Possible DOKO #2 information Flashcards
The process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society.
Socialization
The individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person
Self
One’s sense of agency, action, or power.
“I”
Socialized sense of self
“Me”
Someone or something outside of oneself
Other
An internalized sense of the total expectations of others in a variety of settings - regardless of whether we’ve encountered those people or places before
Generalized Other
The process by which one’s sense of social values, beliefs, and norms are reengineered, often deliberately, through an intense social process that may take place in a total institution
Re socialization
An institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of day-to-day life; no barriers exist between the usual spheres of daily life, and all activity occurs in the same place and under the same single authority. Eg, military, jail, nursing home
Total Institution
A recognizable social position that an individual occupies
Status
The duties and behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status
Role
The incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status
Role Strain
The tension caused by competing demands between two or more roles pertaining to different statuses
Role Conflict
All the statuses one holds simultaneously
Status set
A status into which one is born; involuntary status
Ascribed Status
One status into which one enters; voluntary status
Achieved Status
One status within a set that stands out or overrides all others
Master Status
Sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one’s status as male or female
Gender Role
A micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people’s actions
Symbolic Interactionism
The view of social life as essentially a theatrical performance, in which we are all actors on metaphorical stages, with roles, scripts, costumes, and sets.
Dramaturgical Theory
The esteem in which an individual is held by others.
Face
The start of an encounter
Opening
Refraining from directly interacting with someone, even someone you know, until an opening bracket has been issued.
Civil Inattention
Literally “the methods of the people”; this approach to studying human interaction focuses on the ways in which we make sense of our world, convey this understanding to others, and produce a shared social order.
Ethnomethodology
Three major aspects to socialization
The content and process of socialization
The context “”
The results “”
The content of socialization is____
Culture
Process’ have been outlined by 3 different scholars whom are…?
Mead
Cooley
Cohen
What do these process’ help us do?
They help us understand ourselves in relation to others.
The collection of thoughts and feelings when considering yourself as an object
Sense of self
What does “I” mean?
“I” is unsocialized , spontaneous, impulsive, and creative Tends not to consider others Focuses more on satisfying immediate desires
What does “me” mean?
“me” is the socialized sense of self that has been learned from interactions with others Tends to consider others Encourages conformity to norms
Gaze monitoring was originated by who?
Cohen
when one follows the
gaze of another and infers what they must
be thinking/feeling
Gaze Monitoring
What is the “looking glass self” and who created it?
1. We imagine our image in the eyes of others. 2. We imagine others making some judgment about us. 3. We experience a feeling as a result of the imagined judgment
COOLEY
Mead created what four steps to socialization?
- Pre play - imitating others
- Play - understanding 1 status
- Game stage - understanding two statuses
4 Generalized Other - understanding society as a whole
A group of people, usually of similar age,
who share similar interests and social
status
Peer groups
What are the 3 contexts of socialization?
1. Biological 2. Psychological 3. Social
a philosophical position where biological factors are thought to be the only factor in the socialization of a person.
Biological Determinism
born terrible connotation
Eugenics
a philosophical position where biological factors are thought to be inconsequential in the socialization of a person. Instead, only social factors matter.
Sociological Determinism
the idea
that genes interact with environment to
condition outcomes.
Epigenetics
The genetic makeup of a
being
Genotype
a space where
environment deflects or alters the course
of the developing phenotype.
Epigenetic Space
Observable Characteristics
Phenotype
Psychological Context
The main idea here is that the way a
person feels interacts with their
socialization
Generally thought of as
historical context that affects all members of a
population.
Period Effects
The effect group membership
has on an individual’s socialization
Group Effects
Where you are in the social
structure conditions how you are socialized.
Social Status
Thoughts and emotions are ____ of socialization
Results
Thinking is ____ before it is ____
Thinking is public before it is private
Shared symbols, language, and community precede us and give form to 1.\_\_\_\_ 2.\_\_\_\_ 3.\_\_\_\_\_
The categories we think in
The topics we think about
and the way we think
\_\_\_\_\_\_ refers to a number of different processes related to conspecifics including 1.\_\_\_\_ 2.\_\_\_ 3.\_\_\_
Social cognition
- how we pay attention
- the meanings that things have for us
- Our ability to remember and process
information
the ability to see the world from someone
else’s perspective.
role-taking
the values and
orientations of the overall community
Generalized Other
social groups that
share cognitive patterns.
Thought communities
privileging
personal explanations over situational
explanations.
Fundamental attribution error
the tendency to
explain negative outcomes of out
-
group
members as a result of their personality
while positive outcomes are viewed as rare.
Ultimate attribution error
Sociology of emotion summed up
The way that we feel about feeling is tied
to social context and shared social
meanings
.
Interpretation of biological cues depends
on social label
The way we interpret our feelings depends
in part on how we’ve been socialized.
Norms about the acceptable
feelings to experience in a certain
environment.
Feeling Rules
Jobs that require
employees to manage their feelings and to
display specific feelings to their customers or
clients
Emotional Labor
The practice of voluntarily
engaging in risky behavior that may
result in severe injury or death.
Edgework
what levels does social structure occur in?
micro, mid range, and macro
T or F
Stereotypes are often based on status
True
Agreement to return criminals to the USA
Extradition Treaty
A special advantage not everyone can enjoy
Privilege
Intergeneration
Across generations
Fowler and Christakis argue that…
people who have many network ties are more likely to be happy
Fowler and Christakis demonstrate that…
happiness is a network phenomenon
Social Networks represent another way of thinking about….?
Why?
Another way of thinking about social structure
Because they are often produced by recurrent behaviors i.e., social structure
What are social networks?
Sets of relations, links, or ties among social actors.
Social networks may be operationalized in many different ways
- _____
- ____
- ____
Observation by researchers
Nominations by ego
Nominations by alters
Why are social networks important?
Because they have an impact on our everyday lives.
how do social networks affect our everyday lives?
They affect our behavior, how we feel, and more!
Regarding the Framingham heart study (FHS) how many people were in the sample (happiness study) and what years?
4739 1983-2003
(FHS) Happiness was measured by…?
a four point scale
What was the major finding from FHS?
Happiness is greater for those surrounded by many happy people.
Having a happy spouse increases probability of happy ego by____
8%
Having a happy friend increases probability of happy ego by ___
25%
Having a happy sibling increases probability of happy ego by ___
14%
Having a happy next door neighbor increases probability of happy ego by ___
34%
Having a happy nearby mutual friend increases probability of happy ego by___
63%
How much was the sample for the smoking study and during what time period?
12,067
1971-2003
The smoking study showed that ….
Smoking decreases in sample reflect national trends (among 40 - 49 year old folks: 66% 22% ) Smokers become more peripheral Friends with more education had more influence on one another than friends with less education.
Cessation by spouse decreases ego’s chances of smoking by____%
67
Cessation by sibling decreases ego’s chances of smoking by___$
25
Cessation by friend decreases ego’s chances of smoking by____%
36
Cessation by co-worker decreases ego’s chances of smoking by___%
34
Some ties are stronger than others, this means that …
Some ties represent relationships that are more likely to produce desired outcomes.
What could account for the differences in the strength in ties?
- Some ties represent more frequent interaction
- Personal evaluations
- transfer of material resources
- information
- formal roles
- kinship
Social Location
Meaning “where” a person is in the social network
If you have many contacts within a social network, then you are____
central
If you have few contacts within a social network than you are___
Peripheral
Based on Hollywood, centrality….
Does not come primarily from receiving awards,
or doing a lot of work.
Does come from working with diverse groups
.
Engaging in behaviors and/or adopting
beliefs that are socially acceptable
Conformity
The justifiable right to exercise power
Authority
When people perceive their circumstances to be real, these circumstances become real in their consequences.
Thomas Theorem
The focal individual, this is the person whose behavior is being analyzed.
Ego
A person connected to the ego ; this is the person who is potentially influencing the behavior of the ego
Alter
Node
a person
the tendency for people to choose relationships with people who have similar attributes.
homophily
relationship between two nodes
social tie
component
group of nodes that is a subset of a full network. Any subset.
Grouping of people that are the same or similiar
cluster
focusing on your own species
conspecifics
