Post Mid-term HI 102

Question 1

Colonel Edward Mandell House

Answer 1

American diplomat and confidential adviser to President Woodrow Wilson (1913–21) who played a key role in framing the conditions of peace to end World War I.

Question 2

Philip Dru: Administrator

Answer 2

The book delves into themes of social justice, the struggle between wealth and the underprivileged, and the transformative power of leadership through its main character, Philip Dru. The narrative likely unfolds as Dru navigates a society rife with class tensions and seeks to implement reform.

Question 3

Council on Foreign Relations (CFR)

Answer 3

Independent nonpartisan think tank and publisher that promotes understanding of international relations and foreign policy. It also publishes the journal Foreign Affairs, a leading forum for discussion of events that affect global affairs.

Question 4

Kulak

Answer 4

A wealthy or prosperous peasant, generally characterized as one who owned a relatively large farm and several head of cattle and horses and who was financially capable of employing hired labor and leasing land.

Question 5

Stalin’s 5 Year Plan

Answer 5

used first in the Soviet Union and later in other socialist states.

In the Soviet Union the first Five-Year Plan (1928–32), implemented by Joseph Stalin, concentrated on developing heavy industry and collectivizing agriculture, at the cost of a drastic fall in consumer goods.

Question 6

Holodomor

Answer 6

Man-made famine that convulsed the Soviet republic of Ukraine from 1932 to 1933, peaking in the late spring of 1933. It was part of a broader Soviet famine (1931–34) that also caused mass starvation in the grain-growing regions of Soviet Russia and Kazakhstan. The Ukrainian famine, however, was made deadlier by a series of political decrees and decisions that were aimed mostly or only at Ukraine.

Question 7

Democide

Answer 7

Death by Government

Question 8

Communism

Answer 8

Virulent form of Socialism:

Political and economic doctrine that aims to replace private property and a profit-based economy with public ownership and communal control of at least the major means of production (e.g., mines, mills, and factories) and the natural resources of a society.

Question 9

Karl Marx

Answer 9

A revolutionary, sociologist, historian, and economist.

Works: Manifest der (with Friedrich Engels), The Communist Manifesto (the most celebrated pamphlet in the history of the socialist movement), and Das Kapital (one of the most important work during that movement)

These writings and others by Marx and Engels form the basis of the body of thought and belief known as Marxism.

Question 10

Marxism

Answer 10

A body of doctrine developed by Karl Marx and, by Friedrich Engels in the mid-19th century. It originally consisted of three related ideas: a philosophical anthropology, a theory of history, and an economic and political program.

It was the root of Communism

Question 11

1848

Answer 11

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels write the Communist Manifesto

Question 12

1909–1915

Answer 12

The Fundamentals published

Question 13

1913

Answer 13

Establishment of the Federal Reserve Bank

Question 14

1917

Answer 14

Bolshevik Revolution

Question 15

1928

Answer 15

Stalin issues his five-year plan

Question 16

1929

Answer 16

U.S. Stock Market Crashes

Question 17

1933

Answer 17

Great Depression/New Deal

Question 18

Tsar Alexander II

Answer 18

Russian Tsar Alexander II: Ruled Russia from 1855 to 1881, known for emancipating the serfs in 1861 and implementing sweeping reforms in communication, governance, and education.

Question 19

Serfdom

Answer 19

the state of being a serf or feudal laborer

Question 20

Populism

Answer 20

a political approach that strives to appeal to ordinary people who feel that their concerns are disregarded by established elite groups.

Question 21

Communist Manifesto

Answer 21

The Communist Manifesto: Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels as the platform of the Communist League, it became a key statement for European socialist and communist parties in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Question 22

Friedrich Engels

Answer 22

a German socialist philosopher, the closest collaborator of Karl Marx in the foundation of modern communism. They coauthored The Communist Manifesto (1848), and Engels edited the second and third volumes of Das Kapital after Marx’s death.

Question 23

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Answer 23

a German philosopher who developed a dialectical scheme that emphasized the progress of history and of ideas from thesis to antithesis and thence to a synthesis.

Question 24

Dialectic

Answer 24

the art of investigating or discussing the truth of opinions.

Conflict

Question 25

Proletariat

Answer 25

workers or working-class people, regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism)

Question 26

Das Kapital

Answer 26

“Das Kapital” is a major work by Karl Marx, in which he explains his theory of the capitalist system, its dynamism, and its tendencies towards self-destruction. The book delves into Marx’s concept of the “surplus value” of labor and its impact on capitalism.

Question 27

“First International”

Answer 27

federation of workers’ groups that, despite ideological divisions within its ranks, had a considerable influence as a unifying force for labor in Europe during the latter part of the 19th century.

Question 28

Alexander III

Answer 28

the pope from 1159 to 1181, a vigorous exponent of papal authority, which he defended against challenges by the Holy Roman emperor Frederick Barbarossa and Henry II of England.

Question 29

Liberal

Answer 29

respecting and allowing many different types of beliefs or behaviour:

Question 30

“Bloody Sunday”

Answer 30

demonstration in Londonderry by Roman Catholic civil rights supporters that turned violent when British paratroopers opened fire, killing 13 and injuring 14 others (one of the injured later died). Bloody Sunday precipitated an upsurge in support for the Irish Republican Army (IRA), which advocated violence against the United Kingdom to force it to withdraw from Northern Ireland.

Question 31

Positivism

Answer 31

any system that confines itself to the data of experience and excludes a priori or metaphysical speculations. the term designates the thought of the French philosopher Auguste Comte (1798–1857). As a philosophical ideology and movement, positivism first assumed its distinctive features in the work of Comte, who also named and systematized the science of sociology.

Question 32

Bolsheviks

Answer 32

member of a wing of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party, which, led by Vladimir Lenin, seized control of the government in Russia (October 1917) and became the dominant political power.

Question 33

Sigmund Freud

Answer 33

an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis. Freud may justly be called the most influential intellectual legislator of his age. His creation of psychoanalysis was at once a theory of the human psyche, a therapy for the relief of its ills, and an optic for the interpretation of culture and society.

Question 34

V. I. Lenin

Answer 34

the founder of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), inspirer and leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), and the architect, builder, and first head (1917–24) of the Soviet state. He was the founder of the organization known as Comin tern (Communist International) and the posthumous source of “Leninism,” the doctrine codified and conjoined with Karl Marx’s works by Lenin’s successors to form Marxism-Leninism, which became the Communist worldview.

Question 35

behavioral psychology

Answer 35

a highly influential academic school of psychology that dominated psychological theory between the two world wars. Classical behaviorism, was concerned exclusively with measurable and observable data and excluded ideas, emotions, and the consideration of inner mental experience and activity in general.

Question 36

Leon Trotsky

Answer 36

a communist theorist and agitator, a leader in Russia’s October Revolution in 1917, and later commissar of foreign affairs and of war in the Soviet Union (1917–24). In the struggle for power following Vladimir Ilich Lenin’s death, however, Joseph Stalin emerged as victor, while Trotsky was removed from all positions of power and later exiled (1929).

Question 37

pragmatism

Answer 37

School of philosophy, based on the principle that the usefulness, workability, and practicality of ideas, policies, and proposals are the criteria of their merit.

Question 38

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Answer 38

peace treaties signed at Brest-Litovsk (now in Belarus) by the Central Powers with the Ukrainian Republic (Feb. 9, 1918) and with Soviet Russia (March 3, 1918), which concluded hostilities between those countries during World War I. Peace negotiations, which the Soviet government had requested on Nov. 8, 1917, began on December 22.

Question 39

Friedrich Nietzsche

Answer 39

German classical scholar, philosopher, and critic of culture, who became one of the most influential of all modern thinkers.

Question 40

Red Army

Answer 40

Soviet army created by the Communist government after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. The name Red Army was abandoned in 1946.

Question 41

John Dewey

Answer 41

American philosopher and educator who was a cofounder of the philosophical movement known as pragmatism, a pioneer in functional psychology, an innovative theorist of democracy, and a leader of the progressive movement in education in the United States.

Question 42

War Communism

Answer 42

economic policy applied by the Bolsheviks during the period of the Russian Civil War (1918–20). the policy of War Communism lasted from 1918 to1921. The policy’s chief features were the expropriation of private business and the nationalization of industry throughout Soviet Russia and the forced requisition of surplus grain and other food products from the peasantry by the state.

Question 43

Humanist Manifesto

Question 44

New Economic Policy

Answer 44

(NEP), the economic policy of the government of the Soviet Union from 1921 to 1928, representing a temporary retreat from its previous policy of extreme centralization and doctrinaire socialism.

Question 45

B. F. Skinner

Answer 45

an American psychologist and an influential exponent of behaviorism, which views human behavior in terms of responses to environmental stimuli and favors the controlled, scientific study of responses as the most direct means of elucidating human nature.

Question 46

Auguste Comte

Answer 46

a French philosopher known as the founder of sociology and of positivism. Comte gave the science of sociology its name and established the new subject in a systematic fashion.