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BIOL306 midterm review > Neuroethology > Flashcards

Neuroethology Flashcards

1
Q

what are Tinbergen’s 4 questions about behavior?

A

what’s the function of behavior?
what’s its evolutionary history?
how is it developped?
how is it controlled?

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2
Q

sensory system that aquatic animals use to navigate and locate/identify objects in the environment.

A

electrosensation

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3
Q

sensory system used by animals to assist navigation by feeling the earth’s magnetic field

A

magnetoreception

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4
Q

3 examples of sensory systems that we have but are not aware of

A

proprioception, vestibular system, pheromones processing

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5
Q

system used to assess vibrational (mechanosensory - changes in pressure) signals in aquatic or semi-aquatic animals

A

lateral line system

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6
Q

mechanoreceptive organ consisting of hair cells whose tips are covered by a flexible and jellylike cupula

A

neuromast

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7
Q

antibiotic used to knock out lateral line system to be able to test it

A

gentamicin

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8
Q

a way of encoding information about what’s in the environment that consists of different neurons/sensory cells that get activated by different types/range of stimuli

A

labeled-line coding

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9
Q

a way of encoding information about what’s in the environment that consists of using pattern of activity across population of neurons to identify a stimulus

A

across-fiber coding

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10
Q

2 examples of labeled-line coding

A

auditory transduction, light transduction (but not color perception)

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11
Q

1 example of across-fiber coding

A

color perception

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12
Q

5 steps of perception

A

signal, collection, transduction, processing, action

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13
Q

what are the 2 mechanisms of transduction and what are they? what sense work by each mechanism?

A

mechanical: physical opening or closing of a channel; touch and hearing
second-messenger: G-protein coupled receptor triggers a biochemical cascade; taste, vision, olfaction

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14
Q

motion between what structures causes mechanical transduction?

A

cytoskeleton and extracellular anchor

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15
Q

what type of mechanoreceptors responds to light touch and low-frequency vibrations?

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

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16
Q

what type of mechanoreceptor responds to deep touch and high-frequency vibrations?

A

Pacinian corpuscle

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17
Q

what does the tension in tip links cause? (basically how sound is transduced)

A

opening of channels -> change in membrane potential -> transmitter release

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18
Q

what is non-spiking transmission?

A

transmitter release varies continuously with hair-cell membrane potential

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19
Q

what causes repolarization in hair cells?

A

opening of voltage-sensitive K+ channels - K+ exits hair cell into perilymph

20
Q

Why does the closing of K+ channels in the stereocilia lead to hyperpolarization of the hair cell?

A

permanently open K+ channels at the base of the hair cell (K+ exits the cell)

21
Q

how does olfactory transduction work?

A

binding of odorant to olfactory receptors activates second messenger (G-protein) cascade, cAMP is formed and opens ion channels, leading to depolarization and AP

22
Q

what happens in photoreceptors in the dark?

A

there is a high level of cGMP that causes a high resting Na+ conductance (Na+ channels are open)

23
Q

What is FAD and how does it work?

A

light sensitive chromophore: FAD converts to magnetically sensitive FADH free electron/radical when photoexcited

24
Q

what type of hair cells is the most important for transduction?

A

inner hair cells

25
Q

what kind of movement in the basilar membrane trigger depolarization of hair cells?

A

upward movement

26
Q

which part of the basilar membrane is more rigid and what frequencies does it respond to?

A

base; responds to high frequencies

27
Q

what does amikacin do?

A

blocks basilar membrane response to high frequency sounds

28
Q

what are the 2 ways how sound amplitude is transduced?

A

number of activated neurons; AP firing rate per neuron

29
Q

what do IID and ITD stand for? how can you test each?

A

interaural intensity difference, block an ear; interaural timing difference, move speaker left to right or play specific ITDs in earphones

30
Q

what was the results of the experiment of blocking one of barn owl’s ear?

A

they did errors in locating the elevation

31
Q

describe the 2 pathways (one for ITD, one for IID) from inner hear to ICx (external nucleus of inferior colliculus)

A

ITD: inner hear -> nucleus magnocellularis -> nucleus laminaris -> anterior lateral lemniscus -> central nucleus of auditory midbrain (inferior colliculus) -> ICx
IID: inner hear -> nucleus angularis -> posterior lateral lemniscus -> central nucleus of auditory midbrain (inferior colliculus) -> ICx

32
Q

where does information between right and left hear cross?

A

between nucleus magnocellularis and nucleus laminaris - NL is where information converges

33
Q

what does inactivating NM neurons do? what can we conclude from that?

A

it affects ITD response of ICx neurons, but not IID, therefore NM neurons responds to change in azhimut

34
Q

what does inactivating NA neurons does?

A

it affects IID response of ICx neurons

35
Q

what are coincidence receptors? give an example

A

neurons in nucleus laminaris detect the coincidence of input (Jeffress model)

36
Q

explain de depolarization window in nucleus leminaris

A

coincidence detection neurons as being
maximally excited by particular ITDs, but partially activated for similar ITDs

37
Q

what characteristics of sound do crickets and frogs listen to to identify their friends?

A

differences in rate (frequency) and number of pulses

38
Q

HVC neurons in birds are sensitive to what?(allows them to recognize their friends)

A

specific sound sequences

39
Q

definition of temporal integration? and name 3 examples

A

neural responses to particular stimuli depend on the timing of stimuli; ITD, rate and nb of pulses (crickets and frogs), sequence dependent activation (zebra finches)

40
Q

what neurons fire to specific pulse rates in crickets? what about in frogs?

A

AN1 neurons for crickets; inferior colliculus neurons for frogs

41
Q

what is the equivalent of superior colliculus in vertebrates?

A

optic tectum

42
Q

where are the neurons that mediate pursuit
behavior of prey (are stimulated by worm-like stimulus)? what is this type of neurons called

A

in optic tectum; feature detectors

43
Q

what is the definition of feature detectors?

A

neurons that code for perceptually significant stimuli.

44
Q

what happens to toads when you cut the link between thalamic pretectum and optic tectum

A

toads loose selectivity to worm-like stimuli and actually respond more to non-worm-like stimuli

45
Q

which one is the most precise selection between orientation and direction selectivity?

A

direction selectivity

46
Q

explain the 2 pathways from retina to extrastriate visual cortex

A
  1. retina -> thalamic lateral geniculate -> primary visual cortex -> extrastriate visual cortex
  2. retina -> superior colliculus -> extrastriate visual cortex
47
Q

what is the function of multimodal integration?

A

Using information from multiple sensory systems (e.g., vision and auditory) to help in the
detection and localization of objects, especially with signal intensity is LOW in each modality

BIOL306 midterm review (3 decks)

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