roles in determining levels of wealth and inequality ***
- Human capital : peoples’ skills and capabilities, related to their education, which shape their economic productivity
- Natural capital: soils, forests, and fisheries on which peoples’ livelihood depends, and which are connected to broader ecosystems (a countries capacity to sustain itself through these endowments**)
What are 4 effects of climate change in relation to the global south ?
It undermines peoples livelihood in much of the global south. Impacts of climate change are felt much more acutely in the global south (when you depend on fish for subsistence for example**)
It also undermines the State’s ability to provide for citizens welfare
Competition over scarce resources may turn violent, overshadowing other sources of conflict - much evidence that those patterns are already in play, how much more will that intensify
Climate change is a key driver of internal and inter-state refugee flows and cross-border pressures (can also be an indirect cause of violence, as people arrive to new areas and compete for whatever resources may exists)
Impacts of climate change are___________ in _________
disproportionately harder
the global south
Depict 5 aspect of climate change as a threat ?
Climate change is reducing the availability of water for drinking and agriculture
It is acceleration desertificaition, soil erosion, and the loss of arable land
In 2007, the UNEP predicted “a succession of new wars” in Africa based on competition for food
Government in developing counties face increasing challenges ensuring populations access to food, and preventing competition from turning violent
Some food-exporting countries have domestic food shortages (economies configured to export food stuff and at the same time are not successful in feeding their population, using variable land for export, not population)
Depict 6 Impacts of climate change on Latin America, in next 50 years ?
Rising climate change is a security menace
Soils will be less and less fertile
Total agriculture production could fall anywhere between 12% and 24%
Impacts not spread evenly
Some countries productions could be nearly wiped out
In Brazil , as estimated 46M people are food-insecure; such number will rise (that combined with inequality is a recipe for a whole of political disorders)
Climate change is expected to be an _______________
By who ?
accelerant of instability
Adam Neil Morisetti, Royal Navy
Brig. Gen. Stephen Cheney, US army
Africa accounts for____ of the world’s arable land. Yet ____________
60%
african countries spent more than 30$ billion to import basic grains in 2011 according to the UN’s food and agriculture organization (FAO)
What is Africa’s situation in terms of exports and imports? Why ?
Economies geared towards exports not feeding their own people
In 2015, for every $1 African countries earned in agriculture exports (mainly coffee, cotton, and cocoa), they spent nearly 2$ on agricultural imports, mainly food - trade imbalance, trying to get as much foreign currency as possible while spending down cash reserves to feed their own population
What is land grabbing? Name 4 consequences.
Cross-border land acquisitions- “land grabs”
- neglect local rights,
- extract short-term profits at the cost of long term sustainability,
- ignore social standards,
- foster corruption on a large scale
Who are the major player in land grabbing ?
China, the US and UK lead this land-buying trend; S.Korea, Gulf States also heavily involved
What can land grab feed into ?
Land sales are done by politicians which might be corrupt. Usually individual politicians make profit out of the deals, not the people.
What are the impacts of land grab ? What about legal measurements ?
Leads to displacement, marginalization, and impoverishment
This undermines customary and traditional forms of land ownership and use
Legal measurements put into place to safeguard locals peoples rights are often inadequate
What made buying land easier for foreign investor ?
Global South countries began loosening land market regulations as Foreign direct investment increased, making it easier for foreigners to buy land
Who leases foreign land ? What for ?
Transnational corporations and foreign governments often lease or buy land in the global south to grow crops or biofuels
What tend happens to products of foreign land ?
These are then exported to “finance-rich, resource-poor countries” who have the means to pay but not the initial resources
Depict a case study/example of land grabbing ?
Land Grab : Daewoo Logistics in Madagascar
2008 : S-Korea corporation Daewoo Logistics struck a deal with the government of Pres. Marc Ravalomanana for a 99-year lease to farm maize and palm oil on territory half the size of Belgium (3.2 M acres)
The Madagascar government gave this concession for free, expecting to to create many local jobs
Daewoo Logistic planned to use South African labourers
Malagasy people overwhelmingly opposed the deal; complained about neo-colonial land grab
In 2009, Madagascar newly-elected president, Andre Rajoelina , scrapped the deal
What did Andre Rajoelina say about land grabbing ? what does it mean ?
“ We are not against the idea of working with investors, but if we want to sell or rent out land, we have to change the constitution, you have to consult the people”
Access to land is a critical issue a the local level , this case jeopardizes all of that, brings us to realize the full scope to threats to people livelihood in terms of their connection to the land
What is an example of successful regime change ?
South Africa
How was the Cold War a factor for regime change is south Africa ?
Decline and end of cold war as a key factor that brought to a close many conflicts and drove down support for authoritarian regime from the super powers. (South-Africa under the Apartheid had support from the UK and USA which kept that violent regime afloat for quite a while)
- Apartheid = racial inequality institutionalized into law which was supported internationally but the US-UK which kept the regime afloat for a quite a while.
After the Cold War they faced domestic and international pressure to end apartheid
How did successful negotiations concretely translate in South-Africa ?
1990: Mandela (who quickly pick up the group and became leader of ANC again) and others released from prison
Apartheid (racially discriminatory laws) is abolished (meaning separateness)
African National Congress negotiates with South African government
what are factors that brought down Apartheid ?
Mass protest (union strikes[ minors were important because to economy depended on them] , demonstrations, students, [a lot of arrest, death, violence against the protesters]) Grassroots civil society manifestation Armed struggle (the ANC had its own armed wing, armed attacks grew steadily) International pressure (apartheid became increasingly notorious, knowledge of what was happening , governments leading on south Africa to end apartheid)
What does apartheid mean ?
separatness
How does minor unions brought pressure upon the regime in South-Africa ?
minors were important because to economy depended on them
How were armed struggles important to end apartheid?
The ANC had its own armed wing. Armed attacks grew steadily, and even its impossible to defeat apartheid military, the big powers could not take down the rebels either
How were international pressures important to end apartheid?
apartheid became increasingly notorious, knowledge of what was happening , governments leading on south Africa to end apartheid)
How were mass protests important to end apartheid?
(union strikes[ minors were important because to economy depended on them]
demonstrations
students, [a lot of arrest, death, violence against the protesters])
Grassroots civil society manifestation
What is crucial during regime change ?
Effective leadership is CRUCIAL, leaders who are willing and engaged, leadership counts in terms of legitimacy and moral authority and capacity to negotiate
What is is the difference between photos and reality in the case of Mandela and De Klerk ?
All smiles but behind the scenes, they were heated moments where Mandela would call out de Klerk for supporting violence while facilitating the negotiation
What happened in 1994 South-Africa ? What did this imply (3)
1994 free and fair elections
Now everyone could vote
People travelled large distance to vote , waited in sun just to use the ballots
Mandela becomes president and remained a moral authority figure even when coming into power (contrary to Aung san shu swti) - He remained in power but did not try to stay longer than a term
How was Mandela’s presidency significant ?
Mandela becomes president and remained a moral authority figure even when coming into power (contrary to Aung san shu swti) - He remained in power but did not try to stay longer than a term
What were the positive outcomes in South-Africa after regime change ?
- All races can vote- Equal rights
- South Africa passes comprehensive constitutions in terms of all the rights that it recognizes, political rights, economic, social, cultural rights
What remained limited in South Africa after regime change ?
Official and military leased from apartheid regime immune from prosecution , very few were held accountable , very few went to prison, after transition the architects of apartheid they did not suffer consequences, the people who they gave order to were held accountable
Economic power still overwhelmingly in white minority hands (which had its root in apartheid)
What is an example of partly successful democratization ?
Guatemala
What was the situation that led to regime change in Guatemala ?
36-year civil war (1960-1996) ended in peace treaty between army, rebels
What is the current situation in post regime change Guatemala ?
Very complex dynamics, still very dangerous place
Elections relatively regulate, free and fair since then (but corruption, leaders are very corrupt while in power)
What dimension did violence take in Guatemala ?
Violence has taken a new dimension :
Massive drug-related violence erodes democracy
Ex-military personnel linked to drug smuggling, gang violence
Who is Otto Molina?
President from 2012-2015
Campaigned on the basis of “no corruption” and was then arrested in 2015 for mass corruption
Dogged by war crimes accusations
Who is Rios Montt, what happened to him , what does it mean ?
Justice for past leaders is an important factor
Finally the dictator who oversaw the genocide faced charges MUCH later
Convicted in 2017 but then just died - too little too late ?
What is an example of failed regime change?
Syria
What was pre-turmoil Syria situation ? (3)
Assaad family has governed under secular Arab ideology since 1970
Government has always ruthlessly suppressed
Country is very ethnically and religiously diverse : Sunni. Shi’a, Alawi, Druze, Maronite Christian, Catholic, Armenian, Turkmen
How was Syria government before uprising ?
Assaad family has governed under secular Arab ideology since 1970
Assad family hailed from Alawi sect
How did the arab spring affect Syria ?
Shockwaves from Arab Spring led to anti-government protests in syria march-july 2011
What happened to army officials during the first uprisings ?
Army defenders were asked to shoot on rebels , some refused and got tortured and then some founded rebel movement
Protesters and army defectors founded rebel Free Syrian Army, July 2011
In Syria, Government _________ spiralled into ______
violence against demonstrators, rebel violence
civl war
How and When did syria civil war begin ? What happened to disobedient soldiers ?
April 2011 : Syrian troops sent to quell protests in Dera’a
Soldiers refusing to fire on protesters were shot by government intelligence officers
What did Syrian soldiers found ?when ? what this feed into ?
July 2011 : Ex-soldiers form the rebel Free Syrian Army
Multiple rebel moment emerged : some ethnic (eg Kurds) , some religious (eg: Nusra Front and ISIS)
Who also got involved in Syria and Why ?
External powers got heavily involved : Russia (who intervened to protect the Assad regime from getting overthrown, Iran, USA, Turkey, Gulf Sates, Hezbollah (which were all protecting their own interest)
What does revolutions imply ?
- The overthrow of a regime by the local population
- Always involves a certain degree of violence
- The previous leadership (ministers, politicians, generals) is replaced
People are motivated to overthrow the existing regime because of ________ (3)
Poverty and inequality
State repression ( as people express their grievances, the regime usually ignores them and represses them)
Unfair wages and conditions for workers, peasants
Where are revolutionary leaders usually from ? where do revolutionary movement spark from ? what does that imply, who is their target ?
middle class
working class
They unite (through network) against the political and economic elites
__________ is a _________ but ________ is not necessarily _______
Revolution x2
regime change x2
What do revolutions involve (3) ?
- The overthrow of a regime by the local population (Are rare because they involve a complete turnover)
- Always involves a certain degree of violence (huge civil war or sometimes not)
- The previous leadership (ministers, politicians, generals) is replaced - key change is the complete uprooting of institutions, state, authorities…
Why are revolution so rare ?
they involve a complete turnover
What is the difference between revolution and regime change ?
Revolution mean the complete uprooting of institutions, state, authorities…
No “négociations” as in simple regime change - no “old guard” staying on
What are ingredients for revolution (3) ?
Poverty and inequality (enabling people to mobilize across large spread of population, they are motivated to challenge the government, they feel like they have less to lose, motivating them to maybe but their lives of the line)
State repression ( as people express their grievances through armed or peaceful action, the regime usually ignores and represses them- instead of listening to them, they crack down on them - raising the stakes through represents)
Unfair wages and conditions for workers, peasants ( working very hard but having very little ownership)
Why is poverty and inequality an ingredient for revolution ?
It enables people to mobilize across large spread of population, they are motivated to challenge the government, they feel like they have less to lose, motivating them to maybe but their lives of the line
Why is state repression an ingredient for revolution ?
as people express their grievances through armed or peaceful action, the regime usually ignores and represses them- instead of listening to them, they crack down on them - raising the stakes through repression
Why is unfair wages an ingredient for revolution ?
Unfair wages and conditions for workers, peasants ( working very hard but having very little ownership
Who are usual key leaders in revolutions ? What are their implications , what do are their role ? What is an example ?
revolutionary (key) leaders are usually from the middle class (who have some degree of education and tend to network with other movements around the world [example Communists groups], they help to build popular movements)
Where do the revolutionary masses come from? why ?
Revolutionary masses are usually from the working classes or the peasants (who are so disenchanted)
What do key leaders and masses do ? Why ?
They unite (through network) against the political and economic elites (who refuse to implement change)
What preceded the Chinese Revolution ?
Decades of war between communists and nationalists (1931-1949)- each fought the external invasion of Northern China by the Japanese while fighting each other
What source of grievances for Communists during the Chinese Revolution? What was the situation ?
Nationalists were famous for corruption and fully ignored demands of rural and urban workers, the Nationalists responded to protest and demands by shooting them or jailing them (many people that were not Communists got involved in the revolution because of that corruption)
What was the involvement of international actors in the Chinese Revolution ?
US backed nationalists (because they were anti-communists) , USSR backed communists
What was the outcome of the Chinese Revolution ?
Communists took over from Nationalists in 1949 and nationalists moving to Taiwan
What are the implications of Mao’s long walk ? What does this also relate to ?
Mao’s long year journey through the country and hardship became romanticized and a symbol of the revolution
As the rebel becomes successful/in power , they will develop a national narrative around the battle and hardships for power, which is often romanticized
Revolutions tend to ___________ , whether _______
influence each other
they succeed or not
Mao’s writing on revolution were _______
widely read and adopted by different revolutionaries (Vietnam, Peru, developing world …)
What was a key ingredients in Iran’s revolution (2) ?
Widespread Anger throughout society against the corrupt, disconnected, out of touch, pawn of the West; Shah Reza Pahlavi (monarchy)
Resentment of Shah’s alliance with US
What is another characteristics of revolutions ?
the power vacuum in the aftermath of the revolution - not clear who will govern ?
What was significant about the composition of the masses against Shah in Iran ?
Many different factions from Iranian society joined the revolution, including Islamists communists and secular reformists - many factions in society wanted to overthrow him - diverse views amongst the people who wanted to overthrow him, they all participated in the protest and the various strikes who allowed to overthrow Shah
What was the outcome of the Iranian revolution ?
After a period of no one in power, Islamists under Ayathollah Khomeini seized power, became head of state , government on the basis of religion (shia islam)
Protesters burning images of Shah which captures_____________
the popular disenchantment
What happened in the case of the Egytian revolution in terms of government ?
2011: Arab Spring initiated by protests succeeded in toppling Egyptian dictator Hosni Mubarak (who was in power for 30 years, with a very uncommodating regime, extremely corrupt)
Initial success of the arab spring was distorted into another regime change
2013: Egyptian military intervened, toppled democratically-elected Pres. Morsi
What is an important factor in understanding the Egyptian situation ?
One factor important in understanding the situation is the Musilm brotherhood’s increasing power in Egypt.
When was Muslim brotherhood founded, what happened to its leader? How did it gained force in Egypt ?
1928: Musilm brotherhood founded by Hassan al-Banna (who then was assassinated by the regime but even after he was killed, the MB became very influential within society, it filled a vacuum left by the Egyptian state (who was not provided sufficient services) - so the MB provided the population on a Non-State basis, which led to many people, not on necessarily on a religious basis or complete agreement, were impressed by them.
How did the muslim brotherhood gained force in Egypt ?
Advocated social welfare programs ( literacy and educateion) and political participation
Widespread public support and social welfare programs made brotherhood a force in Egyptian politics
what did the force of the MB lead to in 2000,2005 ?
MB won many seats in parliamentary elections in 2000,2005
What was the situation of the MB as the Arab Spring rose ?
When popular revolt toppled Pres. Mubarak in 2011, Brotherhood was the best-organized political force in Egypt - they had been organizing for decades , they had a history of candidates and elections, they were grassroots, they were centralized (spiralled by social media and the dedicated of protesters from all walks of life)
What was the situation of the popular protestors as the Arab Spring rose ?
Most protesters were not from MB , everyone was mobilizing but they were not organized (which was successful for overthrowing the government but not useful for elections after)
What was the MB able to do after the arab spring- how and why ?
Even though a minority were not aligned with the MB (they even wanted a secular state), Yet it won almost half of 498 sets in 2011-12 parliamentary election because they were so organized
Its candidate, Mohammed Morsi, won the 2012 presidential election
what happened after Morsi’s election ? why (3) ?
Turbulence rose again after his election (9000 protests during his year in power )
- Put a new, religiously influenced draft constitution to a referendum (the people were angry because they did not just overthrow past ruler to have a government aligned with religion.)
- Granted himself the power to legislate without constitutional oversight (but even those who were willing to give him a chance, he started to act like an authoritarian regime.)
- Oversaw prosecution of journalists, violent MB mobs, laws permitting 30-day detention without trial, impunity for attacks on Copts (christian who had been coexisting with muslims for so long but were now under attack )
What were Morsi’s authoritarian flavours ?
- Granted himself the power to legislate without constitutional oversight
- Oversaw prosecution of journalists, violent MB mobs, laws permitting 30-day detention without trial, impunity for attacks on Copts (christian who had been coexisting with muslims for so long but were now under attack )
What happened on Morsi’s election anniversary ? What did this lead to ?
Massive, widespread anti-Morsi protests on anniversary of his election to power
Three days later, Armed Forces commander Abdel Fattah al-sisi orders Morsi’s overthrow
How was Morsi’s overthrown? What happened ?
Army cracks down on Morsi supports, kills hundreds of protestors
Military assumed power, “Enough of this democracy experiment”
Morsi, sentenced to death (april 2015)
How did the revolution failed in Egypt ?
Revolutionary opening crushed by the military , slamming shut the door on any possibility of democratic future
What is the difference between Iraqui civilization and the Iraq we know today ?
Iraqui civilization on the one hand goes way back to Mesopotamia, but the other hand Iraq as it exists today is a recent creation with arbitrary boundaries drawn to determine which Western powers would be in control during WW1.
What happened to the Ottoman Empire during WW1? What did this lead to ?
The war included the Ottoman Empire (mordern day Turkey), which extended across a lot of territory and fell apart during WW1.
The British and French were looking ahead to the post war are trying to figure out which territory they might control.
What is Skykes-Picot agreement ? When was it signed ? What does it imply ?
1916
As the Ottoman Empire fell; the UK and France made a secret pact to carve up their respective spheres of influence in the Middle East
What happened in 1920 Iraq ? What did that imply ?
Iraq (mesopotamia) fell under British rule - essentially colonial rulers.
Iraq became a British protectorate, the British oversaw the government- in practice, the British were basically colonial rules asserting their power using also military.
What happened in 1958 in Iraq? Why did it happen ?
Extend British power thought independence (because they became independent under the monarchy) which lead to : Military coup overthrows British- aligned monarchy, installs secular Arab Nationalist government (an ideology mobilizing around a notion of Arab identity as political unifying force )
What is an Arab Nationalist ideology ?
an ideology mobilizing around a notion of Arab identity as political unifying force
Who do most people think we thinking about Iraq ? Why is he important for our analysis ?
Most people think of Saddam Hussein when they think of Iraq.
The ways in which he exercised power is important to our understanding of how Iraq presents as a weak state.
When did Hussein gain power ? How long did he rule, how did it end ? How did he rule ?
Hussein seized power in 1979
ruled till US forces overthrew him in 2003
one of the most brutal leaders in the region’s history
Under Hussein, how was the state of Iraq ? what is the important distinction ? Why?
It was a “hard” but not a “strong” state
Iraq was a “hard state” and a “fierce state” (very powerful leader, economic power because of oil money , using strong military murdering any one standing against him) but not a strong state (it ruled by fear)
How did Hussein rule ? What was his approach ? (4)
governed through an approach divided rule( picking groups against each other as a way to remain in power)
promoted communal ethnic, and inter religious mistrusts (promoting his own tribe, the Al-Takritid, and playing others off against each other)
developed patronage networks’ and rushed dissent
Used the country oil money to buy loyalties and used the full force of the Iraqi military to crush anyone who told in opposition
Hussein ______ rivals
excluded
How did Hussein use the country’s oil money ? How did he use the military ?
Used the country oil money to buy loyalties and used the full force of the Iraqi military to crush anyone who told in opposition
The Iraqui state was very powerful in terms of _____________ but lacked___________
monopoly over the use of force
popular legitimacy
In Iraq what arbitrarily drawn borders fail to provide ? what did this lead to ?
(did not provide a state or autonomy of any kind for the Kurds)
Iraq has had separatists ethno- regional elements (kurds) seeing independence, struggling against the central government or aligning with foreign powers (Iran)
Since 1960s, Iraq waged a protracted__________ against the ______
protracted low-intensity war
Separatist Kurds
Under Saddam Hussein’s dictatorship, Iraq launched an extremely long and bloody war with ___________.
When ?
Neighbouring Iran
1980-88
Saddam launched a military invasion of neighbouring oil rich ______ in ______ . Why?
Kuwait
1990
(because oil was appealing to him)
What did the invasion of Kuwait lead to ? How did this manifest (2 events, two years) ?
Invasion of Kuwait lead to a multinational response to fight Iraq
External powers led by the US fought large-scale wars against Iraq in 1990-1 (Operation desert storm) and 2003 [which toppled Saddam Hussein] (Operation Iraqui Freedom)
were the different of conflicts in Iraq a result of ?
Some of these conflict were a result of how borders were drawn
others were just some that Saddam chose himself (Iran, Kuwait…)
the 2003 invasion was just the US seeing opportunity to overthrow Hussein
This ongoing series of conflicts served to ________ Iraq for a long time
destabilize
What can we notice when looking at Iraq’s population ? what its its significant characteristic ?
Speaks to the arbitrary borders
the diversity of Iraq’s population
How are different groups distributed in Iraq?
In ethnic terms (kurds) and religious (sunni and Shia)
Division don’t mean that you’ll have _______ but these _______m were ___________ by Saddam Hussein’s regime
conflict
colonial borders
exacerbated
How were Iraqi Sunni and Shi’a muslim historically ? What happened ?
Historically, Iraqi Sunni and Shi’a muslim got along well and intermarried
But Saddam Hussein played different groups against each other (making the division much worse)
What was a deadly consequence of Hussein’s regime ?
Hussein’s regime killed over 200,000 Iraqui citizen
What is a deadly consequence of 2003 US-UK invasion ?
2003 US-UK invasion and violent aftermath have killed untold thousands of Iraqis
What is the demographic outmode of violence and conflicts in Iraq ?
Almost 50% of Iraquis are under 19 (result of factors and speaks to lack of institutional continuity) ; between 55% and 65% are women (many men perishing during wars)
What did the US-UK destroy ? What did that lead to ?
The US invasions completely destroyed the existing institutions - the US fired everybody in the government and security forces (recipe for disaster because these people had no more job and a lot of arms) INSTEAD of hiring these officials or re-shaping the institutions
What was the rationale for invading Iraq ? What was significant about it ?
terrorism (post 9/11) and building weapons of mass destruction, claims which have been discredited (Misconceived rational for invasion)
How did Iraquis see the new US installed government ?
government organized by invaders
what happened under US occupation ? what is a very important nuance ?
Under US occupation, Iraq became a democracy with multiparty elections and a constitution you might think that a good thing (US doing Iraq a favour) BUT few Iraqis regard the new government as legitimate
The Iraqi sate, since its US installation has been ____________ and _________
paralyzed by extreme corruption
deep sectarian divisions
What happened to Iraqui’s economy and services after installed state ?
Iraqi’s economy has stagnated; malnutrition and food insecurity have increased; health services have deteriorated
What happened to the US-trained army in 2014 ? why ? what does this indicate ?
In 2014, the US-trained Iraqi army was rapidly defeated by the much smaller ISIS forces even though they were superior in number and equipment
due to lack of cohesion and motivation
This speaks to the weakness of the state, their institutions (Military and security) and their ineffectiveness
What gap does post-invasion Iraq points at ?
Gap between Iraq as a state that had long had a lot of money (due to resources) , had lot of power due to its violent ruler but nonetheless a weak state due to its lack of legitimacy and genuine presence in the lives of its citizens
What was an occurrence that played for ISIS?
When Iraqi state (better equipped and populated) lost to ISIS, they left their weapons behind for ISIS to take [which allowed them to gain power]
Which rule was put in place during US invasion ? Who claimed it ? What does it mean ?
pottery barn rule
Collen Powell
(you break it you own it; if the United state invaded Iraq, it would break it and therefore own it, would be on the hook to repair that problem because it would now belong to the US )
How did the US feel about the invasion ?
Great confidence that invasion would be a success, that they would be welcomed as liberators
What were the two views on Bush in his flight suit ?
Bush hailed for his flight suit masculinity but also national geographic “mission not accomplished”
How was Iraq a “mission not accomplished” ? What does it highlight ?
Mission NOT accomplished : You’ve eradicated the government but you’ve installed nothing and opened a pandora’s box of rebel movement and lack of services
Highlight chronic sate weakness in Iraq since 2003
How has territory been since the invasion ?
Control of territory has been fragmented between government, Kurds and ISIS (their territory shrunk recently) - Country remains fragmented
What comes into question when looking at Iraq today ?
the meaning and value of its democracy
Despite successive _________ , Iraq remained ________
free-and-fair elections
plagued by chronic political violence
Despite getting _____ , Iraqi women are in many ways _______________
suffrage
worse off than in Hussein’s time
Who does the growing insecurity targets in Iraq? What did this lead to ?
women disproportionately, and they have withdrawn from the social and economic spheres
What did images of Iraqi women represent ?
“Iraq joining the rail of democracy”
What is another political issue in Iraq in terms of women ?
Women also have very little political representation
What underscores the expression of women rights in Iraq ? what does that mean ?
insecurities and violence underscores the expression of women’s right.
They have rights in theory but they are in danger in practice ( a lot of targeted violence targeted at women)
What are photos of Iraqi women suppose to be ?
emblematic of how women had now more rights, representing the transferring/export of western norms (gender equality) to the middle east. how the US and the UK “helped” and brought that to Iraq
What is the gap in Iraq in terms of women’s rights?
Gap between women legal rights and the pragmatic reality of women having these rights in theory but are in danger in practice
Broadly, the _________ and _______ causes us to call into question the ____________
political instability and chronic violence
meaning of Iraqi democracy
Long history _______ with Mexico’s history
violence
When and how did Mexico gain their independence ?
Mexico gained independence from Spain 1821, after 10 years of war
How was Mexico after independence ?
After independence, the country was internally fragmented.
governed by a collection of local strongmen (caudillos), political power investment in their hands only.
the state lack of centralization, very uneven control, the further you went from the city, the less power the state possessed.
In post independence Mexico what did the state power reside in?
power in the ability to project armed violence
What else happened in terms of Mexican wars ? what impact did this have?
Mexico also fought costly wars against USA and France, losing nearly half its territory (which became states in the US) in the 1846-48 war vs. USA
impact on the country economy and state power
What shaped the Mexican state?
Recurring war
What is Mexico’s history with civil war ?
Mexico underwent a civil war (1910-20) during a critical period of state development, which killed about 1.4M people out of a total population of 15.2M
What legacies did civil war lead to in Mexico ?
- Leaving legacies of violence where targeted assassination and massacred reoccured often
Who battled the central government in Mexico ? why ?
Regional factions seeking greater rights and autonomy battled a predatory central government
Predatory movement : (stealing resources from people rather than governing )
What is another key characteristic of Mexico ?
nature of Mexican democracy for a very lengthy period
How was Mexico after independence in terms of regime ? how come ?
“formally democratic” but in practice - one party had a strangle hold on power, would challenged any other party ( stuffing ballots… )
What was an important party in Mexico? How long did it hold power ? What kind of regime was it ?
Mexico’s institutional revolutionary Party (PRI) held power for 70 years: 1929-2000- more electoral autocracy than democracy
What did the PRI do politically ? what did it establish ?
During much of this time, it won rigged elections and established political hegemony
What was the PRI mechanism of power ?
It governed through a fusion of state and party (became one, very hard to dissociate them), establishing hegemonic control at the federal, state, and local levels
The strongmen power transformed into ____________ but that power was__________
the government having more power
kept my one party and was not distributed
The PRI established a ________ state. What does that mean ?
clientele
distributing resources to allies, in exchange for their loyalty, building infrastructure in certain areas only, and punishing opponents by withholding resources
How did the state (PRI) control civil society in Mexico ?
corrupting or co-opting dissidents
Mexico transition set in motion by ________
crisis
What shook the PRI’s control of Mexican politics and the politics, when ? what did that lead to ?
The economic crisis ( almost declared bankruptcy) of the 1980s
the national action party (PAN) became increasingly powerful
Who is Vincente Fox? what did he end ?
PAN candidate who won the presidency in 2000( first non PRI president) , ending the PRIs era of control
When the PAN gained power what did Mexico do ? (3)
reformed/ remolded its electoral institutions
eliminates vote-rigging and mastic electoral fraud
improving democracy
What were old methods and institutions replaced with in Mexico ? What can this be describe as?
what did this lead to ?
These were replaced by an independent election body; a more robust and independent judiciary
a mechanism to ensure oversight by political parties to ensure transparency
Strengthening of the Mexican state and democracy
In Mexico now, ________ challenge the state’s ________, which is __________
drug cartels
monopoly on the legitimate use of force
(which is needed in order to thrive and function properly)
Mexican state encountered challenges with the rise of ________
the drug cartels
Modern Mexican Politics have been defined by ________
economic civil war
Rather than fighting against __________ , the Mexican state is now fighting __________
rebels with a political objective
against a heavily armed enemy with economic aims: the drug cartels
Since the _______ , Mexico has replaced Colombia as the ____________-
1990s
epicentre of the drug trade in the Western Hemisphere
What do Mexican drug cartels employ ? What does that mean ?
“employ lethal violence for private gain, to exploit markets, populations and states”
violence that they laugh and they ways in which they destabilize still has a political impact
Drug cartels in Mexico might not have__________, but they have _________.
political objective,
political impact.
Drug cartels are ______ and have _________ the Mexican state
well organized
penetrated
How did drug cartels penetrate the Mexican state ? why ?
local and federal level have been bought off by the drug cartel
Cartels have a lot resources and a record to murder politics who dont go along with what they want
What are the two major incentives to collaborate with cartels ?
Incentive to collaborate with cartels : to make money and stay alive
What happened in 2006 in Mexico in terms of cartels ? how was this framed ?
In 2006, the Calderon administration declared war on the drug cartels (military solution to a military problem)
How did the war of drug cartels in Mexico end up ? what did it lead to?
which did not work out well
only ended up militarizing a law- enforcement issue and weakening the rule of law in Mexico, blurring the lines between the police and the military (which are suppose to be domestic vs externally)
In Mexico, what happened to military units in relation to cartels ?
They has been military units that joined the drug gangs or made their own drug gangs - you can make a lot more money becoming the head of a drug cartel - formed the most ruthless drug gang in Mexico
Many gangs in rivalry __________ but also _________
against the government
against each other
Mexico became the ______ of the drug cartel.
epicentre
How did drug cartel matters from Mexico spread ?
outward
What did Fukuma observe at the end of the Cold War? What did he claim ? What does that imply ? What is it underscored by ?
“peace seems to be breaking out in many regions of the world”
Democracy spread could ushers in a global era of people and prosperity
Inexorable march of Western economic and political ideals
Optimism in Western ideals
What did Fukuyama’s theory imply for the rest of world? What did that mean in terms of the spread of ideal. ?
The rest of the world (ie, poorer countries) would eventually catch up
It would only be a matter of time till these ideals spread and were adopted by everyone
Where was the “ball of democracy” starting and rolling ? What did Fukuyama claim about this ?
This “ball of democracy” is rolling in the global industrialized, rich north because they were the one who gave rise and perfected these
The wealthier countries got there first because of civilization narrate, they came up with them and are not repping the benefit but EVERYONE would get there
How did Fukuyama see democracy ?
As a destination
Sen (1999) regards ________ as the most important thing to happen in the 20th century
the rise of democracy
What does Sen notes in terms of the evolution of theorists understanding ? what does that imply ?
“a country does not have to be deemed fit for democracy; rather, it has to become fit through democracy “
Democracy can lead you to the promised land of greater stability, opportunity…
What did Sen also imply when talking about the rise of democracy ? Give an example to illustrate ?
Talking also at the various dimensions of democratic transformation; occurring within and throughout societies globally
Gender equality is growing and “the coverage of universality, like the quality of mercy, is not strained”
What is a major revolution in thinking in terms of democracy ? who is associated with it ?
Understanding of democracy as a universal values is a major revolution in thinking
Amartya Sen
How does Sen meet Fukuyama ? How does he differ ?
Meeting Fukuyama as reaction to democracy as “positive” and spreading as universally valued but his thinking is very different - democracy not as the end point, democracy is the process, its the mechanism that leads to transformation
How does Sen views democracy ?
democracy not as the end point, democracy is the process, its the mechanism that leads to transformation
What is an example of a laboratory of democracy in the developing world?
India
How did Britain feel about India’s independence at first ? why ?
Britain was reluctant to grant India independence in 1947 because of doubts that it was ready to govern itself
India had “an untried government, an undigested partition [with Pakistan], and unclear political alignment, combined with wiudesreapd communal violence and social disorder
what was India’a situation before independence ? what was the outcome ?
India has key divisions according to regions, religion, ethnicity, language and class
Yet democracy in India has worked out remarkably well
What does the map of India indicate ? what does this imply ?
Map shows how diverse the country is ; implying potential challenges
Ethno-linguistic division , does necessarily results______
in conflict
What debate does political science features in terms of regime ?
whether democrat or authoritarianism is better for promoting economic development
There is no evidence that non-democracies are better at promoting ____________.
_______
What does sen argue in terms of the regime debate ? what does that mean ?
But Sen argues we need to look beyond questions of economic growth and consider the need for economic and social security
“we have to look at the connection between political and civil rights, on the one hand, and the prevention of major economic disasters, on the other”
what is another important implication of democracy ?
Safeguard to avert disasters (famine for example)
What does Sen argues in terms of famine?
Sen argues that no substance famine has ever occurred in any independent and democratic country with a relatively free press
What explains the absence of famine in democracies ?
This is because a responsive government intervenes to alleviate hunger
A democratic government, “facing elections and criticisms from opposition parties and independences newspapers”, is forced to take actions against famine
Even the poorest democracy have successfully …. ________
averted famine and large-scale disasters after droughts, floods, or other natural disaster
Democratic Government are not necessarily________ but they want to_______.
more benevolent
be re-elected
What does the Bengal famine illustrates/proves ?
Democracy as the factor preventing famine because last famine and then it became democratic and no more famine
What is a case of famine that occurred in a non-democracy ? When did it set?
The Bengal Famine of 1943
An estimate 3 millions Indians died, most of them in the bengal regions as WW2 raged
How did the famine set in Bengal ? (3)
The British empire shipped grain from India to stores in the Mediterranean; burned rice crops and locals boats to prescient Japanese seaborne landing
India exported more than 70,000 tonnes of rice between Januray and July 1943, even as the Famine set in
The British government refused to accept food relief for India from Canada and Australia
What happened in Bengal during the famine ?
As grain prices shot up, hoarders were able to make huge profits while people starved to death in the streets of Calcutta and surrounding rural areas
Mothers had turned into murders, village belles into whores, fathers into traffickers of daughters”
What did Churchill say about Indians ?
“I hate Indians” he told the secretary of state for India, leap old emery “they are a beastly people with a nearly religion? The famine was their own fault, breeding like rabbits
What was British ideology towards the famine ? what was it inspired by ?
The UK government had an ideological commitment to free trade
British belief that free relief promotes idleness and initiatives, so people must labour for their substance
This was party shared by Malthus belief that famine corrected over-population
What can explain British stance towards the famine ?
“not so much racism as the imbalance of power inherent in the social Darwinsims pyramid that explains why famine could tolerated in India while bread rationing was reared as an intolerable deprivation in wartime Britain”
scholars and policymakers tend to emphasize _______ far more than ________
economic incentives
political (democratic ) ones
What can we notice in the power of democracy ?
We may not notice the protective power of democracy rights in safeguarding the population security (which is NEEDED in developing countries)
what do democratic rights have ?
democratic rights have a clear economic and security impact- they are often all that operate us from calamity
Having_______ , regardless of ______ , protects us from catastrophe
democratic rights
progress
What are the 3 mechanism of political and social freedoms ?
- Political and social participation has intrinsic value for human well being
- It has instrumental value in enhancing peoples politic voice and their ability to raise awareness
- It also gives citizens the opportunity to learn from one another and helps society to form its values and priorities
Sen’s depiction is much more________. Why ?
realistic
It has values because of what it promotes within a society/polity
what is the issue with democracy as destination view ?
Destination “once you are there, you can take your foot of the gas” but democracy is something that requires protection and perfection
The moment people withdraw from it, thats when democracy begins to democracy
First humans inhabited south African at least ________. What can be found in South Africa ?
100 000 years ago
oldest human remains are found in South Africa
How was South-Africa organized pre-colonization ?
Several African ethnolinguistic groups had self- governing territories, states of the modern era (centralized governance, leadership, accountability) at the time of colonization
What is significant in terms of south-african colonization ? what can explain this ?
Colonized much before the rest of Africa, South Africa colonized centuries before the African scramble
Along a critical shipping route , even more important prior the construction of the Suez Canal , up until its construction, the only way to reach middle east and Asia was to get around the Africa continent which explains S-A strategic location
In South-Africa, first white colonizers arrived from Holland in _____ at ______ ; they began _________________
1652
Cape of Good Hope
conquering inland along the coast of the confluence of Atlantic and Pacific
What attracted the British to South Africa in the first place ? When did they began colonizing ? What intensified colonization after, when ?
Strategic importance of south Africa
The British began colonizing in 1815’ discovered diamonds in the 1870s, then gold
What made South Africa a very important territory
discovery of valuable mineral deposits around Joansberg
what is the Anglo-Boer war, when did it take place and what did it lead to ?
British fought the white Afrikaners (dutch descendants) in the Anglo-Boer war
1899-1902
(bloody war where the united kingdom was able to assert control over territory and subjected Afrikaners and local African population)
What happened after British asserted control in south-africa ? how did this manifest ?
Quickly laws were codified to remove African’s rights
A series of laws restricted African (black) rights, especially including land rights/ownership - systematically they were displaced and deprived of ability to own land
The British laws against Africans were manifested especially in terms of ________. What happened ?
land rights
Their land ceased for white farmers or development
When did South-Africa gain independence, what kind of independence was it ?
British grant south Africa independence in 1910 under white minority rule
What does the South-african map of European annexation demonstrate ?
- Europeans power progressively began conquering more and more territory, incorporating it in a country they created from scratch , being south Africa
What does the early demographic breakdowns of 1911 and 2004 shows us ?
represents the government set up laws to classify people to difference race and allocate them certain them or deny them certain rights based on that racial identity
What does apartheid mean in Afrikaans ?
What can it be define as ?
Apartheid means “separeteness” in Afrikaans
We can define it as state-sanctioned racism encoded in the laws and norms of state and society
What is the difference between apartheid and racist US law for example?
Explicit race in the law, in contrary to racist laws passed around crack in the US for instance
When did discrimination became really encoded into law in South Africa ? How ? what happened ? what is detail about the event ?
1948
After a history of discriminatory law against africans, apartheid came into law with the election of the national party (apartheid was used as an electoral appeal)
*only whites could participate to the elections
What did apartheid imply ? give 3 examples
Restricting the movement of people of colour ( certain places they were not allowed to be, they could get arrested if they were at the wrong place at the wrong moment with the wrong documents)
Segregation
restriction of social relations ( marriage .. )
Where does the foundation of Apartheid’s power lay? What is it ? What is its function ?
Foundation of apartheid power lay in the Broederbond, or brotherhood, a kind of secret society of Afrikaans leaders , prevailed white supremacy (to which major male figures in the Afrikaans belonged, all head of the states were members of the broederbond up until Nelson Mandela)
What is a key aspect of apartheid ?
No such pretence of “separate but equal”
african should not get it (skills, education..) because they did not deserve it, they would not know how to use it
Denying opportunity of any sort
Who is figure of Apartheid ? Who is he ? What did he say ?
Architect of apartheid Henrik Verwoerd (PM, 1958-66)
“ Blacks should never be shown the greener pastures of education, they should know that their station in life is to be hewers of wood and drawers of water”
Despite the structured stratification of apartheid, what was a significant factor ?
Despite denial of education ,Africans were determined to get it and managed to get it using all sorts of ways in spite of the regime’s determination to deny them the opportunity
What is the ANC? When was it founded ? In response to what ?
1912
ANC is founded to promote African Human rights . In response the laws passed in that year which restricted African’s right to own land
The ANC increased its __________ post ______ as it began to _______
footing and momentum
1948
organize various protest against the pass laws
What are pass laws ?
Pass laws : need to carry a document/ pass/passport for internal travel, need to have it at all time- if you didn’t have the pass you could get arrested, even if you had the pass, you could not be in a white area unless going to work
What was the intent of pass laws in South Africa ?
to restrict African mobility, making them dependent on the white owned economy
what happened on 26/03/1960 in south-africa ? What did that imply ? What decision did it lead to ?
Sharpeville Massacer
69 unarmed African protesters killed and 200 wounded at sharpeville; Many of them were shot in the back, meaning they were running away but were still targeted.
ANC decides peaceful resistance is futile.
What did Nelson Mandela said after the sharpeville massacre ?
“ the time comes in the life of any nation when there remain only choices : submit or fight”
What was founded after 26/03/1960 in south-africa? What difficulty did they face, what did this lead to?
ANC founds an armed wing : Umkhonto we Sizwe (spear of the nation) in Xhosa) known as MK
Very difficult for them to organize in south-africa because of the police to the MK guerrillas became based in Tanzanias, Angola, Zambia, Mozambique
Nelson Mandela sentenced to ______ for _______, in _____
life in prison
sabotage
June 1964
When did MK operations began ? What was significant about them ?
December 1961, bombing power lines
[ calculated not to cause any loss of life, attacks against infrastructure targets which were meant to resonate within the country without killing anyone , meant to be a symbolic armed resistance, bombing power lines for example]
What was an effect Mandela’s trial ?
Mandela’s trial gave him a lot of publicity, making the ANC resonate through south Africa
He became a major international figure
the ANC and its armed wing, MK, adhered to a _________. what does that mean ?
strict ideology of non-racialism
no need to be African to belong to the movement
Solution proposed by the ANC was not to counter act with _______ but simply to apply _________
African supremacy
non racialism
How did ANC frame apartheid ? how did they see racial discrimination ? what did lead to ?
Through a class based rhetoric
primarily a class problem of the rich exploiting the poor, with racial discrimination as a subsidiary problem
Resonated with the rest of world, and communists, also attracting the local population (africans and whites)
What could be echoed from ANC framing of apartheid ? what does this implicate ?
socialism/communists
Cold War politics
What can be said to have its origin in the ANC and MK ?
the idea of a rainbow nation
Who were ANC members ?
Most of its combatants were African, but many were coloured, Indian, and even white in origin
What is ANC and MK known for ?
their cohesion
Who was ANC aligned with? Who did they also get support from ? What did this mean ?
In the Cold War context of superpower alignment, the ANC and MK received weapons and training from the Soviet Union and other communist-bloc countries ( East Germany, Cuba, Yugoslavia, etc.)
They also got diplomatic support from Nordic countries and Canada
Success of ANC rested in its ability to build these board coalition, having support to fall back on
Who did the US support in terms of apartheid ?
US was a firm ally of the apartheid regime
What did the success of ANC rest on (amongst other things) ?
Success of ANC rested in its ability to build these board coalition, having support to fall back on
Who can illustrate the token of non-racial within the ANC ? (2) What did they provide ?
Ronnie Kasrils, head of MK military intelligence
Joe Slovo, south africa communism party chief, MK military strategist
Intellectual support and involved in the fight
When did the armed struggle intensify in south-africa ?
Armed struggled intensified after MK was formed
What did MK attempt in 1967-8, what was the outcome ? what did this mean regardless ?
MK attempts to infiltrate guerrillas overland from Zambia across Rhodesia into south Africa; guerrillas never make it past Rhodesia
legendary moment in the struggle
What and when was a key turning point in south-africans armed struggles ? What did this lead to ?
1976, Soweto Uprising where the regime massacred hundreds of student protesting harsh laws; thousand of youth left south-africa to take up arms
What is Soweto and what caused the Soweto uprising ?
Soweto = larger African urban area
uprising against the regime when it attempt to pass a law to prevent English instruction for africans, only in Afrikaans which is a) the language of the oppression b) not spoken anywhere else (whereas English was a passport to the world community and economy. This attempt was seen as a real insult and injury so they rose up
MK went out of its way to_________
avoid civilian casualties
what was the regimes response to uprisings and protest ?
instead of helping, repression with violence
who allowed a second wave of armed struggle intensification ? when ?
the Soweto generation who fled to take arms
19080s
What did MK do in the first half of the 1980s? what did it lead to ?
Spectacular MK operations against oil refineries, power plants, military bases
Boosting MK’s profile
and triggering furious regime response
what was the armed struggle going hand in hand with in South Africa ? who was leading it ?
Politcal Struggle
united democratic front (UDF)
As the ANC was operating in exile, what happened locally in South Africa ? What did it lead to ? When ?
Rise of united democratic front (UDF) protest movement in south Africa, launching peaceful demonstrations and labour strikes
Boosted popular opposition to apartheid
1983
UDF protest and MK attacks make south Africa increasingly __________. What did that mean ? What was the response of the regime ?
Ungovernable
Uprising denying the apartheid regime to control areas inhabited by africans and claiming these spaces on the behalf of liberation movement to advance the cause of defeating apartheid
regime response by escalating violence ; against armed and unarmed resistors
What was the regime’s response to increased UDF protest and MK attacks ?
escalate violence
strategies (prison or tracking down + killing using death squad) to target armed and unarmed resistors (members involved in the armed struggle but also union or student organizers)
What was the era of the early 1980s characterized by in south africa ? how about the second half ?
high profile attacks and the emergence of a strong non-violent movement against apartheid (grassroots labor unions, student groups)
intensified attacks and protests
What was the UDF role ? What was its aim ? What was the broad objective ?
UDF bringing together grassroots organizations on the local level
aim to create spaces where the state would have no authority, not safe for security forces to roam, (ungovernable spaces)
more broadly discredited the apartheid regime appearing, as strong at it was militarily, less and less inflection and legitimate politically locally and globally
where were ANC/MK guerrillas mostly established ? why ?
MK guerrillas at a base in Angola far away from south African territory, only place where the ANC was able to establish presence without attack from the apartheid regime
What happened to MK attacks in 1980s ? What did this lead to ?
MK attacks were steadily growing
Mounting pressure of the armed struggle on the regime
How did MK attacks played out usually? What about less frequent cases ?
Many attacks were against infrastructure targets, often when knowing no one would be around
Symbolic act usually trying to avoid casualties
In certain cases it did targets to kill people
Who provided support to MK/ANC ? How ?
Soviet Union, Cuba provided support to MK (training, state)
Nordic countries and Canada (influential by kicking out S-A of common wealth in 1980s) diplomatic support to MK-ANC
How did Canada manifest its opposition to apartheid ? how was this received ?
kicking out S-A of common wealth in 1980s) against the outspoken opposition of Margaret Tatcher
US and UK kept _________ to South Africa. Why ? How so ?
close ties
economic and strategic interest
south-africa was a major producer of valuable mineral, gold, diamonds, uranium which made it very interesting to US and UK
_________ was a strong supporter of Apartheid
Margaret Tatcher
Western government had _____________, allying and supporting to ________________
long maintained economic investments in resource-rich south Africa
protect key mining corporations
Depict the thinking of the Cold War in the context of south-africa
In the strategic thinking the cold war, any gain of one side was the detriment of the other side , keeping resources out of the hands of the other hand, strong strategic desire to keep South-Africa in the fold of the west
After the WW2, NATO countries ______________ with ____________. Affinity could also be found on which basis ?
cultivated and focus on strengthening strong ties
the apartheid regime
Affinity on the basis of the idea of segregations (in the US for example) , which was mirrored in the US too
Which country kept apartheid afloat ? How ?
The US, UK, France, West Germany and Italy sold south Africa weapons and kept apartheid afloat via trade and loans
What was an important aspect of apartheid support ? how ?
Economic
Through loans allowing the apartheid regime to keep going even if ran a deficit
What was a key factor in the fall of apartheid ?
when key US banks (chase Manhattan for eg in 1986) cracked down on its loan in south Africa. Once banks started to deny credit or loans to the S-A regime in the context of growing animosity towards apartheid in the US, and increasing movement to impulse sections, one banks began to decline loans and favourable credit the games were up
Apartheid regime also had __________ such as ______________
non NATO allies
Israel and Taiwan
What was an extra obstacle for MK?
MK had bases mainly in Angola (which shared no common border), the road to launch attacks was therefore a long and torturous roads , that did not have any very obvious areas of passage, one of the reasons why armed struggle face serious challenge because no country that provided MK bases on the border of the country they were trying to infiltrate which is usually needed for successful (either base in the country or on the border)
what is counterinsurgency ?
range of strategies and tactics a government uses to respond to a rebellion or an insurgency
In the context of Southern Africa, a number of countries had ________________. Give examples.
armed struggle against colonial, white supremacist rule
Mozambique and Angola faced the Portuguese
Zimbabwe had a 50 year civil war of liberation
Namibia was a colony of south- Africa, administered by south- Africa
How did dynamics of colonial/post-colonial Southern Africa interact ? What happened ?
All these dynamic interacted, as the colonial dominos fell, many of the remaining personnel (who were fighting with colonial) joined up with the S-A security forces, with the same goal of protecting white minority rule in south Africa
What happened when Portugal lost its colonies in Southern Africa ?
As Portugal lost its colonies, many Special Forces personnel joined the Rhodesians; after Rhodesia fell, they joined South African forces
How did the apartheid security forces monitored African communities ? describe it ?
Joint Management System (at every level in every neighbourhood of every district, there were people spying for the regime, keeping track of who was participation in liberation moment, they would either arrest them or, if they were high value targets, it assassinated them, using death squads)
During the counterinsurgency, extensive recruitment of ________ within the ANC and MK. what did that mean ?
African spies
African rebels captured and turned (because financial incentives or torture) into colonial special forces (askaris)
How were “turned” africans useful ?
Useful in seeking the undermined dues to the way in which they could blend in into communities and organizations a lot more successfully than white spies,
They could infiltrate better and if they got killed, it had no impact of them not so ever, their death would have no effect on public opinion, because if a white died, it would have a lot of impact on the white public opinion
What did “turned” africans became in South Africa ?
they became instrumental despite the fact they were African, upholding their own oppression
How is south-africa not unique in its counter insurgency ?
South Africa is not unique, all over Africa colonial forces used local people to turn on their clan and do a lot of the fighting on the behalf on the colonial regime.
What were two notable apartheid political assassination ? What did they show ?
Joe Gqabhi, ANC security officer, killed in Harare 31 July 1981
Ruth First, assassinated 17 august 1982, Maputo
shows on the regime where tracking down and killing across the entire region, not only in South-Africa
What does Ruth First assassination demonstrate ?
(she was not involved the armed struggle but she was part of the ideological struggle which underscores how the regime would kill anyone trying to get against it)
Name 2 otorious apartheid death squad leaders ? what happened to one of them ?
- Eugene De Cock (who was sentenced to prison but was released early so he walks free, he was one of the most murderous )
- Dirk Coetzee
What does Bill Berkley specifically demonstrates ? how was that done ?
the regime specific program of creating not just African forces that would fight on their behalf, but coopting large blocks with the expressed goal of having blacks turning on each other and do much of the regime dirty job
Most black south African supported ____________
the ANC or other anti-apartheid moments
What opportunity did the apartheid regime do to in 1986 ? What did do ? What did they form ?
The regime seized the opportunity to turn ethnic Zulus against the ANC and against ethnic Xhonas
1986: South Africa secretly trained 200 Zulu imps (warriors) in Naminia’s caprivi strip
The formed the nucleus of the Zulu-nationalist Inkatha freedom party
Who is Mangosusthu Buthelezi ?
(use to be a part of ANC but then broke off to do his own thing as the head of Zulu Movement and then got manipulated to become the regime’s ally secretly also got recruited by the CIA )
What did the apartheid regime attempt in late 1980s ? How did they succeed ?
Regime’s successful attempt to create “black on black violence” that is to trigger a pattern of attacks and retribution across difference factions within south-africans Africa community on the basis on ethnicity with the broader purpose of destabilizing south-africans people and making it look to the world like they could not govern themselves (the moment who gave them politician power, the regime argued, they just started to turn on each other )
To what purpose did the regime create black on black violence ?
purpose of destabilizing south-africans people and making it look to the world like they could not govern themselves (the moment who gave them politician power, the regime argued, they just started to turn on each other )
How did the remise stand in terms of the IFP situation ?
The hand of the regime was well concealed and only revealed after the fact
What did Mangosusthu Buthelezi represent ? How was he used by the apartheid regime ?
As a “moderate” leader, himself African but no communist affiliation, happy to accommodate apartheid regime allowed to say Buthelizi he provided Tatcher and Regan with somebody whom they could point who they could say “look, here is a moderate African who we can support, not radical, not Communist” this is what the apartheid regime wanted, having a stooge that would be favourable to the international community, putting an African face on the gem
South Africa’s transition began on _______. How ? What did this lead to ?
2 feb 1990 negotiated transition begins
national party under press. FW De Klerk unbans ANC, starts repealing apartheid laws, releases Mandela and others from prison
With that start the most violent period
How did the negociated transition rise in South Africa ?
(which were began in secret but then they became high profile)
How was the 1990-4 period in South Africa ? How ?
Most violent period in south African history with 16 000 killed (more than in entire previous decade) - most of the people died by undercover death squads, they attacked communities known to be loyal to ANC , making it appear like ANC was weak and could not protect its constitutes
Who did squads attack in 1990-4 ? why ?
they attacked communities known to be loyal to ANC , making it appear like ANC was weak and could not protect its constitutes
How was the 1990-4 violence mostly attributed to ? How was responsibility managed ?
Most of this violence is attributable to the “Third Force”- apartheid special forces operation undercover
National Party denies responsibility but police appears complicit
what is an example of evidence of police responsible of violence in 1992 ?
New York time Headline : Suspicions about regime complicity in 1992 boipatong massacre of 39 by third force
police were around and did nothing to intervene which is a strong clue the regime had something to do with it)
Other strategies was ___________ this is embodied by___________.
target the leadership of the ANC and MK
Assasination MK commander Chris Hani
Who was Chris Hani ?
Chris Hani who has the time chief of the south Africa communist party and now commander of MK, was second to Mandela in popularity
What was the impact of Chris Hani’s assassination ?
Assassination almost brought the country to the brink of civil war , which was saved by Mandela who asked population not to act violent or avenge murder which saved the situation to sink even more into the abyss
To this day, Chris Hani’s death__________ of south Africa
looms over the consciousness
What happened in 27/4/1994 South Africa ?
Last bastion of colonialism falls
South Africa first free-and-faire elections, 27/4/1994
What the aftermath of the first democratic elections ? What was the price ? What did this lead to ?
Success for democracy but the price, high violence, was very high and somehow persisted after, clearly connected to previous members of the apartheid regime who seemed to have an aim to precent south African democracy and prevent majority rule from taking route
What are the legacy of post-apartheid violence nowadays ? what does this raise ?
Nowadays, the kinds of violence that were prevalent during and after the transition subsided but left legacy of regional and domestic insecurity, the country is a wash in small arms and weaponry used in crime (not political but their impact on the day to day lives of south african are very powerful) raises the question of what it means to live in a democracy on a day to day basis when there is theist and inequality
what were key apartheid strategies ?
outsourcing violence and coercion; plausible deniability; “and black on black” violence
What post apartheid legacies ?
Post-apartheid legacies of domestic and regional insecurity, poverty and violence
What was the reckoning for many of the people who fought on the behalf of apartheid ? how did this manifest ?
The reckoning for many of the people that were fighting on the behalf of the apartheid regime came in the realization that what they’ve been told and what they’ve been indoctrinated with, told to thin was false narrative
“They told us we were fighting the swart gevaar ( black danger) and communism. But now SWAPO and the ANC have the most democratic constitutions in the world. And the people we were fighting against weren’t communist”
What was the fear of the aftermath of liberators ?
What I fear is that liberators emerge as elitist.. who drive around in mercedes and use the reduces of this country to love in places and gather riches.
Where do civil wars occurs ?
within the border a country
Civil wars, Claims at least _______ in a ______ period.
1000 lives
1 year
What are civil are driven by in terms of division ? What usually go and in hand ?
Civil wars are usually driven by these division : ethnicity, race, religion, class, religion (or combination)
Ethnicity in race usually go hands in hands
Early political science literature on civil wars (during the cold war) emphasizes ________ as ________
grievances
rebel motivation
What did scholars, during the Cold War, understood rebels motivation to be ? In which case was this especially true ?
understood rebels to be motivated by grievances they had against government they vowed as oppressive
This was especially true in cases where governments discriminated against segments of their population on the basis of race, religion or ethnic
After the Cold War what did scholars understood rebels motivation to be ? What did that mean ? What was the context of these observations ?
After the Cold War , scholars increasingly understood rebels motivated by greed , I.e, rebels going to join a war because of the opportunities to profit
context : civil war, especially in Africa, kept going
Were civil wars based on greed or grievances ? explain.
Often wars on based on both - no civil war arising only on the basis on greed but once they are set in motion, they get sucked into patterns of selling natural resources on the global market to fund their efforts and once they star doing that, war starts to become profitable which leads war to last part points where it should stopped because its a profit generator
Civil war often happens in context of ____________ (In _______ for example).
economic struggle
rural areas
Why would rebel be motivated by greed ?
Rebels might be motivated by greed because looting is easier than getting a job, especially when employment prospects are scare
How did some scholars depict civil war greed ? What is based on ? How does it unfold ?
Some scholars dubbed this the “Kalashnikov lifestyle” (based on the widespread fire arm) - using access to weaponry as a means to survive through robbery , being seduced by a life-style when no need to work in traditional way but contribute to war economy looting for resources, sometimes on a small-scale (stealing from people) but also large scale robbery (stealing natural resources)
When does greed especially matter in the context of civil war? How does this manifest ?
Greed matters especially when government and rebates compete for control of natural resources
Some natural resources are especially “lootable” : alluvial diamond, timer, cocaine
Oil needs expertise, some diamonds need specialized resources and skills ..
Some natural resources are especially _________. what are they ? what opposes this ?
“lootable” : alluvial diamond, timer, cocaine
Oil needs expertise, some diamonds need specialized resources and skills ..
How is the Global distribution of AK-47 ?
(over 100M manufacture since 1949), much countries develop their own variance , others use the riffle, many countries use it
What does the appearance of AK-47 in lord of war represent ?
Riffle in “lord of war” - showing how ubiquitous it is in popularize depiction of civil wars in developing wars
Why is democracy as “universal value” according to Sen ? name the 3.
intrinsic importance of political participation and freedom in human life
instrumental importance of political incentives in keeping governments responsible and accountable
constructive role of democracy in the formation of values and in the understanding of needs, rights, and duties. (more informed and be better at figuring out which is the best form of government)
Why Colombia an interesting case of warfare ? How ? (5)
because it includes many key features/themes/facets of civil wars :
- guerrilla warfare (several groups in Colombia)
- Natural resources (role they can play in motivating and funding rebels, thus sustaining civil war)
- Paramilitary groups groups allied to the state to which the state has outsourced violence, carrying out the agenda in a cheaper and indirect way, allowing government to hide what they are up to )
- Violence targeting civilians *** (plausible deniability because paramilitary allow the government to say “ this wasn’t us” )
- Peace negotiations
Violence in Colombia ____________.
reaches way back
When did violence rise in Colombia ? What happened ? what did it lead to ? what started ?
1948-57
the (internal) assassination of the left wing mayor of Bogota, Jorge Eliecer Gaitan (left wing guy in favour of unions which was unpopular among elites and rest of government),
leads to massive urban riots followed by state cracked down and a period of civil strife: “La violencia”
Who was Jorge Eliecer Gaitan? What happened to him ? What did it lead to ?
Left wing mayor of Bogota in favour of unions which was unpopular among elites and rest of government was assassinated leading to massive urban riots followed by state cracked down and a period of civil strife: “La violencia”
How many people died during la violencia ? What did the period represent ?
An estimated 250 000-300 000 are killed
Brutal state repression and popular uprising
What did grievances lead to in Colombia ? When ?
1946-66: These grievances led to the formation of 3 rebels groups emerging: FARC (most popular) , ELN, EPL (maoist ideology)
1970 : M-19 rebel group formed (more criminal and violent group)
What was primarily seen as rebel motivation ? What did it conform to ?
Grievance vs poverty framed in leftist ideology was primary original rebels motivation
Following the ideology that civil wars begin on the basis of popular grievances, seeking political and economic equality in a context of widespread inequality
What other motivation for rebels rose ? when ? What did that imply ?
By the 1980s, rebel groups started profiting from drugs as Colombia became the hub of weaken hemisphere drug trade
Although the rebels were not the primary traffickers of drugs (cartels were), they began to dabble in the drug trade
Who was the most popular rebel group in Colombia ? when was their peak of reach ? what did they also have ?
FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia)
2000s was the peak of the FARC’s reach/force across territory
FARC had a large number of women combat in that group among the fighting ranks of the FARC
What can we notice when looking at presence of rebel groups across Colombia’s territory ? What interplay is noticeable ? What complexity can be observed ?
Rebel presence represent an important segment of Colombian territory, rebels could also sometimes assert their control in urban areas
Interplay between rebels groups and drug cartels (which don’t have politic agendas), their territory overlaps, strategic significant of coca areas for both groups as it is a revenue stream
Complexity of having various groups and cartel operating on the same territory competing for power with the government
Where are rebels groups usually most active ?
often times, rebels movement are most active in regions that tend to also be poorest in terms of resources distribution
What is relative poverty and what does it fuel ?
This poverty is relative poverty (there is a lot of inequality) which provides powerful fuel for grievances
There was a very strategic reasons for the government to sponsor paramilitary groups , what it is ?
Colombia Army Troops could defeat rebels in battler but control occupy and hold territory - paramilitary could solve this issue
Describe paramilitaries. Who are they? What do they do ?How do they operate ?
locals organized into armed until to fight guerrillas and pro guerrilla civilians- operated permanently (because people lived there anyway) in one area (which were the areas the state were trying to hold)
State able to wage warfare more cheaply by _____________-
outsourcing violence
What do paramilitaries enable the state to do ? What do they also the Colombian government ?
Paramilitaries enable the state to outsource key aspect of war against rebels
Paramilitaries also afforded the Colombian government plausible deniability for massacre of civilians
Who were paramilitary groups formed by ? how ? what is important to notice here.
“While a few were genuinely self-defence groups formed by peasant, most were formed by powerful land-owners and emerald-traders”
People joining were often paid by land-owners and emerald-traders
Which important dynamics paramilitaries and their recruitment shed light on ? How does it take place in the global context ?
Impacts of colonialism kept reverberating all around the developing world- the implications of land-owners and emerald-traders. Natural resources and land were a portion amongst the colonizers and their descendants, these dynamics persist, even if outside colonizers left, the dynamic of inequality and concentrated wealth still persist, these patterns and mechanism proper to colonialism, set region. Key way to understand path dependency : concentrated wealth competition and instability it gives rise to , often leading to cilvil war, violence, regions wanted to break away from central state, and other issues.
The development world is not definitive but they are currently remaining very influential, latin America remains the most unequal region in the world and its within this context that the war in Colombia has unfolded
Who’s role imperative to understanding violence ?
cant talk about violence without understanding the role of the US
What was the US role in the Colombia conflict ? Who is a key actor , who was he ?
Gen. Yarborough commanded special forces team sent to train Colombian forms in 1962 by the US special warfare centre
Gen. Yarborough was one of the earliest US proponents of using paramilitary [..] and/or terrorist actives against known Communists proponents
Who is Gen. Yarborough ?
one of the earliest US proponents of using paramilitary [..] and/or terrorist actives against known Communists proponents (in Colombia)
What did the US do in Colombia generally?
US improved and taught the strategy of paramilitary
What did the US implement in Colombia in 2000 ? What was the goal of it ? How was it criticized ?
2000: US implements Plan Colombia, and economic and military to combat drug gangs and leftist rebels
Critics call it a US plan to increase its military presence and corporate interests
What is the US legacy in Colombia ? What is it emblematic of ?
There are still 1000 US Marines in Colombia , emblematic of the close security relation of the two countries
What did Arjona and Kalyvas look at ?
Arjona and Kalyvas interviewed about 400 ex-geurrilas from different movements and units throughout Colombia
What were Arjona and Kalyvas findings in terms of age ?
Most joined under aged 25
What were Arjona and Kalyvas findings in terms of motivation ? what does this suggests ?
In all groups, some said they joined for “a better life” and some thought they were fighting for a just cause
This suggest that greed and grievance are not mutually exclusive
What were Arjona and Kalyvas findings in terms of choice ? what does this suggests ?
One third though joining was a small commitment and they would go home soon (they did not know what their choice implied) - they think its gonna a few weeks
This suggest that joining is a contingent choice (based on a variety of circumstantial factors) made with poor information, on the spur of the moment not via a “ rational actor” cost benefit analysis
After their interviews/research, what did Arjona and Kalyvas claim ? why ?
Looking for a single motivation for recruitment “is a theoretical dead-end” which closes the book on greed vs grievance debate
they found enough diversity among motivations and underwent that to try to ascribe motivation to a single framework is futile
Emerging southern power have sought more ________. How does this manifest ?
regional economic and political integration
Manifest itself in regional bodies [Mercosur, economic collation in Africa…]
What did seeking regional economic and political integration for Brazil?
For some powers, like Brazil, this has meant promoting economic development and also democratic norms (as a vehicle for stability and laying ground work for trade) throughout the global south
In the context of South-South relations, unlike Western countries, Southern countries are not __________.
burdened with a history of colonization
What has Brazil sought ? how did this manifest ?
Brazil has sought a greater international profile, including a seat on the united nations security council (UNSC), and a greater voice as the WTO
What is a common question in terms of implications of the developing world in the global arena ?
Is it representing the interest of all developing countries ? Are these dynamics truly transformative ? Or are they limited to a given country have a tokenistic representation ?
Brazil has sought to chart a path between ___________ and ____________.
orthodox US market capitalism and the new socialism promoted by such countries as Venezuela
What has Brazil been focusing on in terms of global development? what is an example of that ? what is an important turn to notice though ?
Brazil has promoted a global development ,vision built around human security
Bolsa familia = target social spending in a good way, maximizing spending towards well-being
very different since the election of new president Jair Bolsonaro, taking a right wing shift , reminiscent of trump ( is It just a small turn ?)
What a representative example of visions of South-South relations? How > Through which initiative ?
India
India’s PM Jawaharlal Nehru (In power 1947-64) was one of the 3 founding members of the NAM launched in 1955 at the Bandung conference in Indonesia
The NAM caught to chart a path for newly independent nations that would steer clear of either superpowers
Who is Nehru ? What did he do, what did seek and create ?
India’s PM Jawaharlal Nehru (In power 1947-64)
Leading the most populist country in the world, newly independent, democracy , seeking to have India emerge as an influential countries at the time where dev countries were slowly moving towards independence, needing a political home away/free from superpowers influence
What is the NAM?
Non-aligned Movement
The NAM caught to chart a path for newly independent nations that would steer clear of either superpowers
Name 3 trees in which India takes part in south-south relations?
India is now a net creditor to the IMF
It contributes to the WFP (which is significant because still an issue in India but also everywhere)
It is a major contributor of troops to UN forces mourned the globe (blue helmets) promoting peace keeping
How does India have a growing role in Africa (4)
India held the India-Africa cooperation session during the 2017 African Development Bank annual meeting
Total trade between India and Africa increased almost five-volt betweenez 2005-06 and 2015-16, and stood at 52$ billion in FY 2016
India has strategic interest in Indian Ocean basin (spreading security)
Africa is also a target for Indian food security objectives
What does BRICS stand for ? who are they ?
BRICS is the acronym for Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
These are all developing or newly-industrialized countries with a growing international influence
What does the BRICS group make us question ?
Questioning the usefulness of lumping Russia and China with Brazil, South Africa and India
How can we assess the presence/influence of BRICS on a global scale ?
Combined, they account for over 40% of the worlds population and 22% of the Gross World Product, and their economies and populations are growing faster than the global average
What has the BRICS promoted ?
They have promoted a credo of equality among nations, non-interference, and finding areas of mutual benefit
What can the BRICS be seen as ?
Reprise of the NAM , successor the the NAM, their ideology has been about equality, not interfering with others affairs
Non-interference can ___________.
cut both ways
can be regarded as beneficial speaking to the interests of poor countries but it also can problematic if there is violations of human rights that are spreading because of “non-interference”
What did the BRICS do in 2009 ? What did they discuss ? how can that be seen ?
BRICS held their first annual summit in Russia
They discussed the need for a new global reserve currency to supplant the US dollar (is that a way for Russia and china to promoting their own interest or a way to free from US influence)
What did the BRICS do in 2012?
In 2012, they pledged to commit 75$B to boost IMF lending power, in return for giving the BRICS countries a greater say
What did the BRICS do in 2013? Depict it.
They agreed to found NDB , launched in 2015 as an alternative tot he IMF and WB
The NDB brief was to assist southern couture with development, focusing on renewable energy resources and infrastructures projects such as roads
What is a question raised by the Bric’s economic outlook?
wether BRICS is or is not an instrument in the hand of the great powers ?
What does the BRICS aim for in terms of instrumentalism ? what is this aligned with ?
the BRICS aim to counter Western countries traditional power to shape development priorities
This also aligns with Chines and Russian visions to undermine US and European geopolitical powers to boost their own
What happened in 2014 in terms of the BRICS ? What question is raised ?
In 2014, after Russian forces invaded Crimea in the Ukraine, Australian FM Julie bishop contemplated barring Russian president Putin from the upcoming G20 summit held in Brisbane
In response, the BRICS countries foreign minister issue a joint statement expressing concern; were the playing into Russian hands ?
What is they key questions when it comes to the BRICS ?
Are BRICS countries initiatives for poor countries the Global South less exploitative than those of Western countries ?
when was Chris Hani assassinated ?
April 10, 1993
Which theorist can be associated with failed/weak states ? why ?
Weber : monopoly of legitimate use of violence over the territory
What arguments does sen rejects ?
cultural argument, economic argument [ authoritarian would be better]
Why can Syria be considered a failed regime change?
Free Syrian Army, Rebel movement (Kurds, ISIS) and involvement from external powers (namely Russia) prolonged the civil war when it had seem maybe possible for regime change
