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histo 184 > post m1 histo > Flashcards

post m1 histo Flashcards

1
Q

3 main components of the Digestive
System

-what is their function 2

A

u Oral cavity
u Alimentary tract “food tube”
u Associated glands

Function together to allow
absorption of nutrients and
elimination of waste

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2
Q

4 Associated glands

A

u Salivary glands
u Liver
u Pancreas
u Gall bladder

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3
Q

Oral cavity and contents FN

A

Fragment and lubricate food

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4
Q

Oropharynx and esophagus FN

A

Transport fragmented food from
mouth to stomach

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5
Q

Stomach FN

A

Maceration and partial digestion of
fragmented food

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6
Q

Small intestine FN

A

Completion of digestion, main site for
absorption of amino acids, sugars, fat,
and other molecules

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7
Q

Large intestine FN

A

Conversion of liquid contents from
small intestine to semi-solid waste by
absorption of water and soluble salts

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8
Q

Anal canal FN

A

Transportation of feces for elimination

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9
Q

Associated organs FN provide 2

A

Provide bile and digestive enzymes

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10
Q

Basic Structure of Alimentary Tract four concentric layers:

A

u Mucosa (inner layer)
-Epithelium
-Lamina propria
-Muscularis mucosae
u Submucosa
-Fibrocollagenous support tissue
u Muscularis externa
-Usually 2 layers (inner circular and
outer longitudinal)
u Adventitia/Serosa
- Outer layer

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10
Q

Mucosa’

3 layers, type of epithelium, support and muscle type

A

u May be irregular
-Containing tubular glands
-Containing villi

Three components
1. Lining epithelium
u Variable based on location
2. Lamina propria
u Loose irregular connective tissue
u Lots of capillaries
u May see GALT (either diffuse or in nodules) (peyer’s patches)
3. Muscularis mucosae
u Smooth muscle layers (2 or 3)

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11
Q

Mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, anus epithelium type

A

Stratified squamous

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12
Q

Gastric, gland types

A

Secretory,
long tubular glands

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13
Q

Small intestine – absorption aided by X which has X epithelium

A

villi

simple columnra

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14
Q

Colon – absorption, protection

X for water absorption
X for lubrication

A
  • Straight tubular glands
    -goblet cells
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15
Q

Submucosa

type of support tissues
rich X

controlled by
GALT?

Meissner’s plexus

A

Loose fibrocollagenous tissue allowing mobility of the mucosa

-Rich blood supply
-Controlled by ANS (autonomic nervous system) so small nerves and small groups of ganglion cells (submucosal/Meissner’s plexus -transmits to the central nervous system )

  • GALT may extend into the submucosa in some regions
    -gut associated lymphoid tisue for immune protection
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16
Q

Muscularis Externa

Responsible for movement of
2 layers

A

u Responsible for movement of
material in the lumen along the
digestive tract

Two layers
u Inner (circular)
u Outer (longitudinal)

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17
Q

muscle in In esophagus and anus vs
lower esophagus, stomach, large
and small intestine

A

skeletal vs smooth

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18
Q

Auerbach’s plexus

What is it / type of cell
What do they do ‘
Where

A

ganglion cells
that coordinate peristaltic
movement located between two
muscle layers
in the muscularis externa

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19
Q

Adventitia/Serosa

-made of x conenctive tissue
-has lots of 3

A

u Outer coating of fibrocollagenous connective tissue
u Lots of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

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20
Q

serosa when covered with

A

If covered by mesothelium (continuous with peritoneal lining)

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21
Q

adventitia
If the connective tissues

A

If the connective tissue is continuous with posterior abdominal wall

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22
Q

The Esophagus

job
epithelium
muscle

A

The transport tube from mouth to stomach
u Subject to lots of wear and tear – needs an epithelial lining that can
withstand this – stratified squamous epithelium
u Some voluntary muscle control of upper portion of esophagus from
skeletal muscle, lower portions by smooth muscle

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23
Q

the stomach

job

epithelium

protected by

A

u Holds and mixes food

-simple columnar epithelium

  • surface mucous cells
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24
Q

stomach rugae

A

Rugae (folds in the mucosa and submucosa) visible grossly

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25
Q

the stomach gastric glands

secrete: 3

A

secrete hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and
mucins

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26
Q

stomch gastric glands formation

A

u Tubular glands (occasionally branch or have a coiled base)
u Tightly packed together

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27
Q

gastric pit

type of epithelium

A

-opening of gastric glands
-empties onto the lining of the stomach
-Pit region lined with simple columnar mucus-secreting cells – neck mucous
glands

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28
Q

4 Cells in the glandular region of the
stomach

A

parietal
chief (peptic)
stem
neuroendocrine

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29
Q

Parietal cells

Secrete 2

A

u Secrete hydrochloric acid and
intrinsic factor

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30
Q

Chief (peptic) cells

Secrete 1

A

Secrete pepsinogen

a substance which is secreted by the stomach wall and converted into the enzyme pepsin by gastric acid

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31
Q

Stem cells
What are they

A

Precursors to all cell types

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32
Q

Neuroendocrine cells
Secrete x that controls x

A

Secrete hormones that control
digestion

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33
Q

small intestine

3 parts / sections we identified based on specialization

site of what

A

Three parts
u Duodenum
u Jejunum
u Ileum

u Site of absorption

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34
Q

small intestine

Folds in mucosa and submucosa
called

A

plicae circulares

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35
Q

small intestine

Mucosal surface in finger-like
projections called

A

villi

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36
Q

small intestine

Between villi are x gland

A

simple tubular glands – crypts of Lieberkühn

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37
Q

small intestine villi

site of

A

nutrient absorption

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38
Q

villi contain 2

A

capillaries and lacteals

u Lacteals absorb fat molecules too
large to enter capillaries

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39
Q

what is in the core of villi

A

lamina propria

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40
Q

Crypts of Lieberkühn are surrounded by

A

lamina propria

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41
Q

vilus vs crypt review visual crypt

A
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42
Q

sm intestine cell

Enterocytes

What to the do how do they look

A

u Most numerous
u Tall columnar cell with microvilli
u Absorption

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43
Q

sm intestine cell

Goblet cells

Where are they ‘
Secrete what

A

Secrete mucus
u Scattered among enterocytes

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44
Q

sm intestine cell

Paneth cells

Where
Contain what
Produce

A

u In base of Crypts of Lieberkühn
u Contain large eosinophilic granules
u Produce antibacterial substances
(lysozyme)

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45
Q

sm intestine cell

Neuroendocrine cells

Where
Secrete what

A

u Also in base of crypts
u Secrete several hormones and peptides

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46
Q

sm intestine cells

Stem cells

Where

A

u Precursors of all other cells
u In lower portion of crypts – mitotic
figures seen
u New cells spread up the crypts and out
over the villi, shed at the tip
u Epithelium renewed every 5-6 days

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47
Q

sm intestine

lamina propria suppoer tissue

A

(loose irregular
fibrocollagenous tissue) forms the
core of the villi, extends down by
the crypts

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48
Q

the lamin propria of sm intestine contains

A

lymphocytes, plasma
cells, eosinophils and
macrophages

Lymphoid aggregates also
located here
u GALT extends from lamina propria
through muscularis mucosae into
submucosa – known as Peyer’s
Patches: Seen in ileum

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49
Q

sm intestine duodenum main galnds to differentiate

where are they located
type of gland formation
secrete what

A

Brunner’s Glands (Duodenum)

u Numerous present in submucosa
u Compound acinar glands
u Secrete an alkaline fluid that
adjusts the pH of the chyme that
comes from the stomach

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50
Q

The Large Intestine (Colon)

how does the mucosa look/ doesn’t v have

A

Mucosa is flat on the surface (no villi!) with simple tubular glands
extending down into the crypts

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51
Q

colon 4 cell types

A

u Simple tall columnar cells (absorb salts and water)
u Goblet cells (secrete mucin for lubrication)
u Enteroendocrine cells
u Stem cells

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52
Q

colon

teniae coli

A

Muscularis externa has some specialization as the outer layer is separated into 3 bands called

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53
Q

major areas of the colon

6

A

cecum
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum, anal canal, anus

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54
Q

appendix

location
the same histologically as
has what type of lumen and neumour what

A

u Small, blind-ended structure associated with the cecum of the colon

u Histologically the same as the colon

u Has irregular lumen and numerous lymphatic nodules in the lamina propria that extend down into the submucosa

u Lymphatic tissue so pronounced that it may distort the muscularis
mucosae

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55
Q

review image of epithelium types in the gastrointeinal tract

A
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56
Q

Hepatobiliary System

composed of 3 parts where

A

liver and
gallbladder, as well as biliary
passages outside of the liver

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57
Q

Hepatobiliary System

hepatic duct of the system

Will join with with..

A

Common hepatic duct exits at
hilum of the liver and is joined by
the small cystic duct from the
gallbladder
u Combine to form the common bile
duct

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58
Q

Common bile duct combines with
the X and enters
the X at the X

A

pancreatic duct
duodenum
ampulla of Vate

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59
Q

Liver Vasculature

Liver receives blood from
2

A

Hepatic artery
Hepatic portal vein

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60
Q

Hepatic artery

-rich or poor O2
-contains x for y , and x for y

A

-(O2 rich blood from aorta)
- Contains metabolites for
reprocessing and toxins for
detoxification

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61
Q

Hepatic portal vein

-rich or poor O2
-rich in what
-contains X breakdown products from X

A

-(O2 poor blood
from gut and spleen)
u Rich in nutrients (amino acids,
carbohydrates, and lipids) from the
gut
u Contains hemoglobin breakdown
products from the spleen

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62
Q

Hepatic artery and hepatic portal
vein branch to smaller and smaller
vessels and run together in

A

portal tracts along with branches of the
bile duct

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63
Q

Liver
Blood eventually passed into
X are in close contact
with the liver cells (X)
and phagocytic cells (X) lining the sinusoids

A

sinusoids
hepatocytes
Kupffer cells

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64
Q

Blood percolates through the
sinusoids where it is detoxified and
structural components are
removed by liver cells

When leaving the sinusoids, blood
enters the X at the
centre of the liver lobule

A

central vein

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65
Q

Veins then unite to form larger
branches of hepatic veins and
then flow into the X

A

inferior vena
cava

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66
Q

Direction of flow is from

A

portal tract to central vein

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67
Q

Liver Lobules

A

-Small vessel in centre
-Poorly defined wall but obvious lumen
- Hepatocytes (separated by
sinusoids) radiate from the centre
u Portal tracts (triads) located at
intervals around the periphery

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68
Q

Portal Tracts
u Contain:

A

u Branches of hepatic artery and
hepatic portal vein
u Bile duct
u Lymphatic vessel
u Surrounded by small amount of
fibrocollagenous tissue

u Portal tracts shared by adjacent
lobules

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69
Q

Liver Parenchyma functional cells are called 2

A

Hepatocytes
Sinusoids

Parenchyma is what surrounds inside liver

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70
Q

Hepatocytes

appearance
pattern type

A

Large, polyhedral
u Abundant cytoplasm
u Large central nucleus with open
chromatin pattern
u Arranged in rows/sheets and one
surface of all cells is adjacent to a
sinusoid

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71
Q

Liver Parenchyma

Sinusoids

lined by x endothelium
lined by x cells
space of Disse, site of transfer btw

A

-Lined by discontinuous layer of
fenestrated endothelium with large
gaps between cells

u Endothelium doesn’t lie on a
basement membrane

u Partly lined by Kupffer cells

u Space of Disse: small space
between sinusoidal surface of the
hepatocyte and the endothelial
cell and is the site of transfer
between hepatocytes and blood

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72
Q

Liver Parenchyma
u Main fibre type is

A

reticulin

u Supports both hepatocytes and
sinusoidal endothelial cells

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73
Q

Liver Parenchyma
u Bile

produced by X
carried away by X to X

A

u Produced by hepatocytes

u Carried away by bile canaliculi
(tiny channels formed by adjacent
hepatocyte cell walls) to the bile
duct

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74
Q

*Blood and Bile Flow in the Liver

Blood arrives at

A

portal tract in branches of hepatic portal vein
and hepatic artery

u Flows from tract through the
sinusoids, collected in central
venule (branch of hepatic vein)

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75
Q

Blood and Bile Flow in the Liver

Bile flow starts

A

Bile flow starts in blind-ended
canaliculi near centre of liver
lobule

u Flows to tract and collected in bile
ducts

oppostie flow of blood

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76
Q

Gallbladder
jobs/ wth respect to bile

What does bile do

A

u Thin-walled ovoid sac that receives bile from the liver and
concentrates it
u Bile then enters common bile duct which passes to the duodenum
u Bile emulsifies fats in the small intestine to make their digestion easier
u Can distend, but when relaxed mucosa contains numerous folds
with a collagenous core

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77
Q

Gallbladder

epithelium / microfilming ?
support layer
muscle layer

Thick / thin

A

u Epithelium is simple columnar with
microvilli for water and salt absorption

u Underlying support layer is thin and
can be called either lamina
propria or submucosa

u Muscle layers thin and in three
planes

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78
Q

pancreas

exocrine and endocrine portions

produces what each*

A

u Exocrine component (most) is
major enzyme-producing
accessory gland of the digestive
system

u Endocrine portion – Islets of
Langerhans – pale staining and
produce hormones that control
carbohydrate metabolism

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79
Q

is pancrease highly lobulated

A

Y

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80
Q

does the pancrease have a capsule

A

y

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81
Q

pancrease acini shapes and job

A

Exocrine: numerous acini that
produce enzymes

u Pyramidal shaped cells that drain
into a tiny central duct (not usually
visible on section)

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82
Q

duct system of exocrine pancreas 7

A

central canal of acinus
intercalated ducts
intralobular ducts
interlobular ducts
main pancreatic duct
common bile duct
duodenum via ampulla of Vater

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83
Q

BEGINING OF URINARY SYSTEM

A
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84
Q

the urinary system FN

A
  • For eliminating and conserving functions of the body
  • Involved in regulation of blood pressure, hemodynamics and acid/base balance
  • Main function = homeostasis of electrolytes and water, elimination
    of toxic wastes
  • Produces, stores, and excretes urine
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85
Q

The Urinary System
* Composed of 4 organ systems

their relation of urine

A
  • Kidneys (produce/control
    composition of urine)
  • Ureters (transfer urine from
    renal pelvis of kidney to bladder)
  • Bladder (stores urine and has a
    pumping action to void urine)
  • Urethra (transfer urine to outside
    the body)
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86
Q

the kidneys

look like
located where
do they have a capsule, if so whats it made of
protected by which ribs
what are the 2 major regions (like lymph)

A
  • 2 bean shaped organs located:
  • Retroperitoneally (Between peritoneum and posterior wall of the abdomen)
  • Above the waist
  • Covered with fibrocollagenous capsule, may be cushioned with
    adipose tissue
  • Protected by 11th and 12th pairs of ribs
  • Divided into two major regions (just like the lymph node!)
  • Outer cortex
  • Inner medulla
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87
Q

the kidneys

hilum , what happens here

Ureter
Vein ‘\
Artery’s

A
  • Idented region = hilum
  • At hilum:
  • Ureter leaves
  • Renal artery enters
  • Renal vein leaves
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88
Q

Blood Supply of the Kidneys

3 areas , long description

A
  • Blood from renal arteries (that come
    from abdominal aorta)
  • At interface of cortex and medulla,
    lateral branches of interlobar
    arteries called the arcuate arteries
  • From arcuate arteries, smaller
    interlobar arteries enter the cortical
    tissue and roughly divide the cortex
    into lobules
  • Blood flows to glomerulus in an
    afferent arteriole which branches off
    from the interlobar arteries
  • Blood leaves glomerular tuft in
    efferent arteriole
  • Diameter of the efferent arteriole
    is smaller than the afferent to
    build up a higher blood pressure
    in the glomerulus
  • Efferent arteriole branches to
    form a peritubular capillary bed
    that entwines with the renal
    tubule
  • This bed empties into venules, interlobar veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, and finally leaves the kidney at the renal
    vein to the inferior vena cava.
89
Q

path of blood flow kidneys point form

A

renal artery
segmental arteries
interlobar arteries
arcuate arteries
cortical radiate arteries
afferent arterioles
glomerular capillaries
efferent arterioles
peritubular capillaries
cortical radiate veins
interlobar veins
renal vein

90
Q

kidney histology will vary

A

depending on the region that was
selected and the plane of cut

91
Q

Certain areas of the nephron are only present in the X or Y

A

cortex
medulla

92
Q

kidney

whats in the cortex 4

A
  • Renal corpuscles, proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubules, and
    lots of capillaries
93
Q

kidney

whats in the medulla

A
  • Thick and thin portions of the loop of Henle, collecting tubules and ducts,
    capillaries
  • Tubules may appear in cross-section or longitudinally, depending on plane of cut
94
Q

kidney

whats the nephron
how many are there in the kidney
consists of what 2 parts

A
  • Functional unit of the kidney
  • Each kidney has more than a million of them, with a
    system of collecting ducts into which the nephrons
    drain
  • Consists of renal corpuscle + renal tubule
95
Q

renal corpuscle

FN
composed of 2
lines where

A
  • Function is to filter plasma
  • Composed of: Bowman’s Capsule and Glomerulus
  • Lining of glomerulus continuous with
    Bowman’s capsule lining at vascular pole
  • Two are separated by the urinary space
    (where glomerular filtrate forms)
96
Q

Bowman’s Capsule

where it at
epithelium type

A
  • Bulbous distended closed end of the kidney
    tubule that glomerulus lies in
  • Lined with simple squamous epithelium
97
Q

Glomerulus

made of
Vascular pole

A
  • Composed of capillary tufts that are covered
    in podocytes
  • Vascular pole: where arterioles leave/enter
98
Q

Renal Corpuscle
* Podocytes

A

-capillary endothelium
and glomerular basement
membrane responsible for
ultrafiltration
* Podocytes are specialized cells
with pedicels that surround the
basement membrane of the
fenestrated glomerular
endothelium
* Glomerular basement membrane
thicker than in other locations

99
Q

Mesangial cells also present in
glomerulus to

A

support and
maintain the basement
membrane

100
Q

glomerular
Juxtaglomerular complex is a

secretes what

A

specialization of the afferent
arterioles and the distal
convoluted tubule
* Secretes renin (involved in
maintenance of blood pressure)

101
Q

Renal Tubules

Where
jobs *
4 types

A
  • From Bowman’s capsule to
    collecting duct
  • Act to selectively reabsorb
    water, inorganic ions, and
    other molecules of the filtrate
  • Four parts:
    1. Proximal convoluted tubule
    2. Loop of Henle
    3. Distal convoluted tubule
    4. Collecting tubules and ducts
102
Q
  • Proximal convoluted tubule

How much reabsorption
Microvilki
Cell shape

A
  • Continuous with Bowman’s capsule
    at the tubular pole
  • Longest part of the renal tubule as
    it winds in the cortex
  • Site of a lot (65%) of reabsorption,
    so lining cells are adapted for fluid
    and ion exchange
  • In cross-section – tall cuboidal
    (although somewhat triangular)
    cells with a brush border of
    microvilli
  • Irregular, small, star-shaped lumen which looks fuzzy due to the
    presence of microvilli
103
Q
  • Loop of Henle

Continuous with what ‘’
Dips where ‘
3 segments

A
  • U-shaped portion that is continuous with PCT and becomes DCT
  • Dips into medullary region
  • Segments:
    1. Thick descending, continuation of
    PCT
    2. Thin has both descending and
    ascending portions
    3. Ascending portion enters thick
    segment that begins DCT
  • Thin segment lined by flattened cells
    (squamous in shape), so cross sections
    will be difficult to discern from blood
    capillaries (if no blood present in the
    lumen)
104
Q
  • Distal convoluted tubule

Which reabsorption it do

A
  • Shorter than PCT but also winds
    in cortex
  • Fine tunes sodium and water
    reabsorption and detection of
    blood pressure
  • Smaller, paler-staining cells than
    those of PCTs
  • Cuboidal in shape
  • Larger lumen without good brush
    border
  • Enters a collecting tubule
105
Q

PCT vs DCT image review

A
106
Q

Ureter

job
parts, adventitious or serosa
lined by

A
  • Long, straight, muscular tube that
    joins kidney to bladder
  • Lined with transitional epithelium,
    supported by fibrocollagenous support tissue
  • 2 (sometimes 3) layers of muscle
  • Inner longitudinal
  • Outer circular
  • 3rd layer of longitudinal may be present in lower 1/3 close to bladder
  • Adventitia = fibroelastic support tissue with blood vessels, nerves,
    and lymphatics
107
Q

Bladder

layers
type of epithelium
type muscle
Adventitious 3 parts VAL

A
  • Wall like ureter in bladder, but
    tunica layers less easily
    differentiated
  • Designed to stretch when full
    of urine
  • Transitional epithelium distended
    and looks squamous
  • Muscularis is 3 layers (smooth)
  • Adventitia is fibroelastic with
    arteries, veins, and lymphatics
108
Q

Female Urethra

type of tube
lenght
epithelium
“Sphincter urethrae”

A
  • Muscular walled tube
  • 5cm in length
  • Epithelium close to bladder is
    transitional, then becomes
    simple squamous with mucosal
    glands
  • “Sphincter urethrae”
    composed of skeletal muscle
109
Q

Male Urethra

lenght
3 parts urethra sections
epithelium changes 3

A
  • 20-25 cm long
  • Final passageway of both urinary
    system and the reproductive system

3 parts
* Prostatic urethra
* Membranous urethra
* Penile urethra

Epithelium changes
* Transitional (upper portion)
* Unspecialized pseudostratified
columnar
* Stratified squamous (distal portion)

110
Q

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

A
111
Q

6 main prts of female repro what do they do

Ovaries 2
Oviducts / Fallopian tubes 1
Uterus 1
Vagina 1
Vulva 1
Breast 1

A

Ovaries
u Produce ova via oogenesis and secrete
hormones

Oviducts (fallopian tubes)
u Transport ova to uterus

Uterus
u Muscular organ that supports fetal
development

Vagina
u Fibromuscular tube extending from the
vestibule of the vulva to the cervix of the
uterus

Vulva
u External genitalia

Breasts
u Glandular tissue that produce milk following
birth (of a baby)1

112
Q

Ovaries

which cavity
type of epithelium
tunica what
divided inot 2

A

u Paired, in lateral pelvic cavity
u Surface covered by a layer of low
cuboidal epithelium that is
continuous with the peritoneum at
the hilum of the ovary
u Tunica albuginea (dense pink
layer) below epithelium
u Divided into cortex (cells!) and
medulla (blood!)

113
Q

Ovarian Cortex

Two main parts of the cortex 1 is a cell

A

Stroma/stromal cells

Ovarian follicles at different stages

114
Q

Stroma/stromal cells

FN 2
Secrete 2hormones
Theca

A

-Spindle shaped cells
-Provide structural support
-Form theca layers of developing
follicle and secrete estrogen and
progesterone

115
Q

Ovarian follicles at different stages

A

u Around 500,000 oocytes present at
birth
u Some develop in response to FSH
from anterior pituitary
u One follicle matures and releases
an egg each monthly cycle

116
Q

Stages of Follicle Development
4

Egg is expelled from where to which cavity

A

u Primordial Follicle
u Primary Follicle
u Secondary Follicle
u Graafian Follicle

u Egg expelled from ovary into
peritoneal cavity near fallopian
tubes

117
Q

Graafian Follicle

Ovulation caused by a surge of

A

u Can be seen with naked eye as a
bulge on the ovarian surface
u Ovulation caused by a surge of LH
from anterior pituitary, graffian burst and ovum released during ovulation

118
Q

Ovarian Medulla

jobs

A

u Highly vascular
u Provides capillary bed that
radiates into the cortex and
supports the follicles

119
Q

Uterus

shape
divided into 3

A

u Thick-walled, pear shaped
u Muscular
u Divided into fundus, body, cervix

120
Q

uterus

Fundus and Body

2 muscle

A

Thick muscular layer (3 layers) – myometrium outside uterus

Endometrium inside ‘ closer to tube

121
Q

myometrium

A

u Central circular
u Inner and outer oblique
u Hypertrophy and hyperplasia in pregnancy

122
Q

Endometrium

Epithelium

How does it change

A

u Changes in response to hormones in the menstrual cycle
u Lined by simple columnar epithelium in simple tubular glands
u Lamina propria below usually referred to as endometrial stroma
u Functional layer (shed) and basal layer (source of regeneration)
u Cyclic changes in this layer governed by hormonal patterns in the ovary

123
Q

Cervix

any muscle?
epithelium - what does it secrete

Squamocolumnar junction
Stores
Internal and external os

A

u Lower part of uterus that protrudes into the vagina
u Endocervical canal connects uterus to vagina
u Internal os (opening from uterus to cervix)
u External os (opening from cervix to vagina)
u Stroma of cervix is fibrocollagenous tissue (not much muscle)

u Lined by simple columnar epithelium
u Secretes mucin
u Stores glycogen

u Tubular mucous glands extend into the lamina propria
u Squamocolumnar junction – change from simple columnar epithelium
to stratified squamous epithelium

124
Q

Fallopian tubes
(Uterine tubes, oviducts)

Fertilization

A

Transports egg to uterus
u Fertilization occurs here
u Four segments

125
Q

Fallopian tubes 4 seg

A

Infundibulum
u Wider, contains fimbria

Ampulla
u Longer, thin-walled

Isthmus
u Narrow, thick-walled

Intramural segment
u Passes through myometrial wall

126
Q

Fallopian tubes

epithelium
muscle type
2 type of cells, think moving of ovum

A

u Lined by tall columnar ciliated
cells and secretory cells
Ciliated cells help move ovum
Secretory cells produce watery
tubal fluid
u Lamina propria below epithelium
u Smooth muscle (2 layers)
-Inner – tight spiral – looks circular
-Outer – loose spiral – looks
longitudinal

127
Q

Breast

Type of glands
Lobules consists of x ducts

A

u Each breast 15-20 independent
glandular units called lobes –
consist of compound tubulo-acinar glands

u Lobes arranged radially at
different depths around nipple

u Each lobe divided into lobules,
lobules consist of a system of ducts
(alveolar ducts) that end in a
cluster of terminal ductules

128
Q

Breast

epithelium of ducts, type of cells seen
lobules supportt tissue
lactiferous duct and sinus

A

u Epithelium of duct system is simple
columnar/cuboidal with
a discontinuous layer
of myoepithelial cells

u Lobules are in loose fibrous support
tissue that is surrounded
by more dense fibrocollageous tissue
mixed with adipose

u One large duct (lactiferous duct)
drains each lobe via a
separate opening on the nipple
surface

u Duct forms dilatation called the
lactiferous sinus

129
Q

breast

nipple muscle
areola type of glands
pregnancy causes what hormone to secrete

A

u Nipple has bands of smooth muscle parallel to the lactiferous ducts

u Muscle contracts to cause erection of nipple

u Areola (pigmented skin surrounding the nipple) contains sebaceous
glands not associated with hair follicles
u Secretions thought to protect nipple/areola during nursing

u In pregnancy, high progesterone levels stimulate alveolar secretory units to form that produce serous fluid in the 3rd trimester

u Milk is not secreted until a few days after parturition

130
Q

4 parts male Reproductive
System

Testes

Epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory
duct

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland,
bulbourethral glands

Penis

A

u Testes
u Produce sperm and androgens (i.e.,
testosterone)

u Epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory
duct, part of male urethra
u System of ducts to carry sperm to
outside

u Seminal vesicles, prostate gland,
bulbourethral glands
u Secretory glands to provide fluid and
nutrients to support and nourish
spermatozoa

u Penis
u Carries suspension of sperm

131
Q

Testes

where
capsule name
Type of tubules

A

u Pair of compact ovoid organs in
the scrotum

u Covered by thick capsule –
tunica albuginea

u Divided into 200-300 lobules by
collagenous tissue
u Each lobule has 1-4 seminiferous
tubules

132
Q

testes duct system

A

u Paired
u Collect and stores sperm from
each testis

133
Q

testes duct system consists of 4, also part of urethra ?

A

u Vas efferens
u Epididymis
u Vas deferens
u Ejaculatory duct

134
Q

Seminiferous tubules

site of

A

sperm production

135
Q

In sexually mature adult, seminiferous
tubules lined by X epithelium
mixed with supporting X cells

A

germinal
Sertoli

136
Q

Basal layer of germinal epithelium consists
of x cells

A

spermatogonia

u Spermatogenic cells that can
undergo meiosis

137
Q

spermatogenesis

A

Production of spermatids

u This occurs in six stages known as
spermiogenesis

138
Q

Sertoli cells

epithelium
also called
where are they
x properties

A

u Tall columnar
u Lie on the basement membrane
of seminiferous tubule, extend to
luminal surface
u Also called “nurse cells”
because they provide structural
and metabolic support for the
developing sperm cells
u Have phagocytic properties

139
Q

Leydig cells

secretes
where it at

A

u Secrete testosterone
u Located in the loose
fibrocollagenous connective
tissue between the seminiferous
tubules

140
Q

Myoid cells

contains 2 things
x cells
found on

A

u Contain intermediate filaments
and desmin
u Contractile cells
u On outer walls of the
seminiferous tubules

141
Q

Vas Deferens

epithelium
mucosa appears
3 distinct muscle layer, shapes
adventitia made of
what is severed in a vasectomy

A

u Small lumen lined with pseudostratified
columnar epithelium with stereocilia

u Lamina propria under epithelium

u Mucosa appears folded

u 3 distinct muscle layers
u Middle – circular
u Inner, outer – longitudinal

u Adventitia (loose fibrocollagenous)
attaches it to other vessels in the
spermatic cord

u Duct that is severed in a vasectomy

142
Q

prostate

produces x to tranport x

A

u Produces fluid (along with seminal vesicles)
that transports sperm

143
Q

prostate

consists of x glands

A

Consists of secretory glands arranged in
concentric circles around the prostatic
urethra

144
Q

prostate epithelium

A

u Epithelium is pseudostratified or tall columnar
(depending on level of secretory activity)

145
Q

prostate lumen forms w/ fluid concentrations

A

u Lumen of glands often contains fluid that
may form concretions called corpora
amylacea

146
Q

prostate Stroma contains 2 things tissue, muscle

A

u Stroma contains fibrocollagenous tissue and
smooth muscle

147
Q

prostate organ has a x and y thats divided

A

u Organ has a capsule and septa divide it into
lobules

148
Q

prostatic urethra lined by x epithelium

A

Prostatic urethra lined by transitional
epithelium

149
Q

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

A
150
Q

cell to cell communication

Remote communication happens by the secretion of chemical messengers (hormones) into the blood stream
by

A

endocrine cells

151
Q

Components of the endocrine system can be: 3

A
  • Organs (i.e., pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid)
  • Clusters of cells in other organs (i.e., pancreas, ovaries, testes)
  • Individual cells (i.e., cells in lining of GI and respiratory tracts) - diffuse neuroendocrine system
152
Q

Endocrine Glands

  • Made of islands of X and X that secrete X inot blood
A

Made of islands of epithelial and
glandular tissue that secrete hormones
directly into the blood stream

153
Q

endocrine glands

ducts?

A
  • No duct system – tissue is richly
    vascularized with capillaries running
    between cords or clumps of secretory
    cells
154
Q

endocrine glands
Three types of hormones SAP

A
  • Steroids
  • Proteins
  • Amines
155
Q

endocrine glands

cord and clump type

A

cells arange in irregular clumps permeated by capillaries

secretions directly delivered outward in capillaries

156
Q

endocrine glands

follicular type

A

cells arranged in follicles surrounded by capillaries

secretions delivered inward inside the follicle

157
Q

Small, bean-shaped organ lying in a bony depression at the base of the skull

A

Pituitary Gland

158
Q

Pituitary Gland

attached whre, controled by

A

Attached to hypothalamus and under its control

159
Q

“Master” gland because it controls the activity of lots of
other endocrine glands

A

Pituitary Gland

160
Q

Pituitary Gland 2 regions

A

Anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis)
Posterior pituitary (Neurohypophysis)

161
Q

Anterior pituitary (Adenohypophysis)

A

-Glandular
* Secretes trophic and direct action hormones

162
Q

Posterior pituitary (Neurohypophysis)

Stores 2 hormones made by hyoothalsamuz

A
  • Nervous tissue
  • Stores antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
163
Q

Secretory cells of the anterior pituitary are

ABCC

A
  • Chromophils (strongly staining – separated further based on their staining reactions)
  • Basophils
  • Acidophils
  • Chromophobes (weakly staining)
  • Resting or degranulated chromophils
164
Q

Precise identification of hormone content would require

A

hormone/antibody immunohistochemistry

165
Q

Axons of posterior pituitary consist of

A

non-myelinated axons attached to the cell bodies of
neurosecretory cells which are in the hypothalamus

166
Q

Neuron cell bodies of the hypothalamus synthesize x an y and store in x

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and
oxytocin which are stored in the posterior pituitary

167
Q

thyroid gland

Lies anterior to the X and is under the control of the X pituitary

A

trachea
anterior

168
Q

T3 and T4 - important regulators of metabolism

produced by

A

thyroid gland

169
Q

calcitonin – important regulator of calcium
produced by

A

thyroid gland

170
Q

thyroid gland has 2 lateral lobes connected by the

A

isthmus

171
Q

thyroid gland consisits of 2

A

Thin collagen capsule and septa

172
Q

functional units of thyroid glands

A

thyroid follicles

173
Q

thyroid follicles

epithelium
lumen filled with
X lie between the follicles

A

-Formed by simple cuboidal epithelium on basement membrane

-Lumen filled with colloid (eosinophilic proteinaceous material containing thyroglobulin)

-Small amounts of fine fibrocollagenous tissue with lots of capillaries lie between the follicles

174
Q

Size of follicle as a whole and the epithelium lining it depend on whether

A

thyroid is actively synthesizing or breaking down thyroxine or if it is resting

175
Q

C (clear) cells produce calcitonin

A

-Lowers blood calcium levels
-Originally known as parafollicular cells
-Lie adjacent to the epithelial cells and within the basement membrane but do not contact the colloid

176
Q

Parathyroid Gland

how many do we have
it secretes
type of arrangement

A

-Most people have four located on the back of the thyroid
-Secrete parathyroid hormone (involved in calcium homeostasis)
Raises serum calcium levels
-Also covered with a capsule and has septa
-Cord and clump arrangement of cells associated with a capillary network

177
Q

Parathyroid Gland – Cells
3 types

A

chief
oxyphil
adipocytes

178
Q

chief cells

Secrete

A

-Secrete PTH
-Small, eosinophilic,with a small dark nucleus
-Numbers vary based on calcium balance
-Act to increase amount of available calcium

179
Q

Oxyphil cells

A

-Inactive cells
-Less numerous than chief cells
-Larger, eosinophilic cells

180
Q

adipocytes

Present when

A

Present after puberty (approx. 25-40 % of gland in normal adults)

181
Q

Two triangular glands that lie on top of the kidneys

A

adrenal gland

182
Q

Two regions that secrete different types of hormones

A

Cortex (outer)
Secretes corticosteroids (a type of steroid hormone)

Medulla (inner)
Makes and secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

183
Q

Adrenal Gland - Cortex

3 zones

A

Zona glomerulosa
-Secretory cells arranged in small rounded clusters

Zona fasciculata
-Broad layer where cells are arranged in long rows separated by fenestrated capillaries
-Cells have a foamy appearance due to cytoplasmic droplets containing cholesterol derviatives

Zona reticularis
-Arrangement of cells in a network

184
Q

Zona glomerulosahormone release

A

mineralcoticoids

aldosterone

185
Q

zona fasciulata

hormone release

A

glucacoticoids

cortisol
cortisterone
cortisone

186
Q

zona reticularis

hirmome

A

androgenous

dehydropian

187
Q

adrenal medula

hormone

A

stress hormone

epinephrine
norepinephrine

188
Q

adrenall medula (supplementary portion) of the sympathetic nervous system

A

adjunct

189
Q

catecholamines secreted by

A

adrenal medulla

190
Q

catecholamines

A

(noradrenaline and adrenaline) that are stored within cell cytoplasmic granules

These cells sometimes referred to as chromaffin cells - because when they were fixed with chrome salts that granules oxidized to a brown colour

191
Q

Adrenal Gland – Blood Supply

A

Arterial supply forms a network of small arteries around the capsule

Some arteriole branches form cortical capillaries

Some arteriole branches pass directly into the medullary region

In medulla – blood in medullary sinuses collected into medullary veins

Blood that has percolate through the cortex also collects here

192
Q

endocrine portion of pancrease

A

Islets of Langerhans

-Appear as pale staining groups of cells scattered among the exocrine pancreatic cells
-Each islet has a capillary network in contact with each cell

193
Q

islet of langerhans 4 cell types

BADPP/F

A

B cells – secrete insulin and amylin to decrease blood glucose levels

A cells – secrete glucagon to increase blood glucose levels

D cells – secrete somatostatin that is involved in GI tract function

PP or F cells – secrete pancreatic polypeptide to decrease insulin secretion

194
Q

Neuroendocrine Tissue

A

-Cells scattered in the epithelium of the GI and respiratory tracts
-Sometimes called APUD (amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation) cells
In both systems they regulate tract activity with the ANS

-Cells are difficult to recognize with H&E stain
-See small, pale staining cells lying along basement membrane that do not reach lumenal surface
-Best demonstrated by immunohistochemistry
-Previously used silver stains to demonstrate these cells, so the terms argentaffin or argyrophilic cells may be seen

195
Q

The integumentary system, what does this relates to

A

skin

196
Q

largest organ in body

A

skin

197
Q

skin
FN

A

Protects,regulates body temperature, receives sensation,stores energy, and produces vitamin D

198
Q

skin 2 main layers

A

Two main layers: epidermis and dermis
These lie on the hypodermis

199
Q

Accessory structures of skin known as skin

A

appendages

Hair, nails, sebaceous glands, eccrine and apocrine sweat glands

200
Q

Two types of skin histologically
this dpends on thickness of which layer

A

– thick and thin

Depend on the relative thickness of the epidermal layer – not the overall thickness of the skin

201
Q

thick skin

A

-Palms of hands, soles of feet
-Thick keratin layer, thick epidermis
-Interface between dermis and epidermis has a regular arrangement of ridges that add to the skin’s ability to resist abrasion and friction
-Very pronounced in thick skin – gives fingerprints

202
Q

Thin skin

A

Covers everything else (not palms of hands, soles of feet)
Thinner epidermis and thinner keratin layer

203
Q

Histology of the skin
epithelium
keratinocytes
how long does it take to get new

A

-Stratified squamous epithelium = epidermis

-Waterproof, bacteria resistant, wear resistant
-Constantly being replaced
-Most cells are keratinocytes – gradually transform into keratin as they move from the basal layer to the surface
-Process takes about 4 weeks
-Five layers including keratin

204
Q

Layers of the skin

Keratin

Stratum corneum

A

Keratin
-Sloughed off at free surface

Stratum corneum
-Compact layers of soft keratin
-Flat scales of anucleate cells
-Waterproof
-Desmosome attachment

205
Q

layers of the skkin

Stratum lucidum

A

-Only in thick skin and barely distinguishable
-Flat cells, mostly cell membrane
-Translucent cytoplasm
-Nuclei undergoing karyolysis (starting to disappear)

206
Q

Layers of the skin

Stratum granulosum

A

-Few layers of flattened cells
-Basophilic keratohyaline granules present in cytoplasm

207
Q

layers of the skin
Stratum spinosum

A

-Several layers of polyhedral cells
-Connected by desmosomes formed by keratin filaments

208
Q

Stratum basale (stratum germinativum)

A

-Single layer of cuboidal/low columnar cells
-Mitotic figures may be seen
-Hemidesmosomes attach to basement membrane
-Desmosomes attach the cells to each other

209
Q

hat seperates the spidermis from the dermis

A

basement mmebrane

210
Q

Cells in the skin

Melanocytes

A

-Produce melanin from tyrosine
-Located between the keratinocytes in the stratum basale
-Granules produced are later phagocytosed into keratinocytes
-Protect the nuclei of cells in the basal layer

211
Q

cells in the skin
Langerhans cells

A

-In stratum spinosum
-Part of immune system (antigen-presenting cells)
-Migrate to regional lymph nodes when stimulated and present antigen to t lymphs

212
Q

cells in the skin

Merkel cells

A

-Sensory receptors for touch
-Located in the stratum basale

213
Q

histology of the dermis
2 layers

A

papillary dermis
reticular dermis

214
Q

Papillary dermis

A

-Next to epidermis
-Thin layer of fibrocollagenous tissue with elastic and reticulin fibres
-Rich capillary bed

215
Q

reticular dermis

A

-Forms most of dermis
-Dense irregular connective tissue with elastic fibres
-Cells include fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocytes

216
Q

Histology of the hypodermis

A

Rich blood supply that branches up into the dermis
-Contains lymphatics and nerves
-Lots of adipocytes
-Attaches skin to deep fascia, muscles, and bone

217
Q

Hair follicles

Arrector pili muscle

A

-Tubular epithelial structure opening onto epidermis
-External root sheath is modified epidermis

-Base contains hair bulb where cells proliferate to form the hair shaft and the internal root sheath

-Associated with the hair shaft is the arrector pili muscle and the sebaceous gland
-Arrector pili muscle on same side as the direction the hair bends

-These are not present in thick skin

218
Q

Sebaceous glands

Produce

A

-Holocrine, simple, branched, acinar glands

-“flask-shaped”, pale-staining and develops as an outgrowth of the external root sheath of the hair follicle

-Composed of a cell cluster with polyhedral cells in the centre and cuboidal cells around the edges

-Produce sebum (oily substance) that coats the hair and the thin skin surface

219
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

-Simple, coiled tubular glands
-Ducts composed of stratified cuboidal epithelium
-Secretory portion is simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium with myoepithelial cells
-Originate in the dermis and rise through the epidermis to the skin surface

220
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

Secrete

A

-Specialized sweat glands that begin to function after puberty
-Locations are in the armpits, around anus and genitals
-Produce a slightly milky secretion in response to external stimuli
-Secretory portion has a large lumen, duct is similar to that of an eccrine sweat gland
-Ducts always open into hair follicles

histo 184 (2 decks)

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