MID TERM Flashcards

Question

What is the islamic distribution in Nigeria ? What does the wealth distribution look like in Nigeria ? What does this imply for Boko Haram?

Answer 1

- Dense islam in the north. The most muslim states tend to also be the ones who are the poorest. - Nigeria is a major oil producing country, it has had a large amount of oil revenue which was supposed to be shared, but in practice, there ends up having a lot of corruption and unequal distribution, government putting it in its pocket. - Boko-Haram is operating where there is very little economic opportunity where people are angry at the state, and where sometimes joining a rebel group can be the better option, it guarantee you that you will be fed, that you will be more powerful (gun), you can steal. Most of the people who fight with them, are mostly not driven by strong islamic motivations but much rather a practical purpose. Perception that the group is brutal but not any worse than the military. The government will mass arrest men (because not sure of who is who), which probably leads people into the arms of boko-haram as it refinforced negative feelings towards the governement.

Answer 2

-The concept of sex is understood to essentialize women **“tending to depict women as having a distinctive and to some degree biologically determined nature "**

Answer 3

- For the first 10 years of independence, the global copper boom made Zambia a middle-income country - They were hopeful that overtime, their economy would rise and strengthen. Hope for Zambia, from its strong copper economy, to follow the modernization theory path (steady growth overtime)

Answer 4

- In Malawi, Chewas and Tumbukas are adversaries (there is not violence blowing up however, but they regard each other negatively) - When Malawian politicians seek to build political support bases, they find the Chewas and Tumbukas to be useful building blocks (posner) \*easy to mobilize people on the basis of ethnicity and one of the easiest way to do that is promoting animosity between the group - In Malawi, both groups are big enough to have political weight (but they are big enough to have political weight , they are still players)

Answer 5

political meaning and you stay with it for life( It is your essential identity that is going to matter more than any other aspect you may choose to emphasize)

Answer 6

-After contributing to winning the struggle, women have often been marginalized from power in the new government (in the heat of battle, a movement will take whoever is willing to join so women were integrated but then what happens after the fight is over ? **Are their contributions recognized and have a more prominent role in politics OR are women relayed to a marginalized position, marginalized from power in the new order of things)**

Answer 7

divorce, abortion, land ownership, employment their social and political power

Answer 8

observing civic life in such an important period in USA he noticed a key difference between how people live in the US vs EUR (rich associational life ) -Americans involvement in associations allowed them to overcome their lack of influence as individuals

Answer 9

“rational-legal authority’ -which establishes state power as a distinct sphere wielded bulb the state institutions

Answer 10

- the state represents an agglomeration of political and economic elite power, and the power of key interest groups within society - a vehicle towards ensuring stability and ongoing economic benefit for the elite who benefit from the stars quo in which the state governs

Answer 11

- Leaders, both colonial and indigenous, manipulate ethnicity for political power - Ethnicity this becomes a political instrument (mobilize one group as power base, mobilize one group against another) - Ethnic groups are “based on culture affinities that comes self conscious communities as a result of social and political changes”

Answer 12

- Post-Cold war US/UK economic approach - Forbids interventionism - Recommends privatization as the path to economic success and integration into the global market : cut budget deficits, privatize state enterprises, reduce tariff protection; emphasize export development; cut subsidies; reduce regulations; broaden the tax base

Answer 13

-Growing number of female heads of state Variation in number of women in legislature -But while it is important it remains limited. We need to look atDescriptive vs Substantive Representation .

Answer 14

- elements of ethnicity include : race, religion, language, culture, tradition and custom - culture itself is made of many of these same composers - etnicity is a useful too for political mobilization

Answer 15

-States can also organize to help each other solve problems like human trafficking, drug smuggling, climate change (strengthens sovereignty)

Answer 16

- The cementation that happens after the transition - Democracy taking hold : two consecutive free and fair elections, or power switching hand in an election - Consolidation is the lead likely and most difficult outcome to achieve - An “opening” does not guarantee a successful transition

Answer 17

-“Traditional” civil society is defined by pre-existing, informal social networks extending beyond the family that are often critical to providing services and resources in poor communities

Answer 18

- Began lending to Third World in 1960s (but with lending came advice and conditions) - World Bank and IMF as institutional bodies created by the US (and western Europe) and had a great role in shaping activities in the global south

Answer 19

It can be a precursor to violence a way for groups to have a voice

Answer 20

greed for resources and beliefs of white racial superiority Driven by a desire for resource (greed), have tasted the promise of Africa’s resource rich geography they wanted more AND belief that African were inferior to colonizers so colonization was beneficial and just, wanting to enlighten Africans with religion and civilization

Answer 21

- Membership in the WTO is the key to integration into the global market - It also comes with conditions: a member-country cannot impose Tariffs a on import

Answer 22

it imposes itself on the entire group, reinforces homogeneity

Answer 23

-European powers were driven by th exploitation/promise of natural resources Profitable ways to exploit land : agriculture and mines

Answer 24

- Beginning in the early 2000s, rising Chinese demand for copper boosted Zambia’s economy again - But that 2000s boom also declined, Zambia economic growth also slowed

Answer 25

“ability to plan and execute policies and to enforce laws cleanly and transparently” -how effectively can they do it? Are state (political decision-makers) elites accountable?

Answer 26

-all agreed on the state as citizen because “its the things to do”, we all benefit from the state - countries where you feel the existence of the state in your life, you stay at the red light because you’ve been conditioned to do so, its subjective manifestation of the state. - State power have becomes so imprinted that citizens do what the state would want them to do even when no one is watching

Answer 27

- In some cases, they ended wasteful and inefficient state spending, government support to industries (example **Brazil**, able to break thought debt cycle) - By 2000s, World Bank started putting **more emphasis on poverty alleviation, education, health care, empowering women** (although with mixed results)

Answer 28

- Encouraged countries to find a niche in the global economy to gain a comparative advantage (and bring in foreign currency which has more value and is more stable compare to the countries own Currency which is better to pay off debt ) - For small countries, this edge is easily lost (big countries edging them out). Free-trade can destroy local industries

Answer 29

1918 (post WW1) : 29 democracies 1962 : 36 democracies ; “reverse wave” caused by poverty, instability, superpower destabilization, shrank this number 2007 : 123 democracies \*the number is also influenced by our definition of it

Answer 30

-Sunni Muslims feeling that even though ISIS is bad, not as bad as the government

Answer 31

gateway for different other rights and for power in society

Answer 32

-Lack of accountability under authoritarianism which can both ways. 1. governments can push forth unpopular legislation to promote growth OR 2. they might just embezzle and be corrupt

Answer 33

* *-civil rights :** property ownership, doing business, joining workforce * *-political rights :** participating in government , freedom of speech, freedom of assembly * *-social rights :** housing, health care, education, food and water -**critical intersection :** to what extend do women have access to these rights \*women's right to education or property rights makes a huge difference for outmodes for example

Answer 34

“snake that the government should ought to kill in its infancy but did not/failed. So now it grew and is now too big to be killed”

Answer 35

1988 Plebiscite -With mounting economic problems, international criticism and Pope jean-haul 2 calling for human rights ; Army called a referendum for Chilean citizens to decide if Pinochet should remain in power -If not, the army would step aside and half elections for a civilian leader NO wins, 55.99% to 44.01%

Answer 36

-If the state controls the entire economy (owns land, business, tariffs..),this can stifle growth

Answer 37

- Varsney (2002) analyzed why Hindu-Muskim inter communal violence flared up in some parts of India but not others int he later 1990s and early 2000s\*\*\* - He found that where violence was absent, civic organization (school board, business associations, trade groups) brought Muslims and Hindus together - The notion of civic life and focus on the bonds that hold Muslims and hindus together as determining relations - Those ties create an absence of violence (not necessarily erasing “differences” but still allowing harmony) - In communities where violence occurred, such organizations were organized along religious lines diving instead of unifying - Regions reported as violent at the time of the study, remain violent today - Not just a question of presence of difference communities, the violence occurred when they live side by side but has not cross cutting ties

Answer 38

1884-5 German, British, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Belgian, and US delegates met to carve up Africa European wanted to prevent competition over African land and resources from turning violent

Answer 39

Despite (or because of) these programs, African countries debt tripled from 80s to 90s and continued to rise into the 1990s

Answer 40

Countries with diversified economies (Canada, Russia, USA) have other sectors to fall back on when oil experiences a price shock

Answer 41

crucial to ensuring civil liberties and holding the government accountable

Answer 42

service their external trade

Answer 43

-whatever else (growth, harmony) is going on is at risk

Answer 44

Equatorial Guinea - Former Spanish colony has tremendous oil wealth - China, Western countries have kept dictator in power to secure resource access by selling weapons, training security forces, keeping diplomatic ties (Obiang has the longest standing dictator in recent history who’s position has been secured by oil wealth) \*Taps into path dependency, ongoing over reliance on natural resources which kept counties more on the periphery of the global economy

Answer 45

Comparative Advantage : economy focusing on one thing that its good at as a way of finding a niche in the global market in which it has an advantage

Answer 46

Name translate roughly as “Western education is sacrilegious” - Meant to resonate with a broader global muslim and a local population BUT it does not represent the views of the people they claim to represent muslim Nigeria for example) , majority of victims are actually local Muslims. Most of the people who suffer the worst from these groups are the people on who’s behalf the group claims to be acting. - rejection Western influence adaption of a radical string within islam

Answer 47

Bates’s notion relates to the importance of upward-mobility as a necessity for a society to improve and reach out of poverty

Answer 48

- ISI encouraged corruption (because a lot of state spending allocated to build goods which was often skimmed) - lack of competition (leading to the products to be poorly manufacture) - The jobs these created were outweighed by the costs of buying and maintaining machinery - Countries started borrowing money; used foreign exchange reserves to buy Western goods

Answer 49

they are acquired through social interaction, shaped by exogenous factors people are socialized into their identities

Answer 50

Import-Substitution Industrialization (ISI) Many developing countries in Latin America and Asia developed indigenous industries; In Brazil and Mexico, even steel and cars

Answer 51

the world’s poorest

Answer 52

* *1. Raising an army** (get together a critical mass of young men willing to go to war) * *2.Collecting taxes** (convincing people to pay taxes, offering safety and benefits. War is a context in which people are willing to pay money) * *3.Building infrastructure** (requires shipping lanes, railroads … when the war is over these infrastructure can be used) * *4.“Rally round the flag” effect** (people feel a sense of identity based on statehood/citizenship- going to war against an “other” leads people to see themselves as a part of collectivity)

Answer 53

- In areas under its control, the Islamic State has taxed Hawala and turned it into a revenue stream for its actives - portrays the potential negative impact of traditional

Answer 54

**-structural adjustment** : states had to cut their spending (social programs, subsidies), privatize, orient their economies towards exports (to gain foreign currency)

Answer 55

- Key US scholars like Samuel Huntington - Modernization as a prerequisites to democratization - if you democratize prematurely, it would be too unstable (too many people fighting for resources, too many completion parties.. ) and would not work

Answer 56

- Primordial attachements existe a priori, prior to social interaction and experience - “Ethnic traits are “in born”, they are a set of characteristic that are genetically impritted into a person regardless of their upbringing (nature vs nurture ? Primordialism = nature) - Identity has political meaning and you stay with it for life( It is your essential identity that is going to matter more than any other aspect you may choose to emphasize) - Priomordialism is coercive: it imposes itself on the entire group, reinforces homogeneity - Priomordialism identity is marked by affectivity : the emotional charge that underlies identity

Answer 57

Women were disposes of claims to land, as ownership laws were codified to favour men. Turning women into **dependents (**with less autonomy they initially possessed)

Answer 58

-Free trade can flood local markets with cheaper goods, harming local businesses, farmers (weakens- now a countries has to compete with global players )

Answer 59

“ensemble of affective orientations, images, and expectations imprinted in the minds of its subjects” Regardless of physical institutions, the presence of the state in our daily life has a lot to do with how we experience the state and if we feel the state ?

Answer 60

- The number of people living in absolute poverty (living on 1.25$ or less per day, according to the world bank) has declined rapidly over the last 30 years - On the other hand, the percentage of global wealth concentrated into the hands of the ultra rich has grown dramatically over the period - inequality is rising, the top 1% is gaining share of wealth, which suggest we are not moving away from turmoil regardless of decreasing poverty

Answer 61

Program to clear rainforest in Latin-America, Africa, and Southeast Asia (which does hand in hand with worsening poverty )

Answer 62

economic development and cooperation between government and coca growers

Answer 63

There are usually hard-liners (want to resist democracy because 1) to keep power to themselves, 2) ideology opposition, 3)pragmatic because of blood on their hand and want to avoid trial) and soft-liners (in favour of democratization, they feel time for change has come, they want to end the global isolation caused by non-democracy \*\*\*\*) within an authoritarian regime - there is usually tension between these two. Leaders (of military\*\*\*?) give political freedoms in exchange for no violence, immunity form prosecution, economic and political privileges

Answer 64

- women from diverse backgrounds (race, class, sexual orientation) will often experience very different life outcomes even within the same country (even within the same country) - this shapes opportunity and relative equality between different segments of the population - gives us the tool to unpack what inequality looks like

Answer 65

Jamaica (1979-1985) - Jamaica turned to WB and IMF to manage its skyrocketing external debt in the 1970s - By 1985, the economy was less production than in 1979 (GNP had shrunk); global prices for Jamaica’s main export, bauxite, had plunged - Debt when from 60% of GDP in 1979 to 180% of GDO in 1985 - Spiral of debt - Unemployment had risen sharply even as many Jamaicans emirates to USA, UK, and Canada to find work (not a unique case) - Government spending on healthy, education, and social services had been cut back, and living standards of the poor had worsened - Jamaica had complied with all SAP conditions, but results were dismal

Answer 66

* *1.Compliance:** how much will citizens comply with state demands? Can the state achieve this without violence * *2.Participation:** Will citizens voluntarily comply to be organized and mobilized by the state without violence needed (vote, military service?) * *3.Legitimation:** An acceptance “of the states rules of the game, its social as trues and right”

Answer 67

- Their involvement could potentially cause recruitment boost for Boko-Haram. - If an ex-colonial power were to get involve, it would play right into boko-haram’s hands who could say “ you see, the government is lacking and dependent in colonial power” which could backfire and lead more people to join boko-haram.

Answer 68

- By 2006, the Islamic Courts Union, an armed group whose legitimacy was rooted in enforcing of Shari’a law, had gained control over much of the country’s legislation (and they were pure Somalia, no funding) - The ICU competed with the official but powerless government which has emerged from negotiations backed by the international community

Answer 69

Necessary Sufficient - election are necessary- the sin qua non of a democracy system But elections by themselves are not sufficient- democracies need to guarantee human rights and ensure accountability Need for a principle that “No one can be above the rule of law”

Answer 70

- The replacement of authoritarian rules and structures by democratic ones - Consensus and national unity as key requirements for success (Need for “Buy in” : Acceptance on the part of the population that democracy is the only game in town, the only system that people are able to accept ) - Small groups of leaders (elites) play a disproportionate rile on the decision-making phase

Answer 71

Associations unite people of different class or ethnicity . Bridging division

Answer 72

Military as gatekeepers that hods the keys to the ultimate outcome of whether a country successfully democratize or not

Answer 73

much opposition The sense that globalization is a net good- is contested

Answer 74

Leaders, both colonial and indigenous, manipulate ethnicity for political power

Answer 75

- Tawain , S. Korea and Japan were all key US allies during the Cold War - The US protected them military from rival states (USSR, China, North Korea), giving theses countries an opportunity to incest in building their economies - The US also gave these countries favourable trade terms providing them with massive, tariff-free markets in which to sell their good

Answer 76

- Anti-privatization Forum (APF) - Leading to massive demonstration within communities ( Philippines for example..)

Answer 77

- Spread of technology, media, culture (mass culture, mcDonalds, Disney), tourism (from those who have disposable income- making international cultures visible) have accelerated globalization. - Globalization has political and economic aspects, as well as social and cultural ones

Answer 78

“Underdevelopment and development are not only comparative term but they a dialectical relationship one to the other; that is to say the two help produce each other by interaction”

Answer 79

- centuries of colonial exploitation and a global power imbalance - state power and state configuration (extractive vs inclusive)

Answer 80

monopoly over the use of force social reach

Answer 81

Legacies of inequality remain today (many of the most unequal countries (GINI) have colonial history)

Answer 82

the state is an independent actor with its own goal and interest, separate from the of other actors. the state is not a tool in the hand of the elites, it has its own structure.

Answer 83

- Wealthier and poorer countries don’t play with the same rules - unequal system that disadvantages poorer countries - This blocks access for producers from developing counties and makes development countries products artificially cheap (underselling)

Answer 84

-After 9/11, Western governments feared that hawala was being used to finance terrorists networks and cracked down on them

Answer 85

- Many newer democracies have not yet reached the consolidation phase - They still retain authoritarian characteristics - Researchers added qualifying adjectives to describe them “procedural democracies”, “electoral democracies”

Answer 86

- where violence was absent, civic organization (school board, business associations, trade groups) brought Muslims and Hindus together - Those ties create an absence of violence (not necessarily erasing “differences” but still allowing harmony)

Answer 87

- active subversion of development - "Developing" implies a progression towards development but that was not the case - they were actively held back by exploitation

Answer 88

Regime Change - As compared to revolution, regime change involves negotiations and compromise between 2 sides - Much of the old regime usually remains in place - Security forces (army, police) are especially hard to remove because they have access to weaponry

Answer 89

- 1973-4 oil crisis boosted oil costs (so everything became more expensive) - Regions debt went from \<30B$ in 1970 to over 230B$ in 1980 - Interest rates outstripped growth, in 1982, Mexico threatened to bankrupt - IFIs stepped in with massive loans (lenders of last resort + loans come with conditions) - Large UK banks made huge loans to developing countries

Answer 90

“Rulers must “choose to employ the means of coercion to protect the creation of wealth rather than to pray upon it and when private citizens choose to set weapons aside and to devote their time instead to the production of wealth and the enjoyment of leisure” ## Footnote - Important for the rulers to use to their power for the greater good and for the citizen to produce wealth - This suggest the importance of a strong, impartial state and the emergence of an upward-mobile society

Answer 91

Most of the people who suffer the worst from these groups are the people on who’s behalf the group claims to be acting

Answer 92

- Raw materials pieces tend to not keep pace with manufactures goods prices int he long term; this means development countries need to produce more to keep up revenue - Raw materials are subject to broad price fluctuations due to factors beyond the producers control - Boom and Bust cycles makes it hard for countries to plan - Plummeting raw material cost can also lead to political shocks (example: Venezuela)

Answer 93

pay down foreign debts

Answer 94

higher infant mortality; lower levels of access to drinking water, lower life expectancy and literacy

Answer 95

did not work

Answer 96

- Multi-national bodies like the UN, EU, WTO can make decision that States are forced to accept (weakens sovereignty by leading countries to play by rules they did not determine/have previously) - Weakening by undermining the state ability to prevent outside actors to interfere with its internal activities + need for states to respect certain norms, requirements, principles

Answer 97

building an industrial economy developed nations possesses a comparative advantage in manufactured goods

Answer 98

- in the degree to which it exercise social control - “Social control is the currency over which organizations in an environment of conflict batter one another”

Answer 99

- to liberalize foreign trade - devalue currency - cut social programs such as education housing, and food subsidies - cut public sector employment and practise state-owned enterprises

Answer 100

it depends on whether the state institutions are inclusive or extractive

Answer 101

- grouping of the “African civilization” or the “muslim” grouping since there has been so much conflict within it. Divisions can be more intense within civilization than betweenez them

Answer 102

Case Study : Chile Overthrow of Democracy -Chilean President Allende elected 1971 -Economic downtime, talk of nationalizing Chile’s resource, social unrest destabilized his government -With US encouragement, army overthrew him 1973 (prior to the coup, long history of stable democracy) -Siege by Chilean Army of the Moneda Palace (9/11/1973) Augusto Pinochet -30 000 arrested, 3,000 killed during Pinochet dictatorship -Pinochet has ties with Tatcher, Regan - as he was seen as an ally against communism 1988 Plebiscite -With mounting economic problems, international criticism and Pope jean-haul 2 calling for human rights ; Army called a referendum for Chilean citizens to decide if Pinochet should remain in power -If not, the army would step aside and half elections for a civilian leader NO wins, 55.99% to 44.01%

Answer 103

- In many cases, states slashed subsidies for food, education, health care, infrastructure, workers laid off, projects requiring public financing shelved, state owned enterprises sold ( once slashed let already vulnerable population on the margin towards much greater insecurity and poverty) - This worsened outcomes for a majority of citizens, and accelerated impoverishment (pauperization)

Answer 104

Diamond shapes societies understood to be more stable, no antsy and restless, ready to rebel people as in the pyramid (poor people with nothing to lose would favour rebellion but the middle class have a little bit more to hold on to which created a buffer for rebellion SO the political system was stable enough to democratize)

Answer 105

* *1.**Vast natural resources wealth (esp oil) enable government to collect rents —\> Oil rents can by used instead of tax revenue to buy off population (patronage); governments that don’t collect taxes have no accountability (leading to a divide between public and government) * *2.**Oil-rich states spend more on security forces to repress the population (rather than education, infrastructure) * *3.**Economic growth from oil doesn’t produces societal engagement with democracy

Answer 106

Advantages: Fees and rates are lower than at banks or credit unions; no paper trail; the transfer is instantaneous

Answer 107

-Out of fear that they were gonna be terrorism, the US sponsored an attack on them and ended up radicalizing the ICU which morphed into a much more violent/terrorist group now launching attacks

Answer 108

-theory that emerged after the 3rd wave of democracy 1950S-60s: modernization theory: economic development needs to come first to pave the way to democracy 1990s- present: Democratic transitions literature :many countries have succeed by making the switch to democracy first. Education for the masses and the welfare state are the consequences of democracy rather than a precondition for democracy itself \*While modernization theory held that countries who democratize prematurely will never see higher stages of development, democratization theory claimed that many countries can actually achieve democracy without economic development

Answer 109

higher maternal mortality ## Footnote - Analysis of 37 African nations, 1990-2005 reveals a causal link between receiving an SAP loan, and higher levels of maternal mortality compared to African nations that don’t get SAP loans - SAPs require cuts to social welfare spending, give foreign corporations tax-exempt status, depriving African government of revenue’ force privatization of assets like water and education, forcing poor to now pay for services

Answer 110

holding free and fair elections every 4 to 6 years

Answer 111

extention of constructivism

Answer 112

-“... the entire realm of voluntary associations between the family and the state. It is a vast and complex realm”

Answer 113

Elements from the military force might remain in the new systems (violence, crime )

Answer 114

-Arbitrarily, often splitting up pre-existing political units and creating territories that were not viable - Used as a strategy to weaken already existing powers - Different Ethnic and religious groups were often pitted against each other “Divide and rule” - Different people put together to control them better too **Impact :** lasting division and violent legacies within many countries in the developing world

Answer 115

-Total FDI has greatly increased over the 35 years (more and more as globalization increases, having uneven impacts for countries)

Answer 116

-Chewas and Tumbukas in Malawi and Zambia -In Malawi, Chewas and Tumbukas are adversaries (there is not violence blowing up however, but they regard each other negatively) -In Zambia, the very same ethnic groups are allies -When Malawian politicians seek to build political support bases, they find the Chewas and Tumbukas to be useful building blocks (posner) \*easy to mobilize people on the basis of ethnicity and one of the easiest way to do that is promoting animosity between the group \*need for out-group to help you understand who you actually are (knowing who you are is knowing who you are not) -In Zambia, the two groups united in the same political party -Instrumental explanation to the situation : **Elites manipulate Chewas and Tumbukas to be enemies in Malawi, but allies in Zambia**

Answer 117

it prevents the diversification of the economy and hinders potential emergence industrial and sectors

Answer 118

-American, Author of "Bowling alone" **In this book, he claimed :** - Non-political organizations are vital for democracy - Recreational associations (people coming together) strengthens fabric of society - The breakdown of these associations lead to a more divided and less “civil” society in which people are more isolated from each other (lack of tolerance and understanding)

Answer 119

-Those who though democracy would have to come after modernization argued that in a democracy, interest groups and police parties compete for state resources and may cause chaos. Authoritarian governments can just focus on strengthening the economy ( authority ruling over people avoiding conflicts… )

Answer 120

- The State government (not the private sector) controls and allocates land and natural resources, industries and assets - States intervene to prevent market failure

Answer 121

Most scholars explain the politics of civil wars and rebellions based on the motivations of elite (top) leadership (which were mostly male). by ignoring the grassroots, they ignore women and gendered relationships

Answer 122

- women have often been important members of insurgent groups fighting against colonial or authoritarian regimes (el Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala for example ) - Women played key role in logistics and healthcare, but also on the frontlines in combat roles -Women making a significant proportions of combatants

Answer 123

- major surge of democracy in history after the collapse of authoritarian countries - Term coined by S. Huntington - Began with fall of Salazar regime in Portugal - Accelerated through the 1980s and after the Cold War (esp. Latin America, Africa) - Not confined to the developing world

Answer 124

-States and society often have difficulty changing their trajectory after formative experiences and processes

Answer 125

The military is the force most likely to undermine the process of consolidation Theres the risk that generals might take decision making away from the government (coup)

Answer 126

“If the Japanese government had accepted the theory of comparative advantage in the 1960s, rather than taking a more interventionist approach and subsidizing certain industries, Sony and Toyota would not have been formed” (Ahearne, p.65)

Answer 127

identity is marked by affectivity : the emotional charge that underlies identity

Answer 128

- Identity is constructed by historical actors both within and outside a given group - Ethnic traits are not inborn or inherent; they are acquired through social interaction, shaped by exogenous factors - Wether we realize it or not, people are socialized into their identities - Ethnic elites can reinforced ethnic divisions for instrumental reasons - some actors matter more than others in terms of shaping identities which is done deliberately, to reinforce ethnic division

Answer 129

- China and India have reduced poverty, become major economic powers, most of the data indication a decline in global poverty are driven by these 2 countries (perhaps skewing the data) - Latin America and Africa have not grown much wealthier since 1990; in fact, their share of global exports has defined since 1945

Answer 130

Expectation built in the terminology for the country to fulfill the remaining criteria - countries need to be given a little to consolidate ? Or does many countries don’t make it pass these early stages ? If you stretched the concept of democracy too thinly, it becomes meaningless

Answer 131

forbidden by the WTO

Answer 132

- Perpetrator of many murderous attacks on civilians, and high profile kidnapping of hundreds of schoolgirls from Chibok - founded 2002, split 2015 - north-east Nigeria and spreading, porous borders (their activity have been operational in the neighbouring countries, causing a regional problem, leading to closer collaboration between neighbours)

Answer 133

Colonial power disrupted social orders throughout the developing world, often codifying gender

Answer 134

Substituting imports by imposing large tariffs to grow your own sectors (to industrialize)

Answer 135

- Example of slavery abolition advising “Slavery needing to go on for good condition and wealth to be maintained” - this proves that Rich and poor countries did not happen by accident, they are defined by a history of exploitation

Answer 136

Identity is constructed by historical actors both within and outside a given group

Answer 137

- maternal mortality as a key indicator of development and women’s rights Death of a mother after childbirth indicated poverty and worse gender rights

Answer 138

* *Bolivias Coca Growers Unions** - Since 1970s, the US policy has emphasized eradication of latin American coca production (killing the crops with interventionist policies to eradicate drugs at their source) - In Bolivia, growing coca is a traditional cash crop for indigenous Aymara people, not always linked to the cocaine trade. Racial and economic dimension - Bolivian Coca Growers’ Union focused on economic development and cooperation between government and coca growers - To de-stigmatize the growing and avoid the destruction of crops, attempting co-existence - In 2006, former Union head Evo Morales elected to power in Bolivia which impacted things truly - Overall volume of coca production in Bolivia has declined -Rural populations given plots devoted to coca growing -Approach praised by UN office of drugs and crime, condemned by US DEA -The kind of existence that resulted from this “modern” civil society (mobilization) created some change \*but not to Romanticize, he is still in power and maybe not so democratic

Answer 139

enforcing of Shari’a law

Answer 140

- even when the state takes steps to improve the lives of the lower class, it is doing so to ensure stability so that powerful groups can profit more

Answer 141

- State institutions require a framework of laws constraining state bureaucrats (people who had traditional access to power which they could abuse) - States needs to establish responsiveness between state and civil society (smooth give and take, a receptiveness on the part of the state, venues in which the citizens can ask though questions) - Lawmakers and elites must be accountable to each other (accountability from within so that no element of the government is above the law)

Answer 142

-Religious divisions (between Shi’a and Sunni Muslims) t

Answer 143

- Group able to thrive because of states with weakened government due to past events and porous borders - Weakened states, porous borders have enable militant to move freely - ISIS operating across borders - Different ethnic and religious groups spread across territory and ISIS operation overlap with the sunni parts - ISIS using social media very effectively to recruit and get message out- very media savvy creating images that will travel around the world

Answer 144

Government have licensed or sold resources and utility to multinational corporation Countries like Bolivia and South-Africa have experimented with privatized water If you privatize (and charge) clean water in a country where the majority is extremely poor- it becomes another form of oppression and Inequality

Answer 145

- “the part of civil origination into formation NGOs typical of industrialized societies today” - these NGOs are assisted by the west (funding) - Often times NGOs disrupt a local civil society ecosystems because of big salaries, big funding draining people away from working for the local government -\*\*\*People going to work for NGOs for a larger wage than if you work for the government

Answer 146

extractive purposes

Answer 147

white, urban-dwelling women in South Africa will have a very different experience of key indicators such as employment, health care, education and childbirth compared to their rural dwelling, black fellow citizens (so not accurate to simply talk of “the women of south-africa” - south africa ranks high in terms of inequality )

Answer 148

-Tanzania gained independence from the UK in 1962 -It was poor at the time of independence and highly fragmented, with hundreds of ethnolinguistic groups (which were actually not a odds with each other) -Tanzania’s first president, Julius Nyerere encouraged national unity, promoted citizenship over ethnicity -Forging a national identity around everybody being a citizen of Tanzania -He launched a socialist-inspired, state organized development program based on collective agriculture- this failed to bring growth -Nyerere also helped to forge a national identity that has provided political stability, even in the absence of prosperity -The country remained peaceful regarding of no economic growth Nyerere is highly referred to as “our teacher” as he promoted peaceful citizenship \*Power of the state to shape the sentiments of the citizens in the absence of true coercive power

Answer 149

“Asian Tigers” (South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore) 1. State spending : government injected cash into new industries to help them grow 2. Control of labor : government make sure unison weren’t too powerful, worker were therefore paid a living wage but to ensure profit was still big, government made sure the unions were not asking for more pay 3. Investment in human capital : governments subsidized education, training for workforce ( need for skilled and educated workers so theses spendings are a huge investment)

Answer 150

- Political and economic elites in developing countries usually welcome globalization and FDI, and often benefit personally. Corruption reduces distribution of wealth but is also not unique to developing world (ex: Montreal, Trump hotels) - The poor do no necessarily benefit from FDI

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- Prescribed a formula for newly-independent countries countries to modernize (what states should do to achieve development) - Aimed to transform economies as well as societies and value systems -Recommended for the states from traditional to “modern” to facilitate economic development and the conditions for emergence of democracy

Answer 152

**Descriptive representation:** the number of women in positions of power and the extend that this mirrors their share of the population at large

Answer 153

parties lose elections not only a question of fair and free elections but a matter of will the losing party accept the outcome and step aside ?

Answer 154

- **Inclusive** institutions seek to represent most or all citizens, and promote development - **Extractive** institutions help elites extract wealth and “fail to create the incentives needed for people to save, invest and innovate” (The extractive state is the kind of state that marxist would argue that represents all States)

Answer 155

- the different identity and interests are varied witting civil society - Therefore impossible to make large claim (it doesn’t always challenges the state…status quo, right wing agenda), the KKK is part of “civil society”

Answer 156

If the state has no control (let the market do its magic, eliminates safe guards), financial elite can concentrate wealth without limits

Answer 157

-Coffee and sugar were super popular and for this extraction to be profitable : required vast reserves of **cheap labor**, leading to **slavery** and/or indentured servitude (not technically slaves but working slave tasks to earn very minimal gain) -Spur to the transatlantic slave trade + indigenous slave

Answer 158

To de-stigmatize the growing and avoid the destruction of crops, attempting co-existence

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-Need to control in order to claim territory (others were waiting and watching) , had to be able to enforce tight control and resource extraction

Answer 160

In 1975, Egyptian president Anwar El-Sadat adopted a diplomatic and economic policy of infitah (openness) - He implemented Western-imposed policies of “streamlining” government spending by cutting state subsidies to basic goods for the poor - This included cutting the bread subsidy upon which millions of Egyptians relied for their daily subsistence - Massive riots broke out across population centre in Egypt; over 70 were killed and 500 injured - Crisis ended when Sadat called in the army and renewed the subsidies - Saving some money by cutting back was not worth it

Answer 161

- Emerged among Western police makers and scholars in the 1950s - Independence was in the air for many countries (foundation of the UN etc..) - Emerged in European thinking circles so very Eurocentric

Answer 162

-fighting against an oppressive regime, and struggling against gender discrimination within their own movement

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the grassroots women and gendered relationships

Answer 164

* *The Hawala System** - This ancient cash-transfer network is used on an honour system (good name matters) - It has its origins among Silk Road traders in the 8th century - cheating is punished by effective excommunication and “loss of honour”- leading to economic astracism - After 9/11, Western governments feared that hawala was being used to finance terrorists networks and cracked down on them - In areas under its control, on Iraqui and Syrian, the Islamic State has taxed Hawala and Turin it into a revenue stream for its actives - portrays the potential negative impact of traditional

Answer 165

- A study of social capital in hundreds of ciliates thought India found that social capital is internally generated by : * *1.**Self-initiated orgs (as opposed to those organized be the state) * *2**.Local leadership (instead of state level leadership) * *3.**The study found that social capital grows over time * *4.**High socio-economic inequality can inhibit this growth ( greater the inequality, the less trust) valuable with India, and idea of progress (what happens to social capital in a context of growth and inequality ?)

Answer 166

**Civil Society :** civic organization that are separate from the state (NGOs, unions, labor groups, students associations, regions groups ) -often voluntary associations, and include smaller, community-based groups as well as “large professional, and bureaucratic organizations with large budgets”

Answer 167

-The concept of gender instead highlight the way in which the differences between male and domaine are socially constructed and are thus also historical and culturally variable, rather than innate and constant

Answer 168

- Globalization also means cheaper goods, raising living standards - BUT - Cheap foreign goods can bankrupt local industries by under-selling them (example: Chinese goods taking over Africa which fully undermine local industries , textiles for instance)

Answer 169

This is as opposed to earlier forms of political authority which relied on a leaders charisma, in which there was no clear separation between the private and public spheres. In these earlier forms, typically, that leader’s authority would flow from charisma not from rational legal.

Answer 170

- women did not have the right to drive (saudi arabia- but that change is very much cosmetic (activist still in prison) ) - women did not have the right to leave the home unaccompanied by a male relative (Afghanistan under the taliban , from the very radical reading of the religion)

Answer 171

- In 1980s, lower global prices for primary commodities triggered “Lost Decade” for global south - Pushed theses countries into the arms of the IFIs which started to lend them money to manage their deficits) - Countries became highly dependent on World Bank and IMF loans

Answer 172

- **Posner** = structure, not the agency of people involved - **Varsney**= premium of the actions of communities to consciously build bonds within them that withstand the forces of violence

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“War made the state and the state made war”

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reinforce divisions between various groups

Answer 175

1973 oil crisis

Answer 176

- Colonial authorities sometimes codified custom into law: **for example**, in India, where customary marriage laws were made into law, granting male elders legal authority over women - Discriminatory laws favouring men undermines women participation in agriculture and other aspects of the economy

Answer 177

-By the early 1970s, copper prices started to drop dramatically, and Zambia found itself in an economic crisis by the 1980s. Much of the infrastructure that had been invested in began to decay .

Answer 178

- Colonized by the British in late-19th and early 20th century - British drew borders arbitrary to bring together many different ethnolinguistic and religious (a country that makes no sense in terms of diverse population- a state that lacked unity from the outset ) - Gained independence in 1960 (kept a lot of the borders) - religion is only one of the dividing lines between the different groups on Nigeria - Numerous coups-d’état (checker pattern of governance between difference forms of authority - military state, governments.. , civil war (1967), repeated political violence since then - Very difficult to govern - Large territory and very diverse state - State = patchwork of different ethnic groups, so much diversity - Nigeria was not always in chaos in division but by in large, the issues that plagued it at the time of independence and colonial history keep resurfacing to this day

Answer 179

* *1.Network ties prior to mobilization :** previous organizational involvement; family ties with guerrillas, living in a refugee camp or repopulated commodity + \*\* - tended to contribute to women joining * *2.Biographical availability :** was it feasible for them to join ? motherhood (even if sometimes, women did both) ; family completeness; age at mobilization * *3.Experiences of repression:** women who personally experiences repression were more likely to join, where the government had committed human rights violations and atrocities against local communities, women felt compelled to fight back

Answer 180

“Ethnic traits are “in born”, they are a set of characteristic that are genetically impritted into a person regardless of their upbringing

Answer 181

colonial legacies

Answer 182

- Promoted tolerance for different ideas and attitudes - Voluntary associations mediate between individuals and the state

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**Substantive representation :** the promotions of women’s interest - the mere fact of women’s presence in politics does not necessarily translate into greater advocacy on behalf of omens rights - need to dig down and look at if women rights manifest

Answer 184

Ethnic elites can reinforced ethnic divisions for instrumental reasons - some actors matter more than others in terms of shaping identities which is done deliberately, to reinforce ethnic division

Answer 185

-Zambia - Zambia gained its independence from UK in 1964 - “ The Cooper Belt” - For the first 10 years of independence, the global copper boom made Zambia a middle-income country - They were hopeful that overtime, their economy would rise and strengthen. Hope for Zambia, from its strong copper economy, to follow the modernization theory path (steady growth overtime) - By the early 1970s, copper prices started to drop dramatically, and Zambia found itself in an economic crisis by the 1980s. Much of the infrastructure that had been invested in began to decay. This led to the “lost decade”. - Beginning in the early 2000s, rising Chinese demand for copper boosted Zambia’s economy again - But that 2000s boom also declined, Zambia economic growth also slowed - Copper accounts for 40% of Zambia’s GDP and 74% of export revenues - Factors that Zambia has no control upon that has a huge impact on its economy

Answer 186

- a strong middle class

Answer 187

- There are usually hard-liners (want to resist democracy because 1) to keep power to themselves, 2) ideology objection, 3) pragmatic because of blood on their hand and want to avoid trial) and soft-liners (in favour of democratization, they feel time for change has come, they stand for the country to prosper much more, they want to end the global isolation caused by non-democracy, craving international approval) within an authoritarian regime - there is usually tension between these two - Leaders (of the security forces) give political freedoms in exchange for no violence, immunity form prosecution, economic and political privileges

Answer 188

\*Power of the state to shape the sentiments of the citizens in the absence of true coercive power

Answer 189

-social and behaviour characters assigned to men and women vary through space

Answer 190

imposed ecnomic conditions: conditionality.

Answer 191

“a human community that successfully claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory” -State as monopoly having all the power, having the means and the legitimacy in the eyes of the population.

Answer 192

powerful groups

Answer 193

associate individual

Answer 194

La alegria ya viene (Joy is coming) Focused on joy to avoid repression from violent regime and decided appeal to the populist by speaking in general terms of brighter tomorrow avoiding dark themes

Answer 195

Before voting day on Oct. 5 1988, the No coalition led a massive grassroots effort to register 92 percent of the electorates

Answer 196

inochet had the support of all of the army and the support of the business community

Answer 197

. We had the students, we had human rights, we had very well-structured political parties, and we had the people in the streets in order Support from the “ordinary” people because of the bad economic situation and they were suffering from the regime

Answer 198

Chilean military officers remained immune from prosecution Pinochet still chief of armies, 1990-98

Answer 199

Casting an authoritarian light over the new democracy Transition is not complete because within the security forces there is still elects of authoritarian elements

Answer 200

an imprint on the state for a very long time

Answer 201

Chile's president from 2006-10 to 2014-17 Activist emprisoned during the regime served 2 terms as president Her father was killed because of activism under the Pinochet

Answer 202

1988: Founded and led the National League for Democracy She was also the daughter of a murdered activist 1990: Won elections held by the military regime, with 59% of the vote; military annulled the results and cracked down 1989-2010: Suu Kyi placed under house arrest for her pro-democracy activism 1991 : Suu Kyi awarded the Nobel Peace Prize After her released in 2010, NLD became active in Burmese politics Burmese army maintains a grip on power, but put a minority of seats in legislature up for election: NLD most of them in 2012-16 : Suu Kyi became opposeton leader and parliament member 2016: Elected state counsellor Criticized for accepting a position in a government where the army was still powerful that would kind of legitimized their presence Criticized for her silence on military’s persecution of minty Rohingya Muslims

Answer 203

Myamar and Chile

Answer 204

Speaks to complexity when the military retains all power - how authoritarian traits are very hard to dissolve

Answer 205

Scholars, policymakers have assumed that “democracies with adjectives” are on a linear path towards democracy. In reality, many of them are not. Questioning if : Is democratization a natural, ineluctable process ? Do elections generate broader democratic reforms ?

Answer 206

Category of countries that form a category of their own rather than democacies with adjectives- where elections may not deepen democratic participation and accountability. They are not expected to be on a path

Answer 207

Situation where democracy means free markets and the spread of insecurity. Elite can afford security but, in many democracies, a majority are exposed to daily violence and insecurity

Answer 208

Brazil Transitioned from military dictatorship to democracy in 1985 For years afterward, the security forces continued to hold much power Brazil’s economy has grown very powerful But it also has one of the greatest gap between rich and poor in the world A chronic aspect of Brazil’s politics emerged in that context : plagued by very high levels of violent crime by individuals, drug gangs, and police **Urban violence:** Drug gangs are so powerful in some cities that they have the weaponry to shoot down police helicopters (police lacking power and legitimacy in these areas) Vast slums (flavelas) are governed by gangs : citizens there experience the state mainly via police raids In these areas, they don’t feel the presence of the state

Answer 209

-Neo-liberal, Washington Consensus model This means that citizens get political rights, but elites hold on to out wealth Marginalization and poverty persist Important continuities with authoritarianism