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BIOL306 midterm review > Post midterm > Flashcards

Post midterm Flashcards

1
Q

common principles of sensory processing

A

Different types of information about the world are “coded” by the nervous system in different ways
Coding of stimuli is rapid and dynamic
Sensory systems are organized into “maps”
Stimuli in the environment are “decomposed” into simpler elements then “reconstructed” in the brain

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2
Q

visual processing pathway

A

ganglion cells -> lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus -> Primary visual cortex

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3
Q

what happens to visual recognition during locomotion? (precise where)

A

the magnitude of the visual stimuli response of PRIMARY VISUAL SYSTEM (NOT LGN) increases due to increased neuromodulator release

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4
Q

3 type of visual selectivity neurons

A

orientation-selective, direction-selective, non-selective

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5
Q

what happens to the magnitude of response of an auditory neurons during movement?

A

it decreases

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6
Q

what brain region respond to bird’s own song

A

HVC (vocal sensorimotor nucleus)

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7
Q

explain sequence-dependent variation and where it happens

A

HVC neurons response is larger the more common the sequence before the focal syllable is

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8
Q

how do physiological state modulates auditory responses of HVC neurons to bird’s own song

A

awake bird HVC neurons respond LESS than anaesthetized to bird’s own song (but NOT L2 Field L neurons)

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9
Q

how do anesthetized birds respond to reverse bird’s own song?

A

they respond less to reverse bird’s song than to normal bird’s song! (however awake birds respond to both at the same level)

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10
Q

what are hypothesis of why anesthetized bird HVC neurons respond less than awake?

A

change in physiological state over time to attenuate auditory response, change in arousal level, directing attention elsewhere, …

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11
Q

Describe sensory learning

A

Adaptation in the brain’s response to sensory stimuli

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12
Q

What do R23 degrees glasses do?

A

Displace visual field to the right by 23 degrees/

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13
Q

What happens to owls wearing R23 glasses after 1 vs 42 days?

A

1 day: they look 23 deg to the right of visual cue but auditory localization is not affected
42 days: auditory and visual maps are aligned (owl look 23R of visual AND auditory cue)

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14
Q

What happens to the receptive field of optic tectum neurons after owls wear the R23 glasses for long?

A

receptive field is shifted to the LEFT by 23 deg

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15
Q

Describe the pathways leading to the optic tectum

A

auditory inputs -> ICc -> ICx -> OT <- visual input from retina

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16
Q

How do ICx neurons respond to 23R glasses?

A

Their receptive field and their ITD tuning shift 23 degrees to the left over time

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17
Q

How do ICc neurons respond to 23R glasses?

A

Their axons shifts and project to ICx regions that encode for sound coming 23deg to the left

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18
Q

How do R23 glasses affect the visual field?

A

it shift the visual field to the right (and receptive field shifts to the left to compensate

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19
Q

what ITD shift do the 23R glasses cause?

A

-40 microseconds shift

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20
Q

specie of bats that use echolocation and eat fruit

A

Roussettus from the Megachiroptera family

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21
Q

What is a harmonic?

A

wave whose frequency is a multiple of the fundamental frequency

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22
Q

When are echoes useful? what does that mean for bats?

A

when the object it wants to reflect on is bigger than the wave amplitude (frequency), therefore bats must emit short wavelengths to get echo from small insects

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23
Q

What frequencies encode ultrasounds?

A

20 kHz to 200 MHz (high frequencies)

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24
Q

What are the 2 theories explaining why bat calls are so loud? Sound intensity decreases to which parameter?

A

spherical spreading loss: sound decreases with square of distance
atmospheric attenuation: sound decreases with square of frequency (due to particle collision)

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25
Q

What are bat’s 3 hunt phases and what PULSE RATE do they each have? and at what distance from the prey do they each start?

A

approach: 10 Hz, 2m away, track: 60 Hz, 1 meter away, terminal buzz: 200 Hz

26
Q

what happens during bat’s terminal buzz?

A

call rate increases and calls become shorter and more broadband (calls produce a wider range of frequencies)

27
Q

What are FM calls used for? What are the 2 advantages of sending short pulses? What is the disadvantage of high frequency pulses?

A

to measure prey distance and properties!
1: gives precise timing information
2: no overlap between call and echo
disadvantage: strong attenuation = short detection range

28
Q

what brain region do echoes activate in blind people who use echolocation?

A

visual cortex

29
Q

what is active sensing? give an example

A

when animals interact with their environment via self-generated energy; echolocation

30
Q

what kind of sounds do bats need to emit to detect small insects’ echoes?

A

short wavelengths / high frequencies

31
Q

what are coincidence detectors?

A

in the Jeffress model, cells that detect the coincidence of inputs to process ITDs

32
Q

what is the problem with using the Jeffress model to explain echo-delay tuning? what is the solution?

A

echoes come back in milliseconds after the call was emitted, while ITDs are used for microseconds.
solution: bigger more myelinated axons

33
Q

how do bats integrate location (azimuth/elevation), distance, and direction/speed of insects? (using FM and CF)

A

location: ITD and IID
distance: echo delay
direction: Doppler shift

34
Q

what part of the cochlea responds to what sound frequencies?

A

base: responds to high frequencies
apex: responds to low frequencies

35
Q

what are combination-sensitive neurons?

A

extremely selective CF-FM bats auditory cortex neurons that only respond to specific harmonies of echo within very specific delays

36
Q

what harmonics are the loudest?

A

2nd and 3RD harmonics

37
Q

how do bats differentiate their own call from other bat’s?

A

only they can hear their fundamental frequency

38
Q

follow up question: FM-FM and CF-CF neurons only respond if what?

A

only respond if fundamental is present

39
Q

how do bats recognize prey’s properties?

A

FM frequencies respond differently to shapes, surfaces, and sizes of objects

40
Q

overall what are the 2 things that FM calls determine?

A

distance and properties of prey / object

41
Q

what does a narrow frequency range do?

A

focuses energy to create an increased range (increased sound intensity)

42
Q

what’s special about CF bat’s cochlea?

A

they have a big fovea dedicated to their constant frequency

43
Q

how does the doppler shift work?

A

when the sound is approaching, the receiver hears higher frequencies
when the sound is eloigning, the receiver hears lower frequencies

44
Q

what’s the doppler shift compensation?

A

when APPROACHING a prey, bats compensate for the increased echo that lies outside of their CF frequency by lowering their call frequency

45
Q

what are acoustic glints?

A

periodic echo modulation to compensate for bat’s wing beating due to doppler shift

46
Q

how does wing beating affect the echo?

A

echo is stronger when the insect’s wings are perpendicular to the direction of the call

47
Q

what are CF calls good for?

A

long-range detection (concentrated frequency) and target motion detection (doppler shift)

48
Q

how can a prey be detected in dense vegetation?

A

based on prey’s acoustic glints in echoes of CF calls

49
Q

what do CF-FM bats auditory cortex neurons each encode?

A

FM-FM neurons: distance
CF-CF neurons: velocity

50
Q

what type of calls do each forger use: dense forest vs open environment? why?

A

dense forest = FM because they work best to detect distance
open envirnment = CF because they can send longer-range calls

51
Q

what bat types produce FM vs CF calls

A

FM: BBB big brown bat
CF: Horseshoe bat

52
Q

what brain area lesions caused rats to not remember where the platform is in the watermaze?

A

hippocampus

53
Q

where does the dentate gyrus of hippocampus receives input from?

A

entorhinal cortex

54
Q

describe the 2 GPS cells we learned ab and where they are located.

A

place cells: fire at distinct spatial location; located in the hippocampus
grid cells: fire periodically at different equidistant regions; in entorhinal cortex

55
Q

what do animals who navigate larger spaces have?

A

they have larger place field and smaller space fields shared by the same place cells.

56
Q

place cells also fire when…

A

they are imagining the emplacement to which they respond to

57
Q

3 steps of birds vocal learing

A

sensory learning, sensorimotor learning, crystalized song

58
Q

what and where is the NCM

A

caudomedial nidopallium: auditory processing area in the forebrain important for auditory learning

59
Q

what 3 brain regions/structures did we learn that decrease bird song tutoring efficacity when perturbed during tutoring?

A

NCM, HVC, NMDA receptors

60
Q

explain the sensorimotor vocal learning model

A

song control nuclei -> singing -> auditory feedback = mismatch between developing song and song template = evaluate feedback -> instructive signal -> adaptive modification of motor program in song control nuclei

61
Q

what neuromodulator is important for learning, arousal, addiction?

A

dopamine

62
Q

what does social tutoring increase compared to passive tutoring? (3 things)

A

dopamine release on area X by VTA, norepinephrine release by locus coeruleus, NCM response

BIOL306 midterm review (3 decks)

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