post exam2 (40%) Flashcards
The simplest processing in the central nervous system involves
One synapse
Gray matter consists mostly of
Cell bodies and unmyelinated axons
Where are axon terminals of third order sensory neurons?
The postcentral gyrus
A lesion that cuts the left dorsal column would cut
First order sensory neurons
Where are cell bodies of third order sensory neurons in the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway?
The thalamus
Where are axon terminals of lower motor neurons?
The neuromuscular junction
Where does integration of sensory information from the eye, ear, and skin occur?
A multimodal association area
The relay center for sensory signals in our brain is in the
diencephalon
If a patient exhibits hyperreflexia and spastic paralysis, you would suspect a problem with
Upper motor neurons
For reciprocal inhibition to occur, must an interneuron be involved?
Yes
Temperature sensing neurons are rapidly adapting. If we were to place our hand in cold water, what would happen to the rate of action potentials fired in cold-sensing neurons?
Cold-sensing neurons would initially fire rapid action potentials, but the rate of action potentials would gradually slow.
Many choice: Cranial nerves may be
Sensory only
Motor only
Mixed
Cell bodies of third-order sensory neurons are located in the
Central nervous system
Pain-sensing neurons are slowly adapting. If we were exposed to a painful stimulus over time, what would happen to the rate of action potentials fired in nociceptive neurons?
Nociceptive neurons would continuously fire action potentials faster than normal.
If we could not feel someone touch our lateral malleolus, you would suspect damage to axons that belong to spinal nerve
S1
If we cut only the left lateral corticospinal tract above T6, would the patellar reflex still be active in the left leg?
Yes
Cell bodies of second-order sensory neurons are located in the
Central nervous system
A spinal reflex causing contraction of skeletal muscle involves neurons in the
Both central and peripheral nervous systems
Acetylcholine release in parasympathetic ganglia would ___________ heart rate
Decrease heart rate
All reflexes must involve the central nervous system.
False
The master regulator of autonomic activity is located in the
Hypothalamus
Can autonomic activity be affected by conscious thought?
Yes
Many choice: Axons of sympathetic nerves travel in
Thoracic and Lumbar nerves
Beta 2 adrenergic receptors cause ____________ calcium release in airway smooth muscle
Decreased calcium release
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
decrease heart rate
Beta 1 adrenergic receptors
increase heart rate
Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors cause ___________ in blood vessel smooth muscle
contraction
Acetylcholine release in sympathetic ganglia would ___________ heart rate
Increase heart rate in sympathetic ganglia
Sound travels in the form of
vibrations
Cells in our tongue change voltage in response to certain chemicals.
True
Which of the following is most sensitive?
Rods
We see dim objects best when we do not look straight at them.
True
Which of the following senses converts the presence of airborne chemicals into a graded membrane potential?
Smell
Which of the following is most responsible for black/white vision?
Rods
There is a primary olfactory cortex.
True
Complete multimodal processing of visual signals involves activity in the
All of the above
Cells that depolarize in response to movement are
Hair cells
Many choice: Axons in which of the following pathways cross at the level of the entering spinal nerve?
Lateral spinothalamic
Portions of our brain that coordinate conscious and subconscious thought belong to the
Limbic system
T/F: Imagine that you can sense when a friend is sad even when they are on the other side of the world. In order for this to be true, an molecule in your body must change shape in response to your friend’s emotion.
True
Coordination of motor signals is a primary responsibility of the
Cerebellum
Where are cell bodies lower motor neurons?
The anterior gray horn of the spinal cord
The primary control center for the autonomic nervous system is located in the
Hypothalamus
Of the steps below, which is the first to occur when we decide to contract the biceps brachii muscle?
A graded depolarization in the upper motor neuron
A lesion that cuts the left dorsal column would block
Awareness of fine touch from the left side of the body
Where are cell bodies of second order sensory neurons in the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway?
The medulla
Of the steps below, which is the last to occur when we decide to contract the biceps brachii muscle?
myosin binding to actin
Temperature sensing neurons are rapidly adapting. If we were to place our hand in cold water, cold sensing neurons would initially
depolarize quickly
Many choice: Which of the following are components of the peripheral nervous system?
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Autonomic ganglia
Must a reflex include an interneuron?
No
The fastest reflex causing muscle contraction would involve
one synapse
Many choice: Which of the following could cause a graded membrane potential in a peripheral nerve?
Mechanical stretch
Change in temperature
Light
Vibration
Chemicals
Can a lower motor neuron cause a graded hyperpolarization at the motor end plate?
No
If a patient exhibits no muscle tone and an inability to contract skeletal muscle, you would suspect a problem with
Lower motor neurons
Many choice: Axons of parasympathetic nerves travel in
Cranial and Sacral nerves
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
decrease heart rate
Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors cause ____________ calcium release in blood vessel smooth muscle
Increase calcium release
Acetylcholine release in parasympathetic ganglia would ___________ heart rate
decrease heart rate in parasympathetic ganglia
Does acetylcholine always cause depolarization of its target cell?
No
Does epinephrine cause depolarization of all target tissue?
No
Which of the following changes shape to regulate the amount of light hitting the retina?
Smooth muscle in iris
Signals from the right eye travel to only the left primary visual cortex.
False
Which of the following are not located in the fovea?
Rods
The axon terminals of neurons in the optic nerve are located in the
Thalamus
Which of the following chemicals cause a change in voltage in cells in our tongue?
All of the above
Which of the following is the first to move in response to sound?
The tympanic membrane
Sound is a ___________ signal
mechanical
Where are cells that detect acceleration in a car?
vestibule
