HI 102 Flashcards
(174 cards)
1
Q
National Assembly
A
From June 17 to July 9, 1789, it was formed by representatives of the Third Estate. Until September 30, 1791, its formal name was the National Constituent Assembly.
2
Q
1793
A
Eli Whitney develops the cotton gin
3
Q
1834
A
Cyrus McCormack patents the mechanical reaper
4
Q
1859
A
Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species
5
Q
1867
A
British North America Act makes Canada a self-governing commonwealth
6
Q
1869
A
Suez Canal completed
7
Q
1884
A
Fabian Society formed
8
Q
1832
A
Reform Bill grants suffrage to all middle-class males
9
Q
Jethro Tull
A
Was an English agronomist, agriculturist, writer, and inventor whose ideas helped form the basis of modern British agriculture.
invented the seed planter.
10
Q
Great Irish Potato Famine
A
Famine that occurred in Ireland when the potato crop failed in successive years. By the early 1840s almost half the Irish population, particularly the rural poor, was depending almost entirely on the potato for nourishment.
11
Q
Domestic Industry
A
Production system widespread in 17th-century western Europe in which merchant-employers “put out” materials to rural producers who usually worked in their homes but sometimes labored in workshops or in turn put out work to others. (quality over quantity)
12
Q
Agricultural Rev
A
Slow change of the traditional agricultural system(began in Britain in the 18th cen.). Aspects of this included:
Reallocation of land ownership to make farms more compact and an increased investment in technical improvements (machinery, better drainage, scientific methods of breeding, and experimentation with new crops and systems of crop rotation.)
13
Q
Industrial Rev
A
The process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. These technological changes introduced novel ways of working and living and fundamentally transformed society.
14
Q
Cottage industry
A
an industry whose labor force consists of family units or individuals working at home with their own equipment
15
Q
Flying shuttle
A
Machine that represented an important step toward automatic weaving. It was invented by John Kay in 1733.
16
Q
Richard Arkwright
A
A textile industrialist and inventor whose use of power-driven machinery and employment of a factory system of production were perhaps more important than his inventions.
17
Q
James Hargreaves
A
An English inventor of the spinning jenny, the first practical application of multiple spinning by a machine.
18
Q
Edmund Cartwright
A
An English inventor of the first wool-combing machine and of the predecessor of the modern power loom.
19
Q
James Watt
A
A Scottish instrument maker and inventor whose steam engine contributed to the Industrial Revolution. Watt was also known for patenting the double-acting engine and an early steam locomotive.
20
Q
George Stephenson
A
A pioneer English railroad engineer who assisted his uncle George Stephenson and his cousin Robert Stephenson in their work.
20
Q
Railroads
A
adoption of a railed pavement in North America was originally tied to gravity operation but later was adapted for the locomotive.
21
Q
Factory system
A
System of manufacturing (18th century). Based on the concentration of industry into specialized—and often large—establishments. The system arose in the course of the Industrial Revolution.(quantity over quality)
22
Q
Middle-class
A
The middle class emerged during a complex process of political, economic, and social change. It developed during the Gilded Age as industry expanded and professional jobs became available.
22
Q
John Deer
A
A pioneer American inventor and manufacturer of agricultural implements.
Steal plows
23
Child Labor
In 1870 the U.S. census expanded the collection of employment statistics to include children.
It found that 75,000 children under age 15 worked—a number that didn’t include those “employed” in family businesses or on family farms.
24
Poor Law Act
In British history, body of laws undertaking to provide relief for the poor, developed in 16th-century England and maintained, with various changes, until after World War II.
25
Wage labor
a free wage-labor market emerged in the artisan trades late in the colonial period. The earliest recorded strike occurred in 1768 when New York journeymen tailors protested a wage reduction.
26
Chartism
British working-class movement for parliamentary reform named after the People’s Charter, a bill drafted by the London radical William Lovett in May 1838. It contained six demands:
Universal manhood suffrage,
Equal electoral districts,
Vote by ballot,
Annually elected Parliaments,
Payment of members of Parliament,
Abolition of the property qualifications for membership.
26
Sir Robert Peel
A British prime minister (1834–35, 1841–46) and founder of the Conservative Party. Peel was responsible for the repeal (1846) of the Corn Laws that had restricted imports.
27
Queen Victoria
Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1837–1901) and empress of India (1876–1901). She was the last of the house of Hanover and gave her name to an era, the Victorian Age.
28
The Great Exhibition
was held in the purpose-built Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London, to showcase the latest developments in engineering, science, and the arts, as well as objects of cultural significance from Britain and abroad. Running from May to October, the exhibition was a huge success with more than 6 million people marveling at the curiosities on show.
29
Reform Bill of 1832
Any of the British parliamentary bills that became acts in 1832, 1867, and 1884–85 and that expanded the electorate for the House of Commons and rationalized the representation of that body.
30
Benjamin Disraeli
A British statesman and novelist who was twice prime minister (1868, 1874–80) and who provided the Conservative Party with a twofold policy of Tory democracy and imperialism.
31
Charles Haddon Spurgeon
An English fundamentalist Baptist minister and celebrated preacher whose sermons, which were often spiced with humour, were widely translated and extremely successful in sales.
32
Dwight L. Moody
A prominent American evangelist who set the pattern for later evangelism in large cities.
33
George Müller
A German psychologist who, as director of one of the major centries of psychological research at the University of Göttingen (1881–1921), contributed to the advancement of knowledge of sensations, memory, learning, and colour vision.
34
Florence Nightingale
Was a British nurse, statistician, and social reformer who was the foundational philosopher of modern nursing. Nightingale was put in charge of nursing British and allied soldiers in Turkey during the Crimean War.
35
Lord Ashley
Was one of the most effective social and industrial reformers in 19th-century England. He was also the acknowledged leader of the evangelical movement within the Church of England.
35
Crimean War
A war fought mainly on the Crimean Peninsula between the Russians and the British, French, and Ottoman Turkish, with support from January 1855 by the army of Sardinia-Piedmont.
36
British North America Act
The act of Parliament of the United Kingdom by which three British colonies in North America—Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Canada—were united as “one Dominion under the name of Canada” and by which provision was made that the other colonies and territories of British North America might be admitted. It also divided the province of Canada into the provinces of Quebec and Ontario and provided them with constitutions. The act served as Canada’s “constitution” until 1982, when it was renamed the Constitution Act,
37
Sepoy Rebellion
The Sepoy Rebellion, also known as the Indian Mutiny or the First War of Independence, was a failed rebellion against the rule of the British East India Company in India123. It was a significant event in Indian history and represented the single greatest threat to British control of the sub-continent before 1947
38
William Carey
The founder of the English Baptist Missionary Society (1792), a lifelong missionary to India, and an educator whose mission at Shrirampur (Serampore) set the pattern for modern missionary work. He has been called the “father of Bengali prose” for his grammars, dictionaries, and translations.
39
Amy Carmichael
Missionary and writer.
40
Robert Moffat
A Scottish missionary to Africa and Bible translator, who was known for his efforts to improve local living standards in Africa. He was also the father-in-law of the missionary and explorer David Livingstone (1813–73).
41
David Livingstone
A Scottish missionary and explorer who exercised a formative influence on Western attitudes toward Africa.
42
Samuel Adjai Crowther
The first African to be ordained by the Church Missionary Society, who was in 1864 consecrated bishop of the Nigro territory.
Sold into slavery at the age of 12
43
Liberia
Country along the coast of western Africa. Liberia’s terrain ranges from the low and sandy coastal plains to rolling hills and dissected plateau further inland.
44
Slave trade
Enslaved persons were taken from the Slavs and Iranians from antiquity to the 19th century, from the sub-Saharan Africans from the 1st century ce to the mid-20th century, and from the Germanic, Celtic, and Romance peoples during the Viking era.
45
Boers
A South African of Dutch, German, or Huguenot descent, especially one of the early settlers of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. Today, descendants of the Boers are commonly referred to as Afrikaners.
46
Cecil Rhodes
Was a financier, statesman, and empire builder of British South Africa. He was prime minister of Cape Colony (1890–96) and organizer of the giant diamond-mining company De Beers Consolidated Mines, Ltd.
47
Boer War
War fought from October 11, 1899, to May 31, 1902, between Great Britain and the two Boer (Afrikaner) republics—the South African Republic (Transvaal) and the Orange Free State—resulting in British victory.
48
Suez Canal
Sea-level waterway running north-south across the Isthmus of Suez in Egypt to connect the Mediterranean and the Red seas
49
Charles Darwin
English naturalist whose scientific theory of evolution by natural selection became the foundation of modern evolutionary studies.
50
Christian Socialists
A movement of the mid-19th century that attempted to apply the social principles of Christianity to modern industrial life.
51
Fabian Society
Socialist society founded in 1884 in London, having as its goal the establishment of a democratic socialist state in Great Britain. They put their faith in evolutionary socialism rather than in revolution.
52
Ulster
One of the ancient provinces of Ireland and subsequently the northernmost of Ireland’s four traditional provinces.
53
modernism
In the fine arts, a break with the past and the concurrent search for new forms of expression. Modernism fostered a period of experimentation in the arts from the late 19th to the mid-20th century, particularly in the years following World War I.
54
Enlightenment
This was a European intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries that synthesized ideas about God, reason, nature, and humanity.
55
Deism
An unorthodox religious attitude that emerged in England in the 17th century and continued until the middle of the 18th century.
56
Romanticism
An intellectual orientation that influenced art and literature in Western civilization from the late 18th to mid-19th century.
57
Pietism
A 17th-century religious reform movement among German Lutherans, emphasizing personal faith over doctrine and later including social and educational concerns.
58
Natural Rights
philosophy and law
59
Hanoverians
A British royal house of German origin, providing six monarchs from George I to Victoria. It was succeeded by the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, later renamed the House of Windsor in 1917.
60
Seven Years' War
(1756-1763) Involved major European powers. It stemmed from the Austrian Habsburgs' attempt to reclaim Silesia, which had been taken by Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia during the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748).
61
French and Indian War
Was the American phase of a global conflict between France and Great Britain from 1754 to 1763. It determined the control of North American colonial territories and was part of a series of earlier wars for overseas dominance.
62
Articles of Confederation
Was the first constitution of the United States, in effect from 1781 to 1789. It served as a transitional government between the rule by the Continental Congress and the federal government established under the U.S. Constitution of 1787.
63
United States Constitution
Is the foundational law of the federal government, outlining the main branches of government and the basic rights of citizens.
64
Bill of Rights
The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution
65
First, Second, and Third Estate
The First Estate: The clergy, members of the Catholic Church.
The Second Estate: The nobility, members of the aristocracy.
The Third Estate: The rest of society, mostly landless peasants and commoners who produced food to support the First and Second Estates.
66
National Assembly
From June 17 to July 9, 1789, it was formed by representatives of the Third Estate. Until September 30, 1791, its formal name was the National Constituent Assembly, popularly known by the shorter form.
67
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
Was adopted by France's National Assembly in 1789, inspired the French Revolution and served as the preamble to several constitutions.
68
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
During the French Revolution, this was enacted on July 12, 1790, to reorganize the Roman Catholic Church in France. This led to division within the French Church and opposition from devout Catholics.
69
Girondin
Were a group of republican politicians from the Gironde region who led the French Revolution's Legislative Assembly from October 1791 to September 1792.
70
Committee of Public Safety
Was a powerful political body during the French Revolution, wielding dictatorial control over France from September 1793 to July 1794. It was established on April 6, 1793, during a time of foreign and civil war in France.
71
Reign of Terror
French Revolution from 1793 to 1794, civil war spreading from the Vendée and armies surrounding France, the Revolutionary government decided to make “Terror” the order of the day and to take harsh measures against those suspected of being enemies of the Revolution
72
Republic of Virtue
During the French Revolution (1793-1794), the "Republic of Virtue" was a period when Maximilien Robespierre emphasized civic virtue, influenced by Jean-Jacques Rousseau's writings as part of the de-Christianization process.
73
National Convention
Governed France from 1792 to 1795 after the monarchy was overthrown on August 10, 1792. 749 deputies were elected to draft a new constitution for the country.
74
Civil Code or Code Napoléon
Is the French civil code enacted on March 21, 1804. It heavily influenced the civil codes of many countries in Europe and Latin America in the 19th century.
75
Austerlitz
Napoleon's greatest victory
76
Battle of Trafalgar
naval engagement of the Napoleonic Wars, which established British naval supremacy for more than 100 years
77
Continental System
During the Napoleonic wars, Napoleon implemented the Continental System to block British trade by prohibiting neutrals and French allies from trading with the British.
78
Battle of Waterloo
(June 18, 1815), Napoleon’s final defeat ended 23 years of recurrent warfare between France and the other powers of Europe.
79
Tennis Court Oath
On June 20, 1789, this was a defiant act by the nonprivileged classes (the Third Estate) during the beginning of the French Revolution at the Estates-General meeting.
80
Olive Branch Petition
Was written by John Dickinson, which appealed to King George III and expressed hope for reconciliation between the colonies and Great Britain.
81
Declaration of Independence
Is a document approved by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. It announced the separation of 13 North American British colonies from Great Britain.
82
Invasion of Russia
In 1812 this invasion was executed by Napoleon I's Grande Armée, and the Russians employed a prolonged withdrawal strategy, denying Napoleon a decisive battle.
83
Great Awakening
Was a religious revival in the British American colonies from 1720 to the 1740s.Pietism and Quietism among Protestants and Roman Catholics in continental Europe, and as Evangelicalism in England under the leadership of John Wesley (1703-91).
84
American War for Independence
American Revolution was an insurrection carried out by 13 of Britain's North American colonies that began in 1775 and ended with a treaty in 1783. The colonies won political independence and went to form the USA
85
Background of the French Revolution
The French Revolution was a period of major societal and political upheaval in France that began in 1789 and ended in the late 1790s with the ascent of Napoleon Bonaparte
86
Tyranny of Napoleon
Napoleon's conquests cemented the spread of French revolutionary legislation to western Europe. The powers of the Roman Catholic church, guilds, and manorial aristocracy came under the gun.
87
1715
The Enlightenment
88
1730-1760
The Great Awakening
89
1756-1763
The Seven Years' War /French and Indian War
90
May 1789
Estates General Meets /French Revolution Begins
91
July 14, 1789
Storming of Bastille
92
1812
Invasion of Russia
93
June 1815
Battle of Waterloo
94
4 principles to consider
1.Sepration of Powers: to reduce tyranny
2.Federalism: to enhance liberty
3.Chesks and Balances: to ensure cooperation
4.Bill of Rights: to list freedoms of people
95
Congress of Vienna
Held from September 1814 to June 1815. It brought together representatives from the major powers of Europe to negotiate a new political order following the defeat of Napoleon. Convened in the Austrian capital, the congress aimed to establish an enduring peace after more than two decades of conflict.
96
Klemens von Metternich
Austrian statesman, minister of foreign affairs (1809–48), and a champion of conservatism, who helped form the victorious alliance against Napoleon I and who restored Austria as a leading European power, hosting the Congress of Vienna in 1814–15.
97
Balance of Power
98
Conservatism
A preference for the historically inherited rather than the abstract and ideal. This preference has traditionally rested on an organic conception of society—that is, on the belief that society is not merely a loose collection of individuals but a living organism comprising closely connected, interdependent members.
99
Concert of Europe
in the post- Napoleonic era, the vague consensus among the European monarchies favoring preservation of the territorial and political status quo. The term assumed the responsibility and right of the great powers to intervene and impose their collective will on states threatened by internal rebellion.
100
Simón Bolívar
a Venezuelan soldier and statesman who led the revolutions against Spanish rule in the Viceroyalty of New Granada. He was president of Gran Colombia (1819–30) and dictator of Peru (1823–26).
101
José de San Martín
Argentine soldier, statesman, and national hero who helped lead the revolutions against Spanish rule in Argentina (1812), Chile (1818), and Peru (1821).
102
Treaty of Adrianople
A peace treaty negotiated between Russia and the Ottoman empire. It terminated the war between them (1828–29) and gave Russia minor territorial gains in Europe, including access to the mouth of the Danube, and substantial gains in the Caucasus.
103
Charles X
king of France from 1824 to 1830. His reign dramatized the failure of the Bourbons, after their restoration, to reconcile the tradition of the monarchy by divine right with the democratic spirit produced in the wake of the French Revolution.
104
Louis Philippe
king of the French from 1830 to 1848; having based his rule on the support of the upper bourgeoisie, he ultimately fell from power because he could not win the allegiance of the new industrial classes.
105
Louis Napoleon/ Napoleon III
nephew of Napoleon I, president of the Second Republic of France (1850–52), and then emperor of the French (1852–70). He gave his country two decades of prosperity under a stable, authoritarian government but finally led it to defeat in the Franco-German War (1870–71).
106
Count Cavour
Italian statesman. He was the driving force behind the unification of Italy under Victor Emmanuel II, king of the kingdom of Sardinia. In 1847 Cavour founded the newspaper Il Risorgimento to further the cause of unification.
107
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Italian patriot and soldier of the Risorgimento, a republican who, through his conquest of Sicily and Naples with his guerrilla Redshirts, contributed to the achievement of Italian unification under the royal house of Savoy.
108
Victor Emmanuel II
king of Sardinia–Piedmont who became the first king of a united Italy.
109
Otto von Bismarck
prime minister of Prussia (1862–73, 1873–90) and founder and first chancellor (1871–90) of the German Empire. Once the empire was established, he actively and skillfully pursued pacific policies in foreign affairs, succeeding in preserving the peace in Europe for about two decades.
110
Realpolitik
politics based on practical objectives rather than on ideals. The word does not mean “real” in the English sense but rather connotes “things”—hence a politics of adaptation to things as they are. Realpolitik thus suggests a pragmatic, no-nonsense view and a disregard for ethical considerations. In diplomacy it is often associated with relentless, though realistic, pursuit of the national interest.
111
“iron and blood”
written by Peter H Wilson
112
Austro-Prussian War
war between Prussia on the one side and Austria, Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover, and certain minor German states on the other. It ended in a Prussian victory, which meant the exclusion of Austria from Germany.
113
Franco-Prussian War
war in which a coalition of German states led by Prussia defeated France. The war marked the end of French hegemony in continental Europe and resulted in the creation of a unified Germany.
114
Kaiser
American industrialist and founder of more than 100 companies including Kaiser Aluminum, Kaiser Steel, and Kaiser Cement and Gypsum.
115
Archduke Ferdinand
archduke of Austria-Este. His assassination in 1914 was the immediate cause of World War I.
116
Serbia
landlocked country in the west-central Balkans. For most of the 20th century, it was a part of Yugoslavia.
117
Militarism
The notion that expansion through military conquest would solve Japan’s economic problems gained currency during the Great Depression of the 1930s
118
Black Hand
secret Serbian society of the early 20th century that used terrorist methods to promote the liberation of Serbs outside Serbia from Habsburg or Ottoman rule and was instrumental in planning the assassination of the Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand (1914), precipitating the outbreak of World War I.
119
Schlieffen Plan
battle plan first proposed in 1905 by Alfred, Graf (count) von Schlieffen, chief of the German general staff, that was designed to allow Germany to wage a successful two-front war. The plan was heavily modified by Schlieffen’s successor, Helmuth von Moltke, prior to and during its implementation in World War I.
120
Trench warfare
warfare in which opposing armed forces attack, counterattack, and defend from relatively permanent systems of trenches dug into the ground.
121
“no man’s land”
122
Verdun
town, Meuse département, Grand Est région, northeastern France, on the Meuse River.
123
Somme
river, northern France. It rises in the hills at Fonsommes, near Saint-Quentin in the Aisne département, and flows generally westward for 152 miles (245 km) to the English Channel, crossing Somme département and the ancient province of Picardy.
124
Ypres
municipality, West Flanders province (province), western Belgium.
125
Ottoman Empire
empire created by Turkish tribes in Anatolia (Asia Minor) that grew to be one of the most powerful states in the world during the 15th and 16th centuries.
126
Gallipoli
seaport and town, European Turkey.
127
T. E. Lawrence
British archaeological scholar, military strategist, and author best known for his legendary war activities in the Middle East during World War I and for his account of those activities in The Seven Pillars of Wisdom (1926).
128
Japan
129
Unrestricted
130
submarine warfare
131
Lusitania
132
Airplanes
133
Zeppelins
134
Tanks
135
Total War
136
Ferdinand Foch
137
William II
138
Fourteen Points
139
Self-determination
140
Paris Peace
141
Conference
142
Big Four
143
Treaty of Versailles
144
War Guilt Clause
145
Reparations
146
League of Nations
147
1814-1815
Congress of Vienna
148
1848
Revolutions in Europe
149
1914
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
150
1917
United States enters war
151
1918
Armistice between Allies and Germany
152
1919
Treaty of Versailles
153
1870-1871
Franco-Prussian War
154
Emmanuel Kant
155
Dialectic
156
Prince von Metternich
157
Quadruple Alliance
158
Bolivar, de San Martín and O’Higgins
159
Italian Unification/German Unification
160
Robert Owen/Louis Blanc
161
Rutherford/Einstein/Carver
162
Triple Entente
163
Wilhelm II
164
Archduke Francis Ferdinand
165
Lusitania
166
Zimmerman Note
167
Wilson’s 14 Points
168
League of Nations
169
The Congress of Vienna
170
End of WW I
