Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

E&E Insects > post midterm > Flashcards

post midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of caste differentiation

A

Queen worker differentiation- difference in queen size
dimorphism and caste differences among workers- difference in workers between castes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What hormone influences the variation in the timing of decision points in caste determines among specie of social insects

A

The juvinile hormone- which is the switch between queen and worker (the absence of this hormone means the insect will be a worker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In honey bees, fertile queens develop from larvae fed a complex diet called____. And what was the exclusive driver in queen bee determination

A

Royal jelly and one protein in royal jelly, royalactin was deemed to be the exclusive driver of queen bee determination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Newly hatched larva can either be a queen or a worker. If the larva is fed a lot of royal jelly, it will become a queen. What characteristics does this mean for the queen

A

Increase in body growth, ovary development, queen organs and a decrease in neurogenesis, and worker organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Newly hatched larva can either be a queen or a worker. If the larva is fed a little bit of royal jelly, it will become a worker. What characteristics does this mean for the worker

A
  • Increase in neurogenesis and worker organs
  • decrease in body growth, ovary development, and queen organs.
  • It actually means that the workers are more neuro developed than the queens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The entire queen development from a fertilized egg to an adult takes ____

A

16-17 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Worker emerge as adults around ____ days later than queens

A

5 days, this could be attributed to the neuronal development difference in workers vs queens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What acs as an external cue that direct epigenetic programming of postembryonic development in a caste specific manner via metabolic flux

A

Larval feeding regimes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the characteristics of a supersedure cell

A

Its a cell where the queen undergoes metamorphosis in a special sealed cell that was initially full of royal jelly. The royal jelly is also hypothesize to also keeping the queen inside the cell due to its high viscosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Differentiate between monomorphic castes and dimorphic castes

A

monomorphic - the queen and workers are the same size
dimorphic - the queen is larger than the workers, this is often seen in eusocial insects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe how adult differentiation works in monomorphic castes

A

Caste differences are determined later in life via social interactions that occur after adults emerge as callows. Interactions and food exchange can affect differential expression of core toolkit genes involved in nutrient signalling and metabolism. – this leads to same size insects, but behaviorally and physiologically distinct adult females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Differentiate between subordinates and dominates in a monomorphic caste

A

Subordinates- functional workers with small ovaries with no eggs.
Dominates- functional egg laying queens with large ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe how adult differentiation works in dimorphic castes

A

Queen and worker caste differences are determines early in life. Social interaction (physical contact and feeding) set up differences in the expression of core ‘toolkit’ genes related to nutritional signaling. This leads to reproductive queens and nonreproductive workers (dimorphic adults)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are callows

A

Describes an adult insect in a monomorphic caste prior to the determination of queen or worker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two types of worker castes

A

Polyethism and morphologically different castes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is polyethism

A

Temporal variation in workers tasks as they age (honey bees, ants)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Size =_____, molded by natural selection

A

Emergent property

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In the diverse genus Pheidole, the wingless worker caste has evolved into two morphologically distinct sub castes ___&____

A

Small headed minor workers and large headed soldiers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where do winds develop from in populations of cells in larvae? And which in a population are wingless and winged

A

Wing imaginary discs. And the queens and males develop wings, and thus the workers and soldiers are wingless but the imaginal discs appear during soldier development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the unique habits of leaf cutter ants and the importance of their fungus

A

The ants can not survive without their fungus, Leucocoprinus. The workers bring back fresh vegetation, which is then chewed into small pieces until it becomes pulp. Workers then apply fecal droplets which contain digestive enzymes which then become substrates for the fungus gardens. The ants also use an apparently mutualistic bacterium that protects the fungus garden against parasites

21
Q

Three genetic systems where the sperm and egg genome have different roles or fates

A
  • Hybridogenesis- females of hybrid origin produce gametes bearing only the maternal genome, which are then fertilized with the sperm of the paternal species resulting in hybridogen
  • Social hybridogenesis- reproductive system where two genetic lineages coexist within each population. Queens mate with males from both lineages. Pure lineage matings produce new queens while interlineage matings produce workers.
  • Androgenesis-Offspring ONLY inherit the fathers genes
22
Q

What is hybridogenis

A

its if clonally inherited maternal part and a sexually inherited paternal part

eggs are produced with only the female genetic materical and the males are only used to fertizlize

23
Q

Epigenetics

A

Study of heritable changes in the gene expression not involving changes in DNA base pairs

24
Q

How is the phenotypic plasticity explained in eusocial insects?

A

Parental phenotypes influence the social status of offspring not through genetic inheritance but through genetic imprinting – showcased through Reticulitermes speratus (termites)

25
Q

Oligolectic vs. Polylectic bees

A

Oligolectic - specialize in collecting pollen from one genus or species (or from only a few genera or
species) of flowering plants.
Polylectic - generalists; collect pollen from the flowers of a variety of unrelated plants.

26
Q

What is caste differentiation?

A

Caste differentiation refers to the process by which individuals within a colony of social insects develop into specialized forms (such as queens, workers, and soldiers) based on factors like diet, hormones, and genetics.

27
Q

What is queen-worker differentiation/dimorphism?

A

Queen-worker differentiation is the distinct physical and functional differences between the reproductive queen and the non-reproductive worker caste in eusocial insects.

28
Q

How is caste determined in social insects?

A

Caste determination is influenced by various factors including nutrition, hormones, genetic inheritance, and social environment. Epigenetic mechanisms and environmental factors play significant roles in shaping the caste of individuals.

29
Q

What is polyethism in worker castes?

A

Polyethism refers to the temporal variation in the tasks performed by workers as they age, such as performing different roles at different stages of their life in species like honeybees and ants.

30
Q

What is the role of hybridogenesis in caste determination?

A

In hybridogenesis, females produce gametes that only carry the maternal genome, discarding the paternal genome. This can result in a colony having both queen and worker castes, where hybrid matings lead to worker production.

31
Q

skip

A
32
Q

What is genomic imprinting and how does it affect caste determination in termites?

A

Genomic imprinting in termites involves parental phenotypes influencing offspring caste fate, not through direct genetic inheritance but via epigenetic mechanisms, particularly in species like Reticulitermes speratus.

33
Q

What is the significance of nutrition in caste development?

A

Nutrition plays a crucial role in determining the development of castes. For example, the amount and type of food provided to larvae can influence whether they develop into queens, workers, or soldiers.

34
Q

How do worker ants exhibit morphological differences?

A

Worker ants may have different morphologies, such as minor workers with smaller heads and major workers (soldiers) with large heads. These differences are often related to the tasks they perform in the colony.

35
Q

What are the main genetic mechanisms of caste determination in social insects?

A

The main genetic mechanisms include direct genetic factors and epigenetic effects, which can interact with environmental influences to determine whether an individual becomes a queen, worker, or other caste.

36
Q

What is the function of the metapleural glands in ants?

A

The metapleural glands produce antibacterial secretions that help protect the colony from pathogens, enabling ants to nest in pathogen-rich environments.

37
Q

What is the significance of the metapleural gland in ant evolution?

A

The metapleural gland is unique to ants and has evolved to protect colonies from pathogens, especially in moist, pathogen-rich environments.
- produces antibacteria secretions to protect from pathogents

38
Q

What are the main functions of the mandibular glands in ants?

A

The mandibular glands secrete pheromones used for communication, including defensive allomones, sex pheromones, and territorial marking.

39
Q

How do ants use the Dufour’s gland?

A

The Dufour’s gland secretes substances involved in defense and colony communication, particularly for marking territory and triggering alarm responses.

40
Q

What is the function of venom glands in social insects? and what does this gland produce

A

Venom glands produce toxic substances used in defense, hunting, and territorial disputes. The venom can deter predators or be used for hunting prey.

40
Q

What is the role of the pygidial glands in social insects?

A

The pygidial gland produces defensive substances that are used by ants and other insects for alarm signaling and protection against predators.

41
Q

How do glands in social insects regulate colony behavior?

A

Glands, such as the mandibular and metapleural glands, secrete pheromones that coordinate colony activities, including foraging, defense, and reproduction.

42
Q

What is the role of chemical communication in ant colonies?

A

Chemical communication, facilitated by glands like the mandibular and metapleural glands, helps ants coordinate tasks such as food finding, defense, and reproductive activities.

43
Q

Why is the metapleural gland considered an evolutionary adaptation for ants?

A

The metapleural gland’s antibacterial secretion allows ants to thrive in pathogen-rich environments, making it crucial for colony survival and success.

44
Q

How do the functions of glands contribute to eusociality in insects?

A

Glands produce chemical signals that regulate complex social behaviors, helping to maintain order within colonies, ensure cooperative brood care, and defend against threats.

45
Q

what is the major chemical component found in the honeybee alarm pheromone

A

isopentyl acetate

46
Q

why does the honeybee alarm pheromone smell like bananas

A

Because isopentyl acetate is the main component of the fruit

47
Q

which gland is the alarm pheromone released from in bumble bees

A

Primarly from the Koschevnikov gland located near the sting shaft

48
Q

How is smoke thought to calm bees

A
  1. masking the alarm pheromone which prevents the bees from being alerted of aggressive
  2. the smoke triggers a feeding response due to the bees insiticual response to fire to gorge on honey which in turn makes them more docile

E&E Insects (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions