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KIN270 > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sebaceous glands normally secrete contents…
Onto the skin surface through hair follicles
Onto the skin surface through arrector pili muscles
Into the dermis through collagen fibers
Into the dermis to serve as ground substance

A

Onto the skin surface through hair follicles

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2
Q

Why does someone suffering a heart attack turn blue?
When the skin is deoxygenated, melanin production dramatically increases
When the skin is deoxygenated, arotene production dramatically increases
When the skin is deoxygenated, Calcitonin production dramatically increases
Blood becomes deoxygenated and deoxygenated blood looks blue through skin
When deoxygenated, cells in the most superficial layer of the skin begin producing a blue pigment.

A

Blood becomes deoxygenated and deoxygenated blood looks blue through skin

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3
Q

Water loss through our skin on a very cold, windy day is mostly…
Sensible perspiration
Insensible perspiration

A

Insensible perspiration

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4
Q

Which of the following types of skin cancer is most dangerous?
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma
Osteosarcoma
Glioblastoma

A

Melanoma

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5
Q

If a burn is very painful, it is likely third degree (full thickness).
True
False

A

False

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6
Q

Fluid replacement is critical for individuals suffering extensive 3rd degree burns. This is because
Burns are hot and stimulate sweat glands to sweat excessively
Insensible perspiration is dramatically increased
Water is lost due to diarrhea
Respiratory water loss increases more than other types of water loss
Vomiting

A

Insensible perspiration is dramatically increased

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7
Q

The type of cell that gives rise to a basal cell carcinoma is in the
Stratum corneum
Stratum basale
Papillary layer of the dermis
Reticular layer of the dermis
In the epidermis, but in neither the stratum corneum nor stratum basale

A

Stratum basale

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8
Q

Water loss from a third degree burn would be classified as
Sensible perspiration
Insensible perspiration

A

Insensible perspiration

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9
Q

The deepest layer of the epidermis is the
Stratum corneum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum

A

Stratum basale

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10
Q

In high humidity, what happens to the feedback loop that helps maintain body temperature?
The sensor doesn’t work.
The control center doesn’t work.
The effector doesn’t work.
Everything works normally, but the environment diminishes the effectiveness of the feedback loop.
Everything works normally and we cool ourselves to the same extent as in a dry environment.

A

Everything works normally, but the environment diminishes the effectiveness of the feedback loop.

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11
Q

The dermis has
One layer
Two layers
Three layers
Four layers

A

Two layers

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12
Q

Many choice: Which of the following is a layer of the true skin?
The epidermis
The dermis
The hypodermis

A

The epidermis
The dermis

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13
Q

A suntan is caused by…
Increased vitamin D3 synthesis darkening our skin
Increased UV radiation activating melanocytes, resulting in a darkening of the skin

A

Increased UV radiation activating melanocytes, resulting in a darkening of the skin

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14
Q

Which of the following prevents most insensible perspiration?
The epidermis
The papillary layer of the dermis
The reticular layer of the dermis
The hypodermis
Nerve tissue

A

The epidermis

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15
Q

If melanocytes were so active that all cells in the body contained enormous levels of melanin, the individual would appear
Dark brown or black
Green
Pink
White

A

Dark brown or black

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16
Q

Dissolving bone with vinegar is similar to the activity of which of the following cell types?
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
Chondroblasts
Chondrocytes

A

Osteoclasts

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17
Q

A sensor in the feedback loop that elevates blood calcium:
Osteoclasts
The kidneys
The parathyroid glands

A

The parathyroid glands

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18
Q

Imagine you had a mutation that disrupted the gene encoding collagen. Which of the following would be of most concern?
Brittle bones
Flexible bones
Brittle skin
Flexible skin

A

Brittle bones

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19
Q

Bone has a rich blood supply
True
False

A

True

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20
Q

The organizational unit of compact bone is called a(n)
Osteoblast
Osteoclast
Osteon
Trabecula
Lacuna

A

Osteon

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21
Q

Which of the following gives bone the ability to resist compression?
Ground substance
Protein fibers
Cells

A

Ground substance

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22
Q

Many choice: Similarities between bone and hyaline cartilage include…
A rich blood supply
Cells residing in lacunae
The mineral matrix in the ground substance

A

Cells residing in lacunae

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23
Q

Many choice: Which of the following cells live in lacunae?
Osteocytes
Chondrocytes
Osteoclasts

A

Osteocytes
Chondrocytes

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24
Q

Question 24
0 / 0 pts
Red bone marrow is found primarily in
The central canal of an osteon
Canaliculi that connect lacunae
Compact bone
Spongy bone
The periosteum

A

Spongy bone

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25
Q

Imagine you were locked in a room for a year without exposure to sunlight. Your diet was healthy, but included no supplements. Which of the following would be of most concern?
Brittle bones
Flexible bones
Brittle skin
Flexible skin

A

Flexible bones

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26
Q

Which of the following gives bone some flexibility and resists stretching?
Ground substance
Protein fibers
Cells

A

Protein fibers

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27
Q

Chronically elevated levels of which hormone would result in osteoporosis?
Calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone

A

Parathyroid hormone

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28
Q

Which of the following has the smallest blood supply?
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Cartilage

A

Cartilage

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29
Q

Even without having studied a feedback loop that restores red blood cells mass after we bleed, you know that effector tissue in the feedback loop must be located in
Red bone marrow
Yellow bone marrow
The kidney
The gut
The skin

A

Red bone marrow

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30
Q

Which of the following types of bone contains osteons?
Spongy bone
Compact bone
Soft bone
Hard bone

A

Compact bone

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31
Q

Many choice: Which of the following is a component of a synovial joint
Synovial fluid
Synovial membrane
Articular cartilage
Joint capsule

A

Synovial fluid
Synovial membrane
Articular cartilage
Joint capsule

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32
Q

Extension usually refers to
Decreasing the angle between two bones
Increasing the angle between two bones
Moving a limb away from the body’s midline
Moving a limb towards the body’s midline

A

Increasing the angle between two bones

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33
Q

Adduction refers to
Decreasing the angle between two bones
Increasing the angle between two bones
Moving a limb away from the body’s midline
Moving a limb towards the body’s midline

A

Moving a limb towards the body’s midline

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34
Q

In an adult, the joint between two parietal bones in the skull is
Immoveable
Slightly moveable
Synovial

A

Immoveable

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35
Q

Abduction refers to
Decreasing the angle between two bones
Increasing the angle between two bones
Moving a limb away from the body’s midline
Moving a limb towards the body’s midline

A

Moving a limb away from the body’s midline

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36
Q

Many choice: Which of the following is a synovial joint?
A suture in the cranium
The facet joint between vertebra
The joint between the teeth and the mandible

A

The facet joint between vertebra

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37
Q

The primary motor proteins in muscle are found in the
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Sarcolemma
Thin filament
Thick filament
Nuclei

A

Thick filament

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38
Q

A muscle fiber that fires a single action potential but never repolarizes will
Not generate force
Generate force for a short period of time and relax (a twitch)
Generate force until ATP is depleted

A

Generate force for a short period of time and relax (a twitch)

39
Q

Which of the following is the cause of the absolute refractory period?
Voltage gated sodium channels cannot open
Voltage gated potassium channels cannot open
Voltage gated chloride channels cannot open
Ligand gated potassium channels cannot open
Ligand gated sodium channels cannot open

A

Voltage gated sodium channels cannot open

40
Q

The tissue that surrounds a muscle fascicle is called the
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
Endoneurium
Epineurium

A

Perimysium

41
Q

A muscle fiber treated with tubocurarine would be
Contracted
Relaxed

A

Relaxed

42
Q

Many choice: fibers from which of the following connective tissues combine to connect muscle to bone?
The epimysium
The perimysium
The periosteum
The tendon
Myofibrils

A

The epimysium
The perimysium
The periosteum
The tendon

43
Q

In skeletal muscle, the protein that binds calcium in order to initiate contraction is
Actin
Troponin
Tropomyosin
Myosin

A

Troponin

44
Q

What causes relaxation in a skeletal muscle fiber
Myosin remains attached to actin
Calcium is pumped away from myofibrils
Voltage gated potassium channels open
Voltage gated sodium channels inactivate

A

Calcium is pumped away from myofibrils

45
Q

Of the choices below, when does a muscle fiber generate the most force?
When the fiber is concentrically contracting at maximum speed
When the fiber is concentrically contracting at medium speed
During an isometric contraction

A

During an isometric contraction

46
Q

If a person has been dead for a day, calcium concentration in the fluid surrounding the myofibrils would be
Less than the calcium concentration in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Equal to the calcium concentration in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Greater than the calcium concentration in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Equal to the calcium concentration in the sarcoplasmic reticulumv

47
Q

In skeletal muscle, the protein that covers myosin binding sites when the muscle is at rest is
Actin
Troponin
Tropomyosin
Myosin

A

Tropomyosin

48
Q

A muscle fiber treated for a long time with succinylcholine would be…
Contracted
Relaxed

A

Relaxed

49
Q

The tissue that surrounds an individual muscle fiber is called the
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
Endoneurium
Epineurium

A

Endomysium

50
Q

Skeletal muscle relaxes because
Voltage sensitive calcium channels open in the SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum)
Voltage sensitive calcium channels open in the plasma membrane
Calcium pumps are always removing calcium from the sarcoplasm
Calcium pumps are always removing calcium from the SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum)

A

Calcium pumps are always removing calcium from the sarcoplasm

51
Q

Tubocurarine binds to the nicotinic ACh receptor at the motor end plate and locks it in a closed position. In this case…
No action potentials would be fired
One action potential would be fired, but no subsequent action potentials
Action potentials would be continually fired until the tubocurarine was degraded

A

No action potentials would be fired

52
Q

A muscle that originates on the coracoid process of the scapula and inserts on radial tuberosity would (you may assume the muscle is located on the anterior side of the arm)
Flex the shoulder and flex the elbow.
Flex the shoulder and extend the elbow.
Extend the shoulder and flex the elbow.
Extend the shoulder and extend the elbow.

A

Flex the shoulder and flex the elbow.

53
Q

The triceps surae (gastrocnemius and soleus) act on the ankle as a
First class lever
Second class lever
Third class lever

A

Second class lever

54
Q

When we throw a ball, the muscles moving our arm exert force on a third class lever. In this case,
The distal part of the arm moves faster than the insertion of the brachialis
The distal part of the arm moves slower than the insertion of the brachialis
The distal part of the arm moves in the opposite direction from the insertion of the brachialis

A

The distal part of the arm moves faster than the insertion of the brachialis

55
Q

A muscle that originates on the ischial tuberosity and inserts on the head of the fibula would
Flex the knee and flex the hip.
Flex the knee and extend the hip.
Extend the knee and flex the hip.
Extend the knee and extend the hip.

A

Flex the knee and extend the hip.

56
Q

When the pectoralis major contracts while throwing a ball, the hand moves
Faster than the insertion of the muscle
Slower than the insertion of the muscle
The same speed as the insertion of the muscle

A

Faster than the insertion of the muscle

57
Q

If a neuron’s resting membrane potential is -70 mV and there were consistent graded membrane potentials, you would expect the voltage inside the cell to become
More negative
More positive
I need more information

A

I need more information

58
Q

In the nervous system, most information processing occurs in the
CNS
PNS

A

CNS

59
Q

During the absolute refractory period, a neuron
Is ready to fire an action potential
Can fire an action potential, but it takes a larger than normal stimulus
Cannot fire another action potential

A

Cannot fire another action potential

60
Q

Which of the following cells control the activity of smooth muscle in the gut?
Somatic motor neurons
Autonomic motor neurons
Visceral sensory neurons
Somatic sensory neurons

A

Autonomic motor neurons

61
Q

During the relative refractory period, voltage gated sodium channels are
Open
Closed
Inactivated

A

Closed

62
Q

Many choice: Effector tissue in the somatic nervous system consists of
Glands
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle
The epidermis

A

Skeletal muscle

63
Q

Myelin
Insulates dendrites and causes action potentials to travel faster
Insulates dendrites and causes action potentials to travel slower
Insulates cell bodies and causes action potentials to travel faster
Insulates axons and causes action potentials to travel faster
Insulates axons and causes action potentials to travel slower

A

Insulates axons and causes action potentials to travel faster

64
Q

Which of the following predominate in a neuron’s dendrites?
Action potentials
Graded potentials

A

Graded potentials

65
Q

Which of the following cells maintain the blood-brain barrier?
Neurons
Ependymal cells
Microglia
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes

A

Astrocytes

66
Q

An action potential that begins at the axon hillock travels only towards the axon terminal. This is because
After depolarizing, each portion of the axon enters the relative refractory period so can’t transmit a signal either backwards or forwards.
After depolarizing, each portion of the axon enters the absolute refractory period so can’t transmit a signal either backwards or forwards.
After depolarizing, each portion of the axon enters the resting state so can’t transmit a signal either backwards or forwards.

A

After depolarizing, each portion of the axon enters the absolute refractory period so can’t transmit a signal either backwards or forwards.

67
Q

When frightened by a lion, which branch of the nervous system is increases heart rate?
Afferent
Sensory
Somatic
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic

A

Sympathetic

68
Q

Many choice: The central nervous system includes
The brain
The spinal cord
Spinal nerves

A

The brain
The spinal cord

69
Q

Afferent neurons carry
Sensory signals
Motor signals
Neither sensory nor motor signals

A

Sensory signals

70
Q

During the absolute refractory period, voltage gated sodium channels are
Open
Closed
Inactivated

A

Inactivated

71
Q

Which of the following would relax a neuron?
Graded depolarization
Graded hyperpolarization
Action depolarization
Action hyperpolarization

A

Graded hyperpolarization

72
Q

Tetanus toxin exerts its effects in the
PNS
CNS

A

CNS

73
Q

Many choice: Treating a person with which of the following toxins would cause muscle cells to remain hyperpolarized all the time?
Tetanus toxin
Tubocurarine
Succinylcholine

A

Tubocurarine

74
Q

Botulinum toxin blocks contraction in skeletal muscle by
Blocking inhibitory signals affecting the lower motor neuron in the spinal cord
Blocking the release of ACh at the lower motor neuron axon terminus
Blocking calcium channels in the skeletal muscle SR
Blocking voltage gated sodium channels in skeletal muscle

A

Blocking the release of ACh at the lower motor neuron axon terminus

75
Q

Tetanus causes sustained skeletal muscle contraction by
Locking ACh receptors in an open position
Blocking ACh release at the lower motor neuron
Blocking inhibition of the lower motor neuron in the spinal cord
Blocking the activity of the blood-brain barrier

A

Blocking inhibition of the lower motor neuron in the spinal cord

76
Q

The most superficial layer of the epidermis is made up of
Rapidly dividing epithelial cells
Connective tissue
Many layers of dead keratinocytes
Sensory nerve fibers

A

Many layers of dead keratinocytes

77
Q

In order for melanin to protect against at least two types of skin cancer, the pigment must be passed to
Epithelial cells
Fibroblasts
Smooth muscle cells
Neurons

A

Epithelial cells

78
Q

As demonstrated in the skin, blood vessels travel through what tissue type?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nerve
Marshmallow

A

Connective

79
Q

The type of cell that gives rise to a squamous cell carcinoma is in the
Stratum corneum
Stratum basale
Papillary layer of the dermis
Reticular layer of the dermis
In the epidermis, but in neither the stratum corneum nor stratum basale

A

In the epidermis, but in neither the stratum corneum nor stratum basale

80
Q

In the negative feedback loop that restores body temperature when we get hot, the effector consists of
Stratified squamous epithelial tissue
Simple squamous epithelial tissue
Sensory structures close to the surface of the skin
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands

A

Sweat glands

81
Q

Which of the following would result in lowest bone mass over two weeks?
Consuming high levels of calcium while physically active
Consuming high levels of calcium while physically inactive
Consuming low levels of calcium while physically active

A

Consuming high levels of calcium while physically inactive

82
Q

Where are blood cells synthesized?
The brain
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage

A

Spongy bone

83
Q

Chicken bones that are dissolved in vinegar for a week become flexible. This is due to elimination of ____________ from the bone.
Epithelium
Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Ground substance
Protein fibers.

A

Ground substance

84
Q

The structural units of spongy bone are
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteons
Trabeculae
Lacunae

A

Trabeculae

85
Q

In a long bone, red bone marrow is located in the
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Foramen

A

Epiphysis

86
Q

If the gene for collagen were damaged such that the collagen in bone became non-functional, the bone tissue would be
Brittle
Flexible
Unchanged

A

Brittle

87
Q

Many choice: Which of the following bones articulate with the femur at the knee?
The tibia
The fibula
The talus

A

The tibia

88
Q

Dorsiflexion of the foot brings the big toe (hallux) _______________ the tibial tuberosity.
Closer to
Farther away from

A

Closer to

89
Q

As a muscle exerts more force, which of the following is always true?
The muscle fires more action potentials
More motor units are recruited
More cross bridges form
The muscle contracts faster
The muscle contracts slower

A

More cross bridges form

90
Q

The brachialis flexes the elbow when it shortens. In order to extend the elbow,
The brachialis must generate force to lengthen the muscle.
Synergists for elbow flexion must generate force to extend the elbow
Antagonists to elbow flexion must contract

A

Antagonists to elbow flexion must contract

91
Q

Organophosphates block the action of acetylcholinesterase. In this case, muscle fibers would spend more time
Above threshold
Below threshold

A

Above threshold

92
Q

A synergist is a muscle that
Group of answer choices

Assists the prime mover for a motion

Assists the antagonist for a motion

Is primarily responsible for a movement

Is primarily responsible for opposing a movement

A

Assists the prime mover for a motion

93
Q

Which of the following would relax a neuron?
Group of answer choices

Sodium moving into a cell

Chloride moving into a cell

Potassium moving into a cell

A

Chloride moving into a cell

KIN270 (5 decks)

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