HI 102 Flashcards
National Assembly
From June 17 to July 9, 1789, it was formed by representatives of the Third Estate. Until September 30, 1791, its formal name was the National Constituent Assembly.
1793
Eli Whitney develops the cotton gin
1834
Cyrus McCormack patents the mechanical reaper
1859
Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species
1867
British North America Act makes Canada a self-governing commonwealth
1869
Suez Canal completed
1884
Fabian Society formed
1832
Reform Bill grants suffrage to all middle-class males
Jethro Tull
Was an English agronomist, agriculturist, writer, and inventor whose ideas helped form the basis of modern British agriculture.
invented the seed planter.
Great Irish Potato Famine
Famine that occurred in Ireland when the potato crop failed in successive years. By the early 1840s almost half the Irish population, particularly the rural poor, was depending almost entirely on the potato for nourishment.
Domestic Industry
Production system widespread in 17th-century western Europe in which merchant-employers “put out” materials to rural producers who usually worked in their homes but sometimes labored in workshops or in turn put out work to others. (quality over quantity)
Agricultural Rev
Slow change of the traditional agricultural system(began in Britain in the 18th cen.). Aspects of this included:
Reallocation of land ownership to make farms more compact and an increased investment in technical improvements (machinery, better drainage, scientific methods of breeding, and experimentation with new crops and systems of crop rotation.)
Industrial Rev
The process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. These technological changes introduced novel ways of working and living and fundamentally transformed society.
Cottage industry
an industry whose labor force consists of family units or individuals working at home with their own equipment
Flying shuttle
Machine that represented an important step toward automatic weaving. It was invented by John Kay in 1733.
Richard Arkwright
A textile industrialist and inventor whose use of power-driven machinery and employment of a factory system of production were perhaps more important than his inventions.
James Hargreaves
An English inventor of the spinning jenny, the first practical application of multiple spinning by a machine.
Edmund Cartwright
An English inventor of the first wool-combing machine and of the predecessor of the modern power loom.
James Watt
A Scottish instrument maker and inventor whose steam engine contributed to the Industrial Revolution. Watt was also known for patenting the double-acting engine and an early steam locomotive.
George Stephenson
A pioneer English railroad engineer who assisted his uncle George Stephenson and his cousin Robert Stephenson in their work.
Railroads
adoption of a railed pavement in North America was originally tied to gravity operation but later was adapted for the locomotive.
Factory system
System of manufacturing (18th century). Based on the concentration of industry into specialized—and often large—establishments. The system arose in the course of the Industrial Revolution.(quantity over quality)
Middle-class
The middle class emerged during a complex process of political, economic, and social change. It developed during the Gilded Age as industry expanded and professional jobs became available.
John Deer
A pioneer American inventor and manufacturer of agricultural implements.
Steal plows
Child Labor
In 1870 the U.S. census expanded the collection of employment statistics to include children.
It found that 75,000 children under age 15 worked—a number that didn’t include those “employed” in family businesses or on family farms.
Poor Law Act
In British history, body of laws undertaking to provide relief for the poor, developed in 16th-century England and maintained, with various changes, until after World War II.
Wage labor
a free wage-labor market emerged in the artisan trades late in the colonial period. The earliest recorded strike occurred in 1768 when New York journeymen tailors protested a wage reduction.
Chartism
British working-class movement for parliamentary reform named after the People’s Charter, a bill drafted by the London radical William Lovett in May 1838. It contained six demands:
Universal manhood suffrage,
Equal electoral districts,
Vote by ballot,
Annually elected Parliaments,
Payment of members of Parliament,
Abolition of the property qualifications for membership.
Sir Robert Peel
A British prime minister (1834–35, 1841–46) and founder of the Conservative Party. Peel was responsible for the repeal (1846) of the Corn Laws that had restricted imports.
Queen Victoria
Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1837–1901) and empress of India (1876–1901). She was the last of the house of Hanover and gave her name to an era, the Victorian Age.
The Great Exhibition
was held in the purpose-built Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London, to showcase the latest developments in engineering, science, and the arts, as well as objects of cultural significance from Britain and abroad. Running from May to October, the exhibition was a huge success with more than 6 million people marveling at the curiosities on show.
Reform Bill of 1832
Any of the British parliamentary bills that became acts in 1832, 1867, and 1884–85 and that expanded the electorate for the House of Commons and rationalized the representation of that body.
Benjamin Disraeli
A British statesman and novelist who was twice prime minister (1868, 1874–80) and who provided the Conservative Party with a twofold policy of Tory democracy and imperialism.
Charles Haddon Spurgeon
An English fundamentalist Baptist minister and celebrated preacher whose sermons, which were often spiced with humour, were widely translated and extremely successful in sales.
Dwight L. Moody
A prominent American evangelist who set the pattern for later evangelism in large cities.
George Müller
A German psychologist who, as director of one of the major centries of psychological research at the University of Göttingen (1881–1921), contributed to the advancement of knowledge of sensations, memory, learning, and colour vision.
Florence Nightingale
Was a British nurse, statistician, and social reformer who was the foundational philosopher of modern nursing. Nightingale was put in charge of nursing British and allied soldiers in Turkey during the Crimean War.
Lord Ashley
Was one of the most effective social and industrial reformers in 19th-century England. He was also the acknowledged leader of the evangelical movement within the Church of England.
Crimean War
A war fought mainly on the Crimean Peninsula between the Russians and the British, French, and Ottoman Turkish, with support from January 1855 by the army of Sardinia-Piedmont.
British North America Act
The act of Parliament of the United Kingdom by which three British colonies in North America—Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Canada—were united as “one Dominion under the name of Canada” and by which provision was made that the other colonies and territories of British North America might be admitted. It also divided the province of Canada into the provinces of Quebec and Ontario and provided them with constitutions. The act served as Canada’s “constitution” until 1982, when it was renamed the Constitution Act,
Sepoy Rebellion
The Sepoy Rebellion, also known as the Indian Mutiny or the First War of Independence, was a failed rebellion against the rule of the British East India Company in India123. It was a significant event in Indian history and represented the single greatest threat to British control of the sub-continent before 1947
William Carey
The founder of the English Baptist Missionary Society (1792), a lifelong missionary to India, and an educator whose mission at Shrirampur (Serampore) set the pattern for modern missionary work. He has been called the “father of Bengali prose” for his grammars, dictionaries, and translations.
Amy Carmichael
Missionary and writer.
Robert Moffat
A Scottish missionary to Africa and Bible translator, who was known for his efforts to improve local living standards in Africa. He was also the father-in-law of the missionary and explorer David Livingstone (1813–73).
David Livingstone
A Scottish missionary and explorer who exercised a formative influence on Western attitudes toward Africa.
Samuel Adjai Crowther
The first African to be ordained by the Church Missionary Society, who was in 1864 consecrated bishop of the Nigro territory.
Sold into slavery at the age of 12
Liberia
Country along the coast of western Africa. Liberia’s terrain ranges from the low and sandy coastal plains to rolling hills and dissected plateau further inland.
Slave trade
Enslaved persons were taken from the Slavs and Iranians from antiquity to the 19th century, from the sub-Saharan Africans from the 1st century ce to the mid-20th century, and from the Germanic, Celtic, and Romance peoples during the Viking era.
Boers
A South African of Dutch, German, or Huguenot descent, especially one of the early settlers of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. Today, descendants of the Boers are commonly referred to as Afrikaners.
Cecil Rhodes
Was a financier, statesman, and empire builder of British South Africa. He was prime minister of Cape Colony (1890–96) and organizer of the giant diamond-mining company De Beers Consolidated Mines, Ltd.
Boer War
War fought from October 11, 1899, to May 31, 1902, between Great Britain and the two Boer (Afrikaner) republics—the South African Republic (Transvaal) and the Orange Free State—resulting in British victory.
Suez Canal
Sea-level waterway running north-south across the Isthmus of Suez in Egypt to connect the Mediterranean and the Red seas
Charles Darwin
English naturalist whose scientific theory of evolution by natural selection became the foundation of modern evolutionary studies.
Christian Socialists
A movement of the mid-19th century that attempted to apply the social principles of Christianity to modern industrial life.
Fabian Society
Socialist society founded in 1884 in London, having as its goal the establishment of a democratic socialist state in Great Britain. They put their faith in evolutionary socialism rather than in revolution.
Ulster
One of the ancient provinces of Ireland and subsequently the northernmost of Ireland’s four traditional provinces.
modernism
In the fine arts, a break with the past and the concurrent search for new forms of expression. Modernism fostered a period of experimentation in the arts from the late 19th to the mid-20th century, particularly in the years following World War I.
Enlightenment
This was a European intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries that synthesized ideas about God, reason, nature, and humanity.
Deism
An unorthodox religious attitude that emerged in England in the 17th century and continued until the middle of the 18th century.
Romanticism
An intellectual orientation that influenced art and literature in Western civilization from the late 18th to mid-19th century.
Pietism
A 17th-century religious reform movement among German Lutherans, emphasizing personal faith over doctrine and later including social and educational concerns.
Natural Rights
philosophy and law
Hanoverians
A British royal house of German origin, providing six monarchs from George I to Victoria. It was succeeded by the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, later renamed the House of Windsor in 1917.
Seven Years’ War
(1756-1763) Involved major European powers. It stemmed from the Austrian Habsburgs’ attempt to reclaim Silesia, which had been taken by Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia during the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748).
French and Indian War
Was the American phase of a global conflict between France and Great Britain from 1754 to 1763. It determined the control of North American colonial territories and was part of a series of earlier wars for overseas dominance.
Articles of Confederation
Was the first constitution of the United States, in effect from 1781 to 1789. It served as a transitional government between the rule by the Continental Congress and the federal government established under the U.S. Constitution of 1787.
United States Constitution
Is the foundational law of the federal government, outlining the main branches of government and the basic rights of citizens.
Bill of Rights
The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution
First, Second, and Third Estate
The First Estate: The clergy, members of the Catholic Church.
The Second Estate: The nobility, members of the aristocracy.
The Third Estate: The rest of society, mostly landless peasants and commoners who produced food to support the First and Second Estates.
