Post 1945

Question 1

discuss how Aboriginal spirituality is

determined by the Dreaming

Answer 1

– kinship
– ceremonial life
– obligations to the land and people

Question 2

issues for Aboriginal spiritualities in

relation to:

Answer 2

– the effect of dispossession

– the Land Rights movement

Question 3

discuss the continuing effect of
dispossession on Aboriginal
spiritualities in relation to:

Answer 3

– separation from the land
– separation from kinship groups
– the Stolen Generations

Question 4

outline the importance of the following

for the Land Rights movement:

Answer 4

– Native Title
– Mabo
– Wik

Question 5

the religious landscape from 1945 to

the present in relation to:

Answer 5

– changing patterns of religious
adherence
– the current religious landscape

Question 6

account for the present religious

landscape in Australia in relation to:

Answer 6

– Christianity as the major religious
tradition
– immigration
– denominational switching
– rise of New Age religions
– secularism

Question 7

religious dialogue in multi-faith

Australia

Answer 7

– (Describe the impact) ecumenical movements within Christianity
– (evaluate importance) Interfaith dialogue
– (examine) The relationship between
Aboriginal spiritualities and
religious traditions in the process of Reconciliation

Question 8

describe the impact of Christian

ecumenical movements in Australia

Answer 8

– The National Council of Churches

– NSW Ecumenical Council

Question 9

Kinship

Answer 9

 complex system of belonging, relationships and responsibilities
 determined by family relationships, totems, skin names. Therefore is connected with the ancestor spirits and dreaming

Question 10

Kinship is (quotes)

Answer 10

the “tangible expression of the dreaming in everyday life”

Question 11

Ceremonial life

 4 main roles

Answer 11

• Rite of passage –initiation rites, funerals: an initiation ceremony teaches young Aboriginal people about their responsibilities
• Passing on social information- elders are custodians
• Spiritual role- connect people with Dreaming
• Personal- support friendship, personal and groups:
o Communicated through art, dance, story, ceremonies
o Totems and sacred sited  ceremonial responsibility balance rites

Question 12

Obligations to the Land and People (two quotes)

Answer 12

“We don’t own the land, the land owns us”

“The land is our food, our culture and identity”

Question 13

Obligations to the Land and People (points)

Answer 13

 Stories of Dreaming
 Given custody of the land b the Ancestral Spirit
 Land= ritual estate= sacred sites
 Protecting, nurturing, maintaining balance is important part of each individuals life and is tribes responsibility
 Important because of: 1. Economic uses 2. Ritual association
 Mutual dependence- they rely on land, land rely on them

Question 14

Obligations to the land and people as reflected in Dreaming

Answer 14

• Land holds sacred places for all people
• Land is context of dreaming inhibited by the ancestor spirits
• Responsibilities to land physically and tangibly derives from and preserves the dreaming as a living religion

Question 15

The effect of dispossession- discuss the continuing effect of dispossession on the Aboriginal spiritualties in relation to
Separation from the land

Answer 15

• Inextricable connection to the land
• Loss of land= loss of identity, cultural heritage, totems, indeptence, spiritual world, purpose in life, sense of belonging
• Unable to fulfil ritual responsibilities
• Stories/ song/ dance

Question 16

The effect of dispossession- discuss the continuing effect of dispossession on the Aboriginal spiritualities in relation to separation from kinship groups

Answer 16

• Destroyed kinship system
• Loss of identity, culture, belief, laws, rituals, family links, language
• Children grew up without learning about Aboriginal life and spirituality
• Social problems- depression, demoralisation, alcohol
• Loss of language- people were forbidden to speak native language

Question 17

The effect of dispossession- discuss the continuing effect of dispossession on the Aboriginal spiritualties in relation to

Answer 17

o Maltreatment, Sexual exploitation, Degrading forms of humiliation, Inhuman working conditions
• Detrimental effect on-
Land Culture Spirituality Identity Language Totems Kinships Ceremonies

Question 18

The stolen generations When and who

Answer 18

Between late 1800’s- 1972 by govt. and church

Question 19

Stolen Generation Attempt to

Answer 19

assimilate into European society

Question 20

Stolen Generation based on what 2 polices

Answer 20

o Protection- living in an uncivilisated environment, forcing into reserves
o Assimilation- forced integration into white society to destroy aboriginal lifestyle

Question 21

Native title is

Answer 21

form of land title that recognises the unique ties some Aboriginal groups have to land. Australian law recognises that native title exists where Aboriginal people have maintained a traditional connection to their land and waters, since sovereignty, and where acts of government have not removed it.

Question 22

Native title (points)

Answer 22

• Religious and political movement
• Source of dreaming- important
• Control over land is means of regaining control of their lives
• Recognition by Australian law that indigenous people have rights and interests to their land that come from their traditional laws and customs

Question 23

NATIVE TITLE ACT

Answer 23

1993

Question 24

Mabo

Answer 24

Eddie Mabo took govt. to court then high court of Australia to get Terr Nullius overturned

Question 25

Notion of Terra Nullius overturned

Answer 25

June 1992

Question 26

The Wik Case (year)

Answer 26

1996

Question 27

What did the Wik case say

Answer 27

• Said pastoral lease holders and native title could co-exist, however when conflict pastoral leases take precedent

Question 28

What did Wik case lead to

Answer 28

Led to Native title Amendment Act 1998, otherwise known as the ’10 point plan’. Took away power from federal govt. to state

Question 29

Native title Amendment Act (year)

Answer 29

1998

Question 30

Analyse the importance of the Dreaming for the land Rights movement

Answer 30

```  The land rights movement is a political spiritual movement in attempting to regain land control  Importance of Dreaming- • Land linked, sacred objects/sites • Songs, languages, stories • Rituals • Rediscover kinship • Understanding life ```

Question 31

“The elders told

Answer 31

us we were connected to everything and proof of that is being alive” – Bob Randal

Question 32

“Before native title

Answer 32

we knew we owned this country, but nobody else recognised that” 0 Janet Stewart Nyangumanta Elder

Question 33

"The land is our

Answer 33

food, our culture, our spirit and identity” S. Knight

Question 34

Top 5 religions in 2011

Answer 34

1. Christainity 64% 2. Buddhism 2.5% 3. Islam 2.2% 4. Hinduism 1.3% (biggest increase from 0.7%) 5. Judaism 0.5%

Question 35

Christian denominations changes

Answer 35

o Decrease- Anglican, Presbyterian, uniting church | o Stationary- Pentecostal, baptism

Question 36

Top 4 in 2011

Answer 36

1. Catholic 25.3% 2. No religion 22.3% 3. Anglican 17.1% 4. Uniting Church 5%

Question 37

 DESCRIBE landscape

Answer 37

figures, trends, tradition , denominations

Question 38

 ACCOUNT FOR landscape

Answer 38

immigration, rise in secularism, |  new age, denominational switching

Question 39

Christianity as the major religious tradition

Answer 39

 Underpins Australian Cultural, legal and political system |  Settle by mostly Christians

Question 40

The ongoing decline in most Christian groups as a percentage of the population is due to

Answer 40

increasing secularisation, dissatisfaction with traditional religious movements, aging membership, and a lack of migrant intake.

Question 41

White policy act (Immigration Restriction Act 1901) (points)

Answer 41

kept non-Christians migrants to a minimum. It’s abolition in 1973 saw increasing diversity.  Because immigration was from predominately Christian countries it remained the dominant religion

Question 42

White policy act

Answer 42

(Immigration Restriction Act 1901)

Question 43

The Uniting Church in Australia established when congregations of the

Answer 43

Methodist Church, Presbyterian Church of Australia and Congregational Union came together.

Question 44

Immigration increase in diversity, after

Answer 44

WW1 Aus. took in War Refugees under Agreement with International Refugee Org, this brought migrants from Italy (catholic), Eastern Europe (orthodox), Germany (Judaism).

Question 45

Immigration- Aus. white policy repealed by

Answer 45

1965

Question 46

Immigration has changed Australia into a

Answer 46

multi-faith society.

Question 47

After Vietnam War in 1975 refugees arrived in Aus. from-

Answer 47

-Buddist (Thailand and Cambodia), Hinduists (India, Sri Lanka)-

Question 48

Since 1970 Australia has welcomed more

Answer 48

Middle East due to the conflict therefore increased Muslim numbers.

Question 49

who had biggest increase from 0.7% to 1.3% in 2011 to 1.9% in 2016

Answer 49

Hinduism

Question 50

2016 census data

Answer 50

1. Christianity 52.% a. Catholic 22.6% b. Anglican 13.3% c. Other 16.3% 2. No Religion 30.1% 3. Islam 2.6% 4. Buddhism 2.4% 5. Hinduism 1.9% 6. Sikhism 0.5% 7. Judaism 0.4%

Question 51

Denominational switching

Answer 51

 vast majority born into their choice of religion.  People switch to find a church that meats their family needs. Want church to be caring, wellled and open to involvement.

Question 52

What is the fastest growing denomination because of their appealing services. Known for their emphasis on music (Hillside) and contemporary and engaging services. It is also appealing because of the strong sense of community and charismatic leaders.

Answer 52

Pentecostal

Question 53

Christians account for denominational switching

Answer 53

Catholic --, uniting (down), Anglican (down), Pentecostal (up)

Question 54

New Age religions are

Answer 54

a free-flowing spiritual movement, a network of believers and practitioners who share somewhat similar beliefs and practices.

Question 55

Different because no.

Answer 55

holy texts, central org., membership, dogma

Question 56

 Beliefs can include:

Answer 56

o Monism (single being of force behind all creation), o Reincarnation (rebirth after death), o Karma, o Potential of human being (self-improvement/fulfilment).

Question 57

Desire for __________________ | New ways of _______________

Answer 57

understanding of oneself and the universe. | thinking and understanding

Question 58

 Practices such as:

Answer 58

fortune telling, holistic medicine, astrology, meditation, crystals, feng shui.

Question 59

Reasons for increase in new age religions

Answer 59

o individualistic and liberal in the sense that it is the type of spirituality in which a person can pick and choose which beliefs and practices to follow and hence tailor a 'religion' to suit their individual preferences. o General dissatisfaction at mainstream religions there is still a longing for a spiritual dimension to life, frustration of slowness of change in traditional group, o seek personal fulfilment o want a new way of seeking inner peace and health and meaning in life.

Question 60

Secularism is

Answer 60

 belief religion should be separate from state.

Question 61

Reason for: increasing

Answer 61

pluralistic (diversity of beliefs and cultures), individualism, materialism, dissatisfaction with traditional religions, scientific advanced, disenfranchisement.

Question 62

No religion increased

Answer 62

0.3% in 1947 to 30% in 2016

Question 63

Describe the impact of Christian ecumenical movements in Australia

Answer 63

 Joint commissions make statements about official church teachings  Co-operation on social/political issues and in times of crisis or tragedy  Unity among Christian denominations- unity outweighs diversity in practices and beliefs

Question 64

The National Council of Churches founded in____ to become the National Council of Churches in Australia

Answer 64

1994

Question 65

19 Christian churches that

Answer 65

dialogue and collaborate

Question 66

 Work with local ecumenical councils to provide

Answer 66

o Resources to aid local churches in ther mission program o Provide opportunities to reflect and worship toether o Encourage interfaith dialogue

Question 67

NSW Ecumenical Council | Formed in

Answer 67

1982

Question 68

 Examples of initiatives that the NSW Ecumenical council undertakes l

Answer 68

o The Christmas Bow - appeal is a much-loved tradition where 1,800 churches from 19 denominations come together in a powerful demonstration of solidarity as well as an act of faith and love to help some of the world's most vulnerable people.

Question 69

Evaluate the importance of interfaith dialogue in multi-faith Australia

Answer 69

 Acknowledges all religions are different  Better appreciation of uniqueness or each other  Discussion on common grounds and work together

Question 70

example of multi-faith dialogue

Answer 70

 Have inter-faith prayer services and stand publically united on significant issues  Eg. Interfaith prayer services commemorating Bali Bombing and the Boxing Day Tsunami

Question 71

Examine the relationship between Aboriginal spiritualties and religious traditions in the process of Reconciliation

Answer 71

 Many Christian groups strongly support reconciliation, and the issues associated with it such as land rights, native title and the need for a formal apology to the Stolen Generation.  Australians for Native Title and Reconciliation (ANTaR) is an example of a prominent church based organisation advocating indigenous rights.  There is interfaith support for the process of reconciliation.  Islamic and Buddhist groups have also made public statements supporting reconciliation, and issues such as native title, a formal apology to the Stolen Generation and land rights.