EXAM 2 Flashcards
Sebaceous glands normally secrete contents…
Onto the skin surface through hair follicles
Onto the skin surface through arrector pili muscles
Into the dermis through collagen fibers
Into the dermis to serve as ground substance
Onto the skin surface through hair follicles
Why does someone suffering a heart attack turn blue?
When the skin is deoxygenated, melanin production dramatically increases
When the skin is deoxygenated, arotene production dramatically increases
When the skin is deoxygenated, Calcitonin production dramatically increases
Blood becomes deoxygenated and deoxygenated blood looks blue through skin
When deoxygenated, cells in the most superficial layer of the skin begin producing a blue pigment.
Blood becomes deoxygenated and deoxygenated blood looks blue through skin
Water loss through our skin on a very cold, windy day is mostly…
Sensible perspiration
Insensible perspiration
Insensible perspiration
Which of the following types of skin cancer is most dangerous?
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma
Osteosarcoma
Glioblastoma
Melanoma
If a burn is very painful, it is likely third degree (full thickness).
True
False
False
Fluid replacement is critical for individuals suffering extensive 3rd degree burns. This is because
Burns are hot and stimulate sweat glands to sweat excessively
Insensible perspiration is dramatically increased
Water is lost due to diarrhea
Respiratory water loss increases more than other types of water loss
Vomiting
Insensible perspiration is dramatically increased
The type of cell that gives rise to a basal cell carcinoma is in the
Stratum corneum
Stratum basale
Papillary layer of the dermis
Reticular layer of the dermis
In the epidermis, but in neither the stratum corneum nor stratum basale
Stratum basale
Water loss from a third degree burn would be classified as
Sensible perspiration
Insensible perspiration
Insensible perspiration
The deepest layer of the epidermis is the
Stratum corneum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum basale
In high humidity, what happens to the feedback loop that helps maintain body temperature?
The sensor doesn’t work.
The control center doesn’t work.
The effector doesn’t work.
Everything works normally, but the environment diminishes the effectiveness of the feedback loop.
Everything works normally and we cool ourselves to the same extent as in a dry environment.
Everything works normally, but the environment diminishes the effectiveness of the feedback loop.
The dermis has
One layer
Two layers
Three layers
Four layers
Two layers
Many choice: Which of the following is a layer of the true skin?
The epidermis
The dermis
The hypodermis
The epidermis
The dermis
A suntan is caused by…
Increased vitamin D3 synthesis darkening our skin
Increased UV radiation activating melanocytes, resulting in a darkening of the skin
Increased UV radiation activating melanocytes, resulting in a darkening of the skin
Which of the following prevents most insensible perspiration?
The epidermis
The papillary layer of the dermis
The reticular layer of the dermis
The hypodermis
Nerve tissue
The epidermis
If melanocytes were so active that all cells in the body contained enormous levels of melanin, the individual would appear
Dark brown or black
Green
Pink
White
Dark brown or black
Dissolving bone with vinegar is similar to the activity of which of the following cell types?
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
Chondroblasts
Chondrocytes
Osteoclasts
A sensor in the feedback loop that elevates blood calcium:
Osteoclasts
The kidneys
The parathyroid glands
The parathyroid glands
Imagine you had a mutation that disrupted the gene encoding collagen. Which of the following would be of most concern?
Brittle bones
Flexible bones
Brittle skin
Flexible skin
Brittle bones
Bone has a rich blood supply
True
False
True
The organizational unit of compact bone is called a(n)
Osteoblast
Osteoclast
Osteon
Trabecula
Lacuna
Osteon
Which of the following gives bone the ability to resist compression?
Ground substance
Protein fibers
Cells
Ground substance
Many choice: Similarities between bone and hyaline cartilage include…
A rich blood supply
Cells residing in lacunae
The mineral matrix in the ground substance
Cells residing in lacunae
Many choice: Which of the following cells live in lacunae?
Osteocytes
Chondrocytes
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
Chondrocytes
Question 24
0 / 0 pts
Red bone marrow is found primarily in
The central canal of an osteon
Canaliculi that connect lacunae
Compact bone
Spongy bone
The periosteum
Spongy bone
Imagine you were locked in a room for a year without exposure to sunlight. Your diet was healthy, but included no supplements. Which of the following would be of most concern?
Brittle bones
Flexible bones
Brittle skin
Flexible skin
Flexible bones
Which of the following gives bone some flexibility and resists stretching?
Ground substance
Protein fibers
Cells
Protein fibers
Chronically elevated levels of which hormone would result in osteoporosis?
Calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone
Which of the following has the smallest blood supply?
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Cartilage
Cartilage
Even without having studied a feedback loop that restores red blood cells mass after we bleed, you know that effector tissue in the feedback loop must be located in
Red bone marrow
Yellow bone marrow
The kidney
The gut
The skin
Red bone marrow
Which of the following types of bone contains osteons?
Spongy bone
Compact bone
Soft bone
Hard bone
Compact bone
Many choice: Which of the following is a component of a synovial joint
Synovial fluid
Synovial membrane
Articular cartilage
Joint capsule
Synovial fluid
Synovial membrane
Articular cartilage
Joint capsule
Extension usually refers to
Decreasing the angle between two bones
Increasing the angle between two bones
Moving a limb away from the body’s midline
Moving a limb towards the body’s midline
Increasing the angle between two bones
Adduction refers to
Decreasing the angle between two bones
Increasing the angle between two bones
Moving a limb away from the body’s midline
Moving a limb towards the body’s midline
Moving a limb towards the body’s midline
In an adult, the joint between two parietal bones in the skull is
Immoveable
Slightly moveable
Synovial
Immoveable
Abduction refers to
Decreasing the angle between two bones
Increasing the angle between two bones
Moving a limb away from the body’s midline
Moving a limb towards the body’s midline
Moving a limb away from the body’s midline
Many choice: Which of the following is a synovial joint?
A suture in the cranium
The facet joint between vertebra
The joint between the teeth and the mandible
The facet joint between vertebra
The primary motor proteins in muscle are found in the
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Sarcolemma
Thin filament
Thick filament
Nuclei
Thick filament
A muscle fiber that fires a single action potential but never repolarizes will
Not generate force
Generate force for a short period of time and relax (a twitch)
Generate force until ATP is depleted
Generate force for a short period of time and relax (a twitch)
Which of the following is the cause of the absolute refractory period?
Voltage gated sodium channels cannot open
Voltage gated potassium channels cannot open
Voltage gated chloride channels cannot open
Ligand gated potassium channels cannot open
Ligand gated sodium channels cannot open
Voltage gated sodium channels cannot open
The tissue that surrounds a muscle fascicle is called the
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
Endoneurium
Epineurium
Perimysium
A muscle fiber treated with tubocurarine would be
Contracted
Relaxed
Relaxed
Many choice: fibers from which of the following connective tissues combine to connect muscle to bone?
The epimysium
The perimysium
The periosteum
The tendon
Myofibrils
The epimysium
The perimysium
The periosteum
The tendon
In skeletal muscle, the protein that binds calcium in order to initiate contraction is
Actin
Troponin
Tropomyosin
Myosin
Troponin
What causes relaxation in a skeletal muscle fiber
Myosin remains attached to actin
Calcium is pumped away from myofibrils
Voltage gated potassium channels open
Voltage gated sodium channels inactivate
Calcium is pumped away from myofibrils
Of the choices below, when does a muscle fiber generate the most force?
When the fiber is concentrically contracting at maximum speed
When the fiber is concentrically contracting at medium speed
During an isometric contraction
During an isometric contraction
If a person has been dead for a day, calcium concentration in the fluid surrounding the myofibrils would be
Less than the calcium concentration in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Equal to the calcium concentration in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Greater than the calcium concentration in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Equal to the calcium concentration in the sarcoplasmic reticulumv
In skeletal muscle, the protein that covers myosin binding sites when the muscle is at rest is
Actin
Troponin
Tropomyosin
Myosin
Tropomyosin
A muscle fiber treated for a long time with succinylcholine would be…
Contracted
Relaxed
Relaxed
The tissue that surrounds an individual muscle fiber is called the
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
Endoneurium
Epineurium
Endomysium
Skeletal muscle relaxes because
Voltage sensitive calcium channels open in the SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum)
Voltage sensitive calcium channels open in the plasma membrane
Calcium pumps are always removing calcium from the sarcoplasm
Calcium pumps are always removing calcium from the SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum)
Calcium pumps are always removing calcium from the sarcoplasm
Tubocurarine binds to the nicotinic ACh receptor at the motor end plate and locks it in a closed position. In this case…
No action potentials would be fired
One action potential would be fired, but no subsequent action potentials
Action potentials would be continually fired until the tubocurarine was degraded
No action potentials would be fired
A muscle that originates on the coracoid process of the scapula and inserts on radial tuberosity would (you may assume the muscle is located on the anterior side of the arm)
Flex the shoulder and flex the elbow.
Flex the shoulder and extend the elbow.
Extend the shoulder and flex the elbow.
Extend the shoulder and extend the elbow.
Flex the shoulder and flex the elbow.
The triceps surae (gastrocnemius and soleus) act on the ankle as a
First class lever
Second class lever
Third class lever
Second class lever
When we throw a ball, the muscles moving our arm exert force on a third class lever. In this case,
The distal part of the arm moves faster than the insertion of the brachialis
The distal part of the arm moves slower than the insertion of the brachialis
The distal part of the arm moves in the opposite direction from the insertion of the brachialis
The distal part of the arm moves faster than the insertion of the brachialis
A muscle that originates on the ischial tuberosity and inserts on the head of the fibula would
Flex the knee and flex the hip.
Flex the knee and extend the hip.
Extend the knee and flex the hip.
Extend the knee and extend the hip.
Flex the knee and extend the hip.
When the pectoralis major contracts while throwing a ball, the hand moves
Faster than the insertion of the muscle
Slower than the insertion of the muscle
The same speed as the insertion of the muscle
Faster than the insertion of the muscle
If a neuron’s resting membrane potential is -70 mV and there were consistent graded membrane potentials, you would expect the voltage inside the cell to become
More negative
More positive
I need more information
I need more information
In the nervous system, most information processing occurs in the
CNS
PNS
CNS
During the absolute refractory period, a neuron
Is ready to fire an action potential
Can fire an action potential, but it takes a larger than normal stimulus
Cannot fire another action potential
Cannot fire another action potential
Which of the following cells control the activity of smooth muscle in the gut?
Somatic motor neurons
Autonomic motor neurons
Visceral sensory neurons
Somatic sensory neurons
Autonomic motor neurons
During the relative refractory period, voltage gated sodium channels are
Open
Closed
Inactivated
Closed
Many choice: Effector tissue in the somatic nervous system consists of
Glands
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle
The epidermis
Skeletal muscle
Myelin
Insulates dendrites and causes action potentials to travel faster
Insulates dendrites and causes action potentials to travel slower
Insulates cell bodies and causes action potentials to travel faster
Insulates axons and causes action potentials to travel faster
Insulates axons and causes action potentials to travel slower
Insulates axons and causes action potentials to travel faster
Which of the following predominate in a neuron’s dendrites?
Action potentials
Graded potentials
Graded potentials
Which of the following cells maintain the blood-brain barrier?
Neurons
Ependymal cells
Microglia
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Astrocytes
An action potential that begins at the axon hillock travels only towards the axon terminal. This is because
After depolarizing, each portion of the axon enters the relative refractory period so can’t transmit a signal either backwards or forwards.
After depolarizing, each portion of the axon enters the absolute refractory period so can’t transmit a signal either backwards or forwards.
After depolarizing, each portion of the axon enters the resting state so can’t transmit a signal either backwards or forwards.
After depolarizing, each portion of the axon enters the absolute refractory period so can’t transmit a signal either backwards or forwards.
When frightened by a lion, which branch of the nervous system is increases heart rate?
Afferent
Sensory
Somatic
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Sympathetic
Many choice: The central nervous system includes
The brain
The spinal cord
Spinal nerves
The brain
The spinal cord
Afferent neurons carry
Sensory signals
Motor signals
Neither sensory nor motor signals
Sensory signals
During the absolute refractory period, voltage gated sodium channels are
Open
Closed
Inactivated
Inactivated
Which of the following would relax a neuron?
Graded depolarization
Graded hyperpolarization
Action depolarization
Action hyperpolarization
Graded hyperpolarization
Tetanus toxin exerts its effects in the
PNS
CNS
CNS
Many choice: Treating a person with which of the following toxins would cause muscle cells to remain hyperpolarized all the time?
Tetanus toxin
Tubocurarine
Succinylcholine
Tubocurarine
Botulinum toxin blocks contraction in skeletal muscle by
Blocking inhibitory signals affecting the lower motor neuron in the spinal cord
Blocking the release of ACh at the lower motor neuron axon terminus
Blocking calcium channels in the skeletal muscle SR
Blocking voltage gated sodium channels in skeletal muscle
Blocking the release of ACh at the lower motor neuron axon terminus
Tetanus causes sustained skeletal muscle contraction by
Locking ACh receptors in an open position
Blocking ACh release at the lower motor neuron
Blocking inhibition of the lower motor neuron in the spinal cord
Blocking the activity of the blood-brain barrier
Blocking inhibition of the lower motor neuron in the spinal cord
The most superficial layer of the epidermis is made up of
Rapidly dividing epithelial cells
Connective tissue
Many layers of dead keratinocytes
Sensory nerve fibers
Many layers of dead keratinocytes
In order for melanin to protect against at least two types of skin cancer, the pigment must be passed to
Epithelial cells
Fibroblasts
Smooth muscle cells
Neurons
Epithelial cells
As demonstrated in the skin, blood vessels travel through what tissue type?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nerve
Marshmallow
Connective
The type of cell that gives rise to a squamous cell carcinoma is in the
Stratum corneum
Stratum basale
Papillary layer of the dermis
Reticular layer of the dermis
In the epidermis, but in neither the stratum corneum nor stratum basale
In the epidermis, but in neither the stratum corneum nor stratum basale
In the negative feedback loop that restores body temperature when we get hot, the effector consists of
Stratified squamous epithelial tissue
Simple squamous epithelial tissue
Sensory structures close to the surface of the skin
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
Sweat glands
Which of the following would result in lowest bone mass over two weeks?
Consuming high levels of calcium while physically active
Consuming high levels of calcium while physically inactive
Consuming low levels of calcium while physically active
Consuming high levels of calcium while physically inactive
Where are blood cells synthesized?
The brain
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Spongy bone
Chicken bones that are dissolved in vinegar for a week become flexible. This is due to elimination of ____________ from the bone.
Epithelium
Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Ground substance
Protein fibers.
Ground substance
The structural units of spongy bone are
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteons
Trabeculae
Lacunae
Trabeculae
In a long bone, red bone marrow is located in the
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Foramen
Epiphysis
If the gene for collagen were damaged such that the collagen in bone became non-functional, the bone tissue would be
Brittle
Flexible
Unchanged
Brittle
Many choice: Which of the following bones articulate with the femur at the knee?
The tibia
The fibula
The talus
The tibia
Dorsiflexion of the foot brings the big toe (hallux) _______________ the tibial tuberosity.
Closer to
Farther away from
Closer to
As a muscle exerts more force, which of the following is always true?
The muscle fires more action potentials
More motor units are recruited
More cross bridges form
The muscle contracts faster
The muscle contracts slower
More cross bridges form
The brachialis flexes the elbow when it shortens. In order to extend the elbow,
The brachialis must generate force to lengthen the muscle.
Synergists for elbow flexion must generate force to extend the elbow
Antagonists to elbow flexion must contract
Antagonists to elbow flexion must contract
Organophosphates block the action of acetylcholinesterase. In this case, muscle fibers would spend more time
Above threshold
Below threshold
Above threshold
A synergist is a muscle that
Group of answer choices
Assists the prime mover for a motion
Assists the antagonist for a motion
Is primarily responsible for a movement
Is primarily responsible for opposing a movement
Assists the prime mover for a motion
Which of the following would relax a neuron?
Group of answer choices
Sodium moving into a cell
Chloride moving into a cell
Potassium moving into a cell
Chloride moving into a cell
