Post midterm 1 content

Question 1

Server and client

Answer 1

Clients: request information that exist on servers. Server: machine that serves content.

Question 2

Explain how data is transferred from one location to another across networks, such as the Internet

Answer 2

• Data transmitted via open protocols which standardize communication
  
  • Most important protocols are transmission control (TCP) and internet protocol (IP)

Question 3

Router:

Answer 3

Directs packets of information

Question 4

Fault tolerance

Answer 4

• Redundant network

○ Multiple pathways to create redundancy, if one path is unavailable, there is other ways to transmit a message

Question 5

IP addresses

Answer 5

computer connected to internet is given a unique address

Question 6

Doamin name

Answer 6

• Domain name: identifies one or more IP addresses

Question 7

Phishing

Answer 7

sends a fraudulent message to trick the victim into revealing sensitive information or to deploy malicious software

Question 8

Email headers

Answer 8

• Contains information about the sender, recipient, email’s route to get to the inbox and various authentication details

Question 9

Cookies:

Answer 9

• Cookies store information about web browsing

* Third party cookies - save information about you that is not used for that website

Question 10

Filter bubble

Answer 10

• Being in a filter bubble means that algorithms have isolated you from info & perspectives that you haven’t already expressed an interest in

Question 11

Gestalt principles

Answer 11

proximity, similarity, enclosure, connection, continutiy, symmetry, figure and ground, closure, common fate

Question 12

Best visualizations for quantative comparision

Answer 12

Common scale

Question 13

Presentation

Answer 13

concerned with how different attributes of encoding are styled and how different attributes of encoding are styled - like using different fonts

Question 14

Representation

Answer 14

Representation is how data is encoded

Question 15

Infographic

Answer 15

Explanatory, little data, more text

Question 16

Visualization

Answer 16

exploratory, lots of data, little text

Question 17

Principles of a good infographic

Answer 17

○ Simplicity - minimal text, clear message, avoid clutter
○ Consistency - layout and design elements should be consistent 2-3 font sizes and colour scheme
○ Visibility - appropriate font sizes and colours that contrast
○ Navigability - clear to follow, uses scale and proportion to emphasize key points and headings
○ Suitability - right data for message, right graphic, right metaphors

Question 18

Classification

Answer 18

using previously categorized data to determine how to categorize new data

Question 19

Clustering

Answer 19

dividing data into subgroups to ensure certain measure of quality - similar items are grouped together - unlabelled with unknown output groups

Question 20

Machine learning

Answer 20

process of using data to help systems ‘learn’ without being explicitly programmed how to do a task

Question 21

Natural speach processing

Answer 21

1. Recognize speech
   
   2. Syntax analysis or parsing
   3. Semantic analysis
   4. Pragmatics

Question 22

Artificial neurns

Answer 22

solve one tiny function and pass information o

Question 23

deep learning

Answer 23

Layers of neurons

Question 24

Supervised machine learning

Answer 24

data is labelled to instruct machine which patterns to look for

Question 25

unsupervised ML

Answer 25

data is unlabbeled, machine looks for patterns

Question 26

Reinforcement ML

Answer 26

learn by trial and eror to achieve a clear objctive