Post-Absorptive Mechanisms, Macronutrient Inter-conversion & Energy Balance

Question 1

Which three cell types can store glucose and which two cannot?

Answer 1

Three that can: Liver, Skeletal muscle and Adipocytes
Two that cannot: erythrocytes and brain

Question 2

What two things is glucose converted into in the Liver?

Answer 2

Glycogen and Acetyl CoA

Question 3

What can Acetyl Co-A be converted into? What do they combine with to produce?

Answer 3

Triglycerides
Combine to protein to produce VDDL ( Very Low Density Lipoprotein)

Question 4

Which two types of cells is Glycogen stored primarily?

Answer 4

Liver and Skeletal Muscle

Question 5

What hormone promotes the uptake of insulin into cells?

Answer 5

Insulin

Question 6

What do erythrocytes convert Glucose into for energy? Why?

Answer 6

Pyruvate
No Mitochondria is present

Question 7

What Happens to the Pyruvate in the erythrocyte?

Answer 7

Converted into Lactate or diffuses outwards

Question 8

What two substances is Glucose converted into in Adipocytes?

Answer 8

ATP (for energy)
Triglycerides (for storage)

Question 9

What is a Chylomicron?

Answer 9

A type of Lipoprotein

Question 10

Where do Chylomicrons travel?

Answer 10

In the Lymphatic system then back into circulatory system

Question 11

How long is short fasting? What is process is used for energy?

Answer 11

Hours to Overnight
Glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen)

Question 12

How long is long fasting? What process is used for energy?

Answer 12

Many hours
Gluconeogenesis

Question 13

How long is prolonged fasting/ starvation? What is Primarily used for energy and by which process?

Answer 13

4/5 days+
Lipids by Lipolysis

Question 14

3 Substances used in Gluconeogenesis

Answer 14

Lactate
Amino Acids
Glycerol

Question 15

Products of Lipolysis

Answer 15

Glycerol and fatty acids

Question 16

What is Glycerol converted into during fasting? Where does this occur?

Answer 16

Converted into Glucose in the Liver

Question 17

What are Fatty acids converted into in the Liver during fasting? Which can be used for what function?

Answer 17

Ketones
Used as energy

Question 18

During prolonged Fasting what do each of the Brain and Erythrocytes use primarily for energy?

Answer 18

Brain- Ketones
Erythrocytes- Glucose

Question 19

What are the three Adrenal Hormones involved in fuel metabolism?

Answer 19

Cortisol (preparation for stress response)
Adrenaline (Fight or flight)
Noradrenaline

Question 20

What is the Thyroid hormone involved in regulating fuel metabolism? Function in Metabolism

Answer 20

Thyroxine
General control of metabolism (Metabolic rate)

Question 21

What are the two Hormones released by the Pituitary gland in fuel metabolism?

Answer 21

Growth hormone
Somatostatin

Question 22

What type of function does Insulin have? Three functions involved with this

Answer 22

Anabolic function:
-Glycogen storage
-Fat storage
-Protein Synthesis

Question 23

What type of function does Glucagon have? What are Three processes involved with this function?

Answer 23

Catabolic function:
-Glycogenesis
-Gluconeogenesis
-Ketogenesis

Question 24

What is Basal Metabolic rate?

Answer 24

Amount of energy required to perform vital functions

Question 25

What hormone suppresses appetite? what cell types release it? What does it act on?

Answer 25

Leptin
Released from adipocyte cells
Acts on CNS

Question 26

What hormone Stimulates appetite? Where is it released and what does it act on? What causes it to stop being released?

Answer 26

Ghrelin
Released by Stomach, acts on CNS
Stretch of stomach stops it release