Exam 1 Flashcards
life span
longest number of years any member of a speies has been known to survive
life expectancy
the average number of years at death–the number of years people in a given population can expect to live
life expectancy 1900 vs 2009
male vs female
47 vs 78.2
- 6 females
- 7 males
resilience
the ability to survive difficulties in life through healthy coping mechanisms and the discovery of internal and eternal strengths, such as family, neighbors, or spirituality
chronological aging
based on years from beirth
biological/functional age
based on physical function (ability/disability)
psychological age
based on cognitive abilities (memory, intelligence)
social age
based on social roles and relationships (student?)
subjective age
“you’re as young as you feel”
birth cohort
group of people who were born at approximately the same time and therefore share many common experiences
longitudinal study
measures the same person over a specified period of time, typically years
cross-sectional study
compares people of different chronological ages at the same measurement period
sequential designs
cohort-sequential
time-sequential
cross-sequential
cohort-sequential study
two or more cohorts or groups are followed for a period of time so that measurements are taken of different cohorts at the same ages but at different points in time
time-sequential
compares two or more cross-sectional samples at two or more measurement periods (distinguishes between age and time of measurement or historical factors)
cross-sequential
cross sectional + longitudinal
Baby boomers
born between 1946-64 (end of WWII)
population aging
increase in the size of the peopulation age 65+ and a gain in the average age of a population
life expectancy
the average length of time one could expect to live if one were born in a particular year and if death rates were to remain constant
crossover effect
although African Am. have a lower life expectancy than white people, those who live to 75 have a life expectancy after 75 greater than for whites
maximum life span
length of years a given species could expect to live if all environmental hazards were eliminated
dependency ratio
number of people age 65+ to every 100 people of traditional working ages (18-64)
support ratio
% of population that is employed to unemployed
“Blue Zones”
places with large numbers of long-living residents who share healthy lifestyles, diets, engagement in their community, and a positive worldview
old-old age
age group 75-84
oldest old
age group 85+, currently the largest growing
hardiness
genetic factors that determine how well an older person copes with disease or other stressors in their lives
compression of morbidity / Longevity Dividend
lengthening the period of youthful vigor and experiencing only a few years of major illness in very old age
- implies that premature death is minimized because disease and functional decline are not compressed into a brief period of 3-5 year before death
- trend has NOT continued
dependent life expectancy + active life expectancy trends
= longer dependent, shorter active
filial piety
respect your elders and ancestors
modernization theory
the transformation of a society from a relatively rural way of life toward an urban way, with highly differentiated institutions and individual roles
- modernized societies have a cosmopolitan outlook that emphasizes efficiency and progress
- youth gain power, symbols of progress, while the older people lose respect through urbanization, communication tech, health tech, science tech used in economic production and distribution, literacy and mass education
gerontology
the field of study that focuses on understanding the biological, psychological, social, and political factors that influence people’s lives
Geriatrics
clinical study and treatment of older people and the diseases that affect them
who are the elderly?
- healthy, community-dwelling
- community-dwelling with 1+ chronic disease
- community-dwelling with ADL or IADL dependence
- Nursing home (43% at some point in their life will be in a nursing home)
- hospitalized
most common chronic conditions affecting older persons
hypertension
arthritis
heart disease
Geriatric Syndromes
dementia (Alz a form) delirium (transient) incontinence sensory impairment malnutrition osteoporosis falls and immobility pressure ulcers polypharmacy
Basic ADLs
bathing dressing going to the toilet transferring continence feeding
IADLs (Intermediate)
phone shopping meal prep housekeeping doing laundry public transport take meds handle finances
Advanced activities of Daily Living (AADLs)
patient specific functional activities (e.g. recreational, occupational, community service)
demographic transition
stage 1: high birth, high death
stage 2: high birth, declining death
stage 3: low birth, low death
epidemiologic transition
explains dem. transition, caused of death change from infection and malnutrrition diseases –> chronic disease
stage 1: infection/malnut
stage 2: decline infect/malnut, increase in chronic disease
stage 3: predominantly chronic diseaess
adequate food supply, clean water, sanitation systems , pub health interventions
usa leading causes of death 1900 vs 2009
1900: pneumonia, TB, diarrheal
2009: heart disease, cancer, stroke
SSDI - social security disability insurance
one of the only public programs that can help under 65+ people who are unable to get a job because they are disabled – their retirement plan has become SSDI income
bio perspective
vulnerability (skin, falls, cardiovascular system) hereditary/enviro interactions, evolution of lifespan
social perspective
role changes, economics, family & support networks, policy implications
psychological perspective
developmental stages, personal life events, coping and adaptation
life course framework
an approach to the study of aging that emphasizes how the experiences of individuals (biography) interact with individual’s place in the social system (sociocultural) and the historical period (sociohistorical) in which they live
individual factors (life events) + historical factors (war, movements) + socio/cultural factors (race, gender, econo)
issues in life course research
age/period/cohort problem
age effect: change/event that occurs as a result of advanced aging
period effect: impact of a historical event on the entire society
cohort effect: impact of a group bounded by time or a common life experience
Systems approach pyramid (top-down)
genetic factors disease individual lifestyle family support health and social services state and national policy WHO
systems approach
- system composed of set of related parts
- general living systems theory describes how all living systems work
- living systems are self-organizing and open to interacting with their environment
- system levels are hierarchical, interactive, and interdependent
ex: systems approach to influenza
- genetic resistnce/cell response to virus
- lungs
- high risk groups: older, comorbidities, immunocompromised
- LA county public health dept
- epidemic surveillance in US (CDC)
- WHO monitors influenza virus types
3 perspectives total
biopsychosocial framework helps us understand the person in relationship to smaller and larger systems
lifecourse perspective related the person to the time as well as the larger systems
people over 65 (demographics)
1900: 4.1
2009: 12.8 (3x)
2030: 1 in 5
2050: almost equal number from birth to age 18
median age 1900 vs 2009:
23 –> 37
demography based on shifts in?
fertility
mortality
migration
studies characteristics of human populations
migration effects on demographics
most migrants are relatively young
only 8% growth of older population is from immigration
higher immigration and birth rates of hispanic and asian populations add to the “youth” of the US
epidemiology
study of patterns of mortality and morbidity in populations
morbidity: any ill health, excludes death
global aging
top proportions of 65+ (percentages)
1997: all european + japan
2025: japan + european
2050: europe + japan
global aging
top absolute number 65+
1997: China, india, US, Jap, europe, Indonesia
2025: china, india, us, + brazil, italy
2050: china, india, us, indonesia, brazil, + mx, bangladesh, pakistan
avg. life expectancies over time (more/less developed, world) 1970 –> 2050
more developed: 71 –> 83
less developed: 55.5 –> 76
world: 59.5 –> 77
differences in US aging
we are living 30 years longer than they did 100 years ago
US life expectancy at birth vs. other countries
we dont’ make the top 10
effects of ageist attitudes (when older individuals apply neg. age stereotypes to themselves)
greater cardiovascular response to stress
worse health behaviors (higehr tobacco use)
effects of ageist attitudes (when younger individuals hold neg. age stereotypes)
greater likelihood of cardiovascular events compared to individuals with more positive stereotypes
assessment of the elderly patient
medical cognitive affective functional (physical/social) economic social support/caregiver environmental quality of life/well being advance directives spirituality
contrasting values affecting social policy (indiv vs gov’t)
- welfare is a person’s responsibility within a free-market economy unfettered by govt
- welfare is matter of common stake and responsibility of both individual and community (govt)
contributory policies
social security and medicare
older adults entitled to these benefits based on mandatory contributions into system as paid worker throughout their lives
discretionary policies
TANF low income children families – congress has to approve funding annually and amt varies from year to year
social adequacy
shared societal obligation to provide a basic standard of living for all who are eligible, regardless of the size of their payroll contributions
individaul equity
when people receive benefits such as Social Security based on their earned right–what they paid as payroll taxes
