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Gerontology M108 > Post-midterm > Flashcards

Post-midterm Flashcards

1
Q

theory

A

broad explanation that provides a structure for organizing and interpreting a multitude of observable phenomena and their relationships to one another (Hagestad & Dannefer, 2001)

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2
Q

Key words in publications/research on aging

A

healthy or successful aging
frailty

more recently, healthy or successful aging has been a stronger hit than frailty when they used to be on par/level with each other

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3
Q

elements of successful aging

A
  • minimization of risk of disease and disability (physical function)
  • maintenance of physical and cognitive function
  • continuous engagement with life
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4
Q

key domains in aging

A 
physiological (highest emphasis) - physical functioning, cognitive function, illness/disease
descending emphasis:
well being
engagement
personal resources
extrinsic factors
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5
Q

Disengagement theory

A
  • first formal social theory of aging
  • societal and individual perspectives
  • normalizes withdrawing in aging
  • disengagement benefits both society and individual (when the person dies)
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6
Q

critiques/countering disengagement theory

A

greater activity/engagement and greater life satisfaction and well-being

disengagement not inevitable
disengagement has risk factors

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7
Q

activity theory

A

successful aging = active aging

  • maintain roles and activities of middle age, no fundamental change in psychological and social NEEDS from middle to older adulthood
  • substitute lost roles with new roles
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8
Q

continuity theory

A 
came out in the late 80s
- adaptive strategy:
personality
activities
relationships
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9
Q

role theory

A
  • we play a variety of social roles
  • roles define use
  • chronological age:
    eligibility
    appropriateness
    social expectations
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10
Q

role theory – role transformations

A
  • role adoption
  • role loss
  • role discontinuity
  • role exit
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11
Q

symbolic interaction perspective

A

interactions between individuals and their environment

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12
Q

social exchange theory

A

if an older person perceives that their contributions are no longer valued by others they may begin to withdraw from participating in social activities

consider: value of nonmaterial resources (e.g. love wisdom time)
- deferred exchange

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13
Q

social phenomenology of Aging

A

aging influence by social definitions and social structures
create socail reality for themselves and others
arise out of negotion

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14
Q

modernization theory

A

premise: decline in status of the aged
- health technology
- economic technology

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15
Q

Caveats modernization theory

A
  • never existed (there was nothing to begin with to decline)
  • rare
  • urbanization and industrialization
  • dependent on need, ability, and policy
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16
Q

development theory of aging (stages)

A
  • stages of physical and mental development

infant toddler –> older adult

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17
Q

Erik Erikson - stages of psychosocial development

A

development of individual through various levels, each stage being necessary for adaptation and for psychological adjustment

ego over the life course

  • stages
  • dilemma
  • successful
  • unsuccessful
    • old age begins at 60 and it’s all just grouped 60+ from there
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18
Q

generativity

A

7th stage of psychosocial development in Erikson’s model; caring for and mentoring younger generations, looking toward the future, and not stagnating in the past

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19
Q

Erikson’s Stage theory problems

A

broad generalizations
cross-cultural valididty
life course theory

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20
Q

social support networks composition (who)

A 
family
friends
co-workers, schoolmates
acquaintances
neighbors
social groups/orgs
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21
Q

characteristics of social networks

A 
# of ties
diversity of ties
frequency of interaction
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22
Q

social integration

A
  • the degree of emotional closeness
  • availability of support when needed
  • perception of oneself as an engaged person
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23
Q

emotional support

A

expression of empathy, caring, concern, love

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24
Q

instrumental support

A

provision of direct assistance or care (transportation, shopping, cooking, cleaning, gardening, house repair)

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25
Q

personal care (under instrumental support)

A

providing care with basic activities such as bathing, dressing, feeding

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26
Q

informational and organization support

A

support in decision making, care coordination and financial management

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27
Q

downside of social support

A
  • feelings of helplessness
  • perceptions of low mastery, autonomy, self-efficacy and control
  • perceived overprotection
  • feeling infantilized
  • may lead to neg. impact on mental and physical well-being
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28
Q

downside of social support

A
  • feelings of helplessness
  • perceptions of low mastery, autonomy, self-efficacy and control
  • perceived overprotection
  • feeling infantilized
  • may lead to neg. impact on mental and physical well-being

women have larger networks and often feel more of the neg effects than men

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29
Q

health promotion

A

health education and environmental changes are important to enhance people’s ability to improve their well-being, not just manage their diseases

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30
Q

exercise as central to health promotion

A

the benefits of regular aerobic weight-bearing exercise such as brisk walking and strength training are numerous, even for people with chronic illness

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31
Q

nutrition

A

a healthy diet has multiple benefits, eg. a moderate reduction in saturated and trans-fats can reduce cholesterol levels and the risk of heart disease.

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32
Q

primary prevention (health prevention)

A
  • prevention from even starting something

- not smoking - prevents chances of cancer

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33
Q

secondary prevention

A

stopping a disease before it affects your life (mammograms detect breast cancer early enough to treat it for high chances of survival)

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34
Q

tertiary prevention

A

preventing something that has already become clinical and affected someone’s life from recurring

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35
Q

sociometric network

A

identify attributes of the network (closed social system) by drawing and identifying relationships

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36
Q

mammograms in samoan women in LA

A

women with the highest level of connection had the highest levels of implementation of mammograms (more than once)

  • healthcare providers important for first mammogram
  • peer network most important for repeated use of mammography over time
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37
Q

classic aging pattern (intelligence tests)

A

lower functioning on performance tests of skills such as perceptual speed, stable scores on verbal scales

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38
Q

learning

A

new info from sensory etc memory becomes encoded “secondary memory”..ok

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39
Q

creaivity

A

ability to bring something new and valued into existence, such as applying unique solutions and coming up with original ideas or products

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40
Q

positive aging qualities

A 
long term "healing relationships"
supportive partner
replacing social networks
active coping
sense of purpose
generativity
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41
Q

critical perspectives on “successful aging”

A
  • exception to peers – too competitive
  • anti-aging (successful if able to do things that most people do when they’re younger)
  • class-based: puts a standard on aging that not all older adults will be able to achieve (due to opportunity)
  • does not separate aging from health
  • empirical support for alternative models
  • emphasis on Western values
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42
Q

productive activity

A

any activity (paid or unpaid) that produces good or services, or develops the capacity to produce them, for the benefit of others/society

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43
Q

xerostomia

A

lack of saliva (causes problems eating)

44
Q

reactions to loss

A
  • denial, numbness, shock
  • bargaining
  • depression
  • anger
  • acceptance
45
Q

denial (benefits)

A
  • protects the individual from experiencing the intensity of the loss defense mechanism
46
Q

underpaid caregivers: direct care workers

A

minimal education, living in poverty “paraprofessional”

- provide hands on care in both private home and institutional settings

47
Q

age stratification theory

A
  • addresses that each person goes through different experiences (in addition to cohort effect)
48
Q

life course perspective

A

attempts to bridge structural or societal level and individual psychological level factors that affect human development (cohort + individual factors)

49
Q

political economy

A

socioeconomic + political constraints such as power and control of resources NOT individual factors, shape the experience of aging and age inequities in society
–result in cumulative disadvantages in old age

50
Q

social constructionism

A

aging is defined as a problem more by culture and society than by biology and bodily changes
- realities of age and age-related concepts are socially constructed through our interpersonal interactions

51
Q

Eldercare Workforce Alliance (EWA)

A

national coalition of professional organizations whose goal is to address the workforce needs in the field of aging and influence federal legislation to expand the geriatric workforce

52
Q

fluid intelligence

A

skills that are biologically determined; independent of experience or learning; require flexibility in thinking

53
Q

intelligence

A

the theoretical limit of an individual’s performance

54
Q

primary mental abilities (PMA)s

A

the basic set of intellectual skills, including mathematical reasoning, word fluency, verbal meaning, inductive reasoning, and spatial orientation

55
Q

recall

A

the process of searching through secondary memory in response to a specific external cue

56
Q

self-concept

A

cognitive representation of the self; emerges from interactions with social environment, social roles, and accomplishments

57
Q

classic aging pattern

A

older people
lower functioning on performance tests of skills such as perceptual speed (fluid intelligence) but stable scores on verbal (crystallized intelligence)

58
Q

older adults marital status

A

more men married

more women widowed

59
Q

Administration on Aging (AoA)

A

primary funder of community based services for older adults; oversee,s supports, and advocates for services through the Aging Network; now part of the ACL

60
Q

blended fam

A

membership comprise blood and nonblood relationships through divorce or remarriage

61
Q

fictive kin

A

families of choice, not relatives in the formal sense, whose members provide the kind of love and support that caring family members do for each other

62
Q

foster grandparents program

A

volunteer program pairing elders with children with special needs

63
Q

gatekeepers

A

people in formal and informal roles who regularly interact with older adults and can watch for signs indicating a need or assistance
ex: postal carriers, beauticians or friends and neighbors

64
Q

gerontological society of america (GSA)

A

association of researchers, educators, and practitioners interested in gerontology and geriatrics

65
Q

multigenerational fam

A

3+ more gens alive at same time

66
Q

natural helpers

A

people who assist others because of their concern, interest, and innate understanding

67
Q

Retired and Senior Volunteer Program (RSVP)

A

federally sponsored program that places older adult volunteers in a wide range of service settings

68
Q

social networks of choice

A

mutually helpful social relationships consisting of friends, relatives, and members from the community at large

69
Q

SAGE Services & Advocacy for Gay, lesbian, Bisexual & Transgender Elders

A

oldest and most influential national organization, providing services, advocating at a policy level, and training services providers

70
Q

hypotension

A

dizziness and faintness from exertion after a period of inactivity, typically due to low blood pressure

71
Q

health promotion model

A
  • individuals largely responsible for and in control of their own health through lifestyle changes, combined with health education and related environmental changes conducive to health
72
Q

National Council on the Aging (NCOA)

A

nation org of over 2,000 social welfare agencies concerned with aging that provides technical consultation and is involved in federal legislative activities

73
Q

hypokinesia

A

degeneration and functional loss of muscle and bone due to physical inactivity

74
Q

working memory

A

temporary stage of holding, processing, and organizing info–not a specific storage area in the brain…..

75
Q

perceptual speed

A

time required to recognize and respond to a stimulus deteriorates with aging

76
Q

general dslowing hypothesis

A

aging causes a slowing of info processing in the nervous system, resulting in slower performance on complex tasks, although the extent of slowing varies with the task

77
Q

executive function

A

cognitives skills required to organize one’s learning function

78
Q

instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)

A

summary of an individual’s ability to perform more complex activities such as household and financial management, making a phone call, grocery shopping, meal preparation and taking medications

79
Q

tip-of-the-tongue states (TOTs)

A

difficulty retrieving names from secondary memory but often spontaneously recalled later

80
Q

selective attention

A

being able to focus on information relevant to a task while ignoring irrelevant info

81
Q

disuse theory

A

not using the info results in its loss

82
Q

interference theory

A

explains age-related problems with retrieval– poor retrieval may be due to combo of distraction during the learning stage and interference by new info with the material stored over many years being searched for in the retrieval stage

83
Q

cognitive retraining

A

teaching people how to use various techniques to keep their minds active and maintain good memory skills

84
Q

mediators (visual and verbal)

A
  • visual and verbal links between info to be memorized and info that is already in secondary memory
  • assist in recall
  • mnemonics
85
Q

creativity

A

ability to bring something new and valued into existence, such as applying unique solutions and coming up with original ideas or products

86
Q

ego integrity vs despair

A

8th and last stage of psychosocial development in Erikson’s model; aging individual achieves wisdom and perspective–accepting inevitability of death, or despairs because he or she views one’s life as lacking meaning

87
Q

stage theories of personaltiy

A

development of an individual through various levels, each stage being necessary for adaptation and for psychological adjustment

88
Q

ego integrity vs. despair

A

aging individual achieves wisdom and perspective, or despairs bc s/he views one’s life as lackign meaning

89
Q

life review

A

process of sharing one’s memories and experiences with others, whether orally or in writing (can help older adults attain ego integrity)

90
Q

positivity effect

A

elders more likely to remember positive emotional content than negative

91
Q

socio-emotional selectivity theory

A

explains paradox that elders’ emotional well-being is often better than younger adults, despite losses faced
– when faced with death more likely to pursue emotional satisfaction rather than acquiring info

92
Q

self-efficacy

A

feeling competent to deal with new situations

93
Q

Cognitive-behavioral interventions

A

use active, time-limited approaches to change negative thoughts and behaviors, such as self-monitoring and increased participation in pleasant events

94
Q

problem-solving therapy (part of CBT)

A

goal-setting
effective coping techniques
motivational interviewing

95
Q

anxiety disorder

A

functional psychological disorder often triggered by external stress and accompanied by increased heart rate, fatigue, restlessness and sleep disorders

96
Q

paranoia

A

psych disorder characterized by irrational suspiciousness of other people

97
Q

schizophrenia <1% elders

A

psych disorder characterized by thought disorders and hallucinations, psychotic behavior, and loss of emotional expression

98
Q

Third Age

A

stage after middle age before final stage and is conceptualized as a time of continued involvement and growth in areas of life beyond employment and family

99
Q

palliative care

A

focused on alleviating/relieving pain by addressing the patient’s emotional, social, and spiritual needs, not on lifesaving measures

100
Q

hospice

A

program of care for dying persons that gives emphasis to the personal dignity of the dying person, reducing pain and sources of anxiety and provides family support when needed

101
Q

socioemotional selectivity theory

A

increase focus on emotionally-satisfying and meaningful relationships in late life

102
Q

problems w instrumental support in older adulthood

A
  • feelings of helplessness
  • perceptions of low mastery, autonomy, self-efficacy and control
  • perceived overprotection
  • feeling infantilized
  • may lead to neg impact on mental and physical well-being
103
Q

mental disorders among older persons

A

depression
anxiety
dementia

104
Q

Rowe & Kahn model of “successful” aging

A
  • free of disease and disability
  • good cog/phys functioning
  • engaged with life/involvement in soc
105
Q

critical perspectives on productive activity for aging

A

classbased

  • separates aging from health
  • empirical support for alternative models
  • emphasis on western values
106
Q

Erikson’s stages of psychosocial developmetn 7 + 8

A

7 - middle adulthood (30-60) - generativity vs stagnation

8 - old age (60+) - integrity/wsidom vs despair

Gerontology M108 (3 decks)

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