POST-MIDTERM Flashcards
How has poverty been defined historically ?
Historically, researchers and analysts have sued monetary measures to define poverty : households living on less than 1$ or 2$ a day.
How can the poverty line be arbitrary ?
The poverty line is something arbitrary; millions living just above it are also poor, and vulnerable to price stocks and household disasters
How did inflation adjust the poverty line ?
This has adjusted with inflation : the poverty line between 2008 and 2015 was 1.25US a day; the world bank raised this to 1.90US in 2015
During the modernization theory era, policymakers and scholars measure wealth according to _______
GDP
What is the problem with GDP?
presupposes equitable resource distribution, ignores inequality - can give a false sense of stability when there is a large section of the population suffering
Compare high-inequality societies and low-inequality societies in terms of need for growth ?
High-inequality societies need to grow a lot more quickly to reduce the same amount of poverty compared to low-inequality societies
What did a focus on GDP lead to ? What did that result in ?
- A focus on GDP also led to promotions of policies that would boost industrial output and sidelined subsistence agriculture (agriculture were people grow to feed themselves and sell some surplus but no global network- tends to equate poverty but these people are also protection themselves from food insecurity)
- Boost industrial production might increase inequality because of the distribution of profits
- This threatens food security (population secure and reliable access to food) and traditional ways of life (which can destabilize population)
When we talk about the environment and development , what do we need to consider ?
When we talk about the environment, we need to think of it not only as hold off to climate change or impacts. These matter but they interact with other factors such as how they interact with building economies and life outcomes. Ecological factors need to be plugged in into other issues.
What are some non-monetary indicators of poverty ?
Infant mortality, life expectancy and literacy rates (which tends to correlate with inequality, access to education is unequally distributed) stand in for Monetary measures as robust predictors of poverty
What did the consideration of environmental issues and poverty lead to ?
This led the United Nations to adopt sustainable development goals in 2015, building on earlier versions (More holistic approach to a society level of development)
The global community has increasingly come to understand poverty as being intertwined with __________
ecological factors (which don’t exist on their own)
What does female literally rates point at ?
Women tend to have less access to education, and lower female literacy rates pint to differently poverty levels according to gender
What is the political implication programs such as of biometric ID for banking ?
-Political aspect of these programs = through that government support, these initiatives are more likely to succeed
What are indicators/statistic that depict gender and poverty ?
“Today 58% of women have a bank account compared to 65% of men. This means that 1.1 billion women remain unbanked”
“These inequalities persist delisted evidence that women are good money managers”
“In latin-American women led small to medium enterprises default on payments 54% less often than men’s and although they invest 50% less than male entrepreneurs, they tend to make 20% more in revenue”
Need an approach that takes gender ____________
seriously into account across various indicators
Depict an example of Poverty alienation by the state
- Poverty tends to be transgenerational; breaking out of poverty when you’ve been born into it is exceedingly low
- Under left-leaning president Lula da silva, Brazil adopted the bolsa familia (family subsidy) program in 2003
- The Bolsa is a conditional cash transfer program : it provides financial aid to poor Brazilian families, and requires in exchange that parents send their children to school and vaccinate them (addressing two very important indicator of poverty)
- Whenever possible, it is distribution to the female head of a household
- This program addresses poverty in short-term and long-term ways
- About 26% of the population is registered - very significant
- The bolsa helped bring poverty down by 27.7% from 2003-06
Poverty tends to be ____________. What does that mean ?
transgenerational; breaking out of poverty when you’ve been born into it is exceedingly low
What does the Bolsa Familia represent in terms of the state ?
Role of the state : approach development from within the state representing interaction between the state and the population
Why is Bolsa Familia significant politically ?
Usually , key indicators of the state were violent police through which the population experience the States - so one of the most important dimension of the Bolsa familia , is how it represent a fairly radical variation in the interaction between state and population. Represent a transformation
Does Bolsa Familia adhere to Weber’s or Midgal’s framework ? How ?
Both
Max weber = need for modern state to run such programs in the first place
Midgal = once these programs run, you start to feel the state, interface with the state
What does Bolsa Familia also represent ?
Application of technology too - because of the card
What are 3 factors we need to take into account when it comes to poverty ?
- Path Dependency : histories of colonization, war, and development policy play key roles in determining levels of wealth and inequality ***
- Human capital : peoples’ skills and capabilities, related to their education, which shape their economic productivity
- Natural capital: soils, forests, and fisheries on which peoples’ livelihood depends, and which are connected to broader ecosystems (a countries capacity to sustain itself through these endowments**)
What are 4 effects of climate change in relation to the global south ?
It undermines peoples livelihood in much of the global south. Impacts of climate change are felt much more acutely in the global south (when you depend on fish for subsistence for example**)
It also undermines the State’s ability to provide for citizens welfare
Competition over scarce resources may turn violent, overshadowing other sources of conflict - much evidence that those patterns are already in play, how much more will that intensify
Climate change is a key driver of internal and inter-state refugee flows and cross-border pressures (can also be an indirect cause of violence, as people arrive to new areas and compete for whatever resources may exists)
Impacts of climate change are___________ in _________
disproportionately harder
the global south