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Advanced Developmental > Post embryonic development and cancer > Flashcards

Post embryonic development and cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Growth is a key factor to determine what?

A

Shape

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2
Q

How does most growth occur?

A

Proliferation = hyperplasia
Cell enlargement = hypertrophy
Accretion

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3
Q

What is accretion?

A

Gradual accumulation of layers/matter

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4
Q

Which cyclins control which cdks?

A 
A/B = Cdk1
D = Cdk 4/6
E = Cdk 2 
A = Cdk 2
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5
Q

Describe the cell cycle of nuclei in the syncitium

A

Very rapid cylces of S and M phases only, no G phases

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6
Q

At which cycle is G2 introduced?

A

14

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7
Q

What happens to nuclei when they migrate to the periphary?

A

Cellularisation occurs as a result of the membrane involuting

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8
Q

The AP and DV axis can affect division in what way?

A

Position can affect the cells division rate

Cells form mitotic domains

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9
Q

What is the role of string?

A

It is a phospatase that activates the Cdks

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10
Q

Describe the distribution of string in divisions 1 to 13, and then afterwards

A

In 1 - 13 it is evenly ditributed = rapid and synchronous division
After it is under control of the patterning genes which set up the AP or DV axis

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11
Q

Name the only exception where string does not have the expected effect and why this is

A

The mesoderm - one of the first to express string but it is the 10th to divide
This is due to trubble which inhibits string
It is inhibited as mesoderm needs to invaginate - cell division would inhibit this

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12
Q

Describe what happens if a limb bud is taken from a large animal and transplanted to a smaller one

A

The limb would grow to the size of the original limb bud from the bigger animal

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13
Q

What happens if additional thymus glands are transplanted?

A

They all maintain their size and multiple amounts of tissue is made

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14
Q

Describe the inactivation of the Hippo pathway

A

Inactive = transcription factor Yki/Yap/Taz in the nucleus is stimulating growth

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15
Q

What happens when the Hippo pathway is active?

A

The transcription factors are excluded from the nucleus stopping further growth

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16
Q

What may active the hippo pathway?

A

Cell to cell contact eg overcrowding

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17
Q

What happens if hippo is mutated?

A

The pathway is inactivated = innapropriate growth

eg mice overall size is the same but the liver is not

18
Q

Why do pygmies have a short stature?

A

They do not undergo a second growth rate in puberty

19
Q

In drosophila, what determines the size of the adult fly?

A

The size of the larva

20
Q

What determines the size of the larva?

A

By insulin signalling - this affects both the duration and rate of larval growth

21
Q

What induces metamorphis?

A

Ecdyson

22
Q

Which pathways may be responsible for determing the size of different dog breeds?

A

IGF and GH

23
Q

Where is growth hormone produced?

A

In the pituitary

24
Q

What stimulates growth hormone release and what inhibits it?

A

Stimulate = growth hormone releasing hormone
Inhibit = somatostatin
Both come from the hypothalamus

25
Q

How can a mother influence growth?

A

The enviroment of the wound

26
Q

How can maternal conditions affect life postembryonically?

A

Inadequate growth in uterus due to a diet can lead to life long consequences
The embryo may catch up in growth but effects still seen eg obesity, diabetes and CHD later on in life

27
Q

Where are cancers most commonly found?

A

In tissues that continously divide through life eg epithelia and blood

28
Q

What is a teratoma?

A

Cells similar to embryonic cells which can give rise to all three germ layers
They form a tumour made up of many different cell types

29
Q

What are protooncogenes called if their activated?

A

oncogenes

30
Q

List examples of protooncogenes

A

Ras
Raf
Epidermal growth factor receptor
Myc

31
Q

List examples of tumour suppressor genes

A 
Retinoblastoma
p53
Patched
Adenomatous polyposis coli
Von Hippel Lindou
32
Q

How is molting and metamorphis coordinated?

A

Influences from the enviroment that act on the CNS

33
Q

Why do Arthropods have to molt?

A

To grow - their cuticle is rigid so they have to molt

This is called ecdysis

34
Q

Molting is initiated by what?

A

The activation of stretch receptors in the cuticle

This releases protothoracicotrophic hormone

35
Q

Where does protothoracicotopic hormone come from?

A

The corpus alatum

36
Q

Which hormone causes molting?

A

Ecdyson

37
Q

How does a new cuticle form?

A

The free epidermal cells proliferate and secrete a fluid to form a barrier
They then start secreting a new cuticle
Then the old cuticle will shed

38
Q

Metamorphis occurs under the influence of what in insects?

A

Nutrition, temp and light

39
Q

Which hormones prevent metamorphis?

A

Juvenile hormones

40
Q

What is the effect of thyroxin on the limbs and tail in frogs?

A

Growth of limbs and degeneration of tail

Advanced Developmental (25 decks)

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