DOKO #3 Flashcards
any transgression of socially established norms
social deviance
the violation of laws enacted by society
crime
social bonds; how well people relate to each other and get along on a day-to-day basis
social cohesion
social cohesion based on sameness
mechanical or segmental solidarity
social cohesion based on different and interdependence of the parts —division of labor can be very complex. We need everybody even though they do different stuff. example is an example of this….
organic solidarity
mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals
social control
mechanisms of social control by which rules or laws prohibit deviant criminal behavior
the mechanisms that formal social control would use.
formal social sanctions
the usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership; unspoken rules of social life.
the mechanisms that informal social control would use.
informal social sanctions
how well you are integrated into your social group or community
social integration
the number of rules guiding your daily life and, more specifically, what you can reasonably expect from the world on a day-to-day basis
social regulation
suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated into a social group
egoistic suicide
Suicide that occurs when one experiences too much social integration
altruistic suicide (refer to graph on page 201 – really helps)
a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation; normlessness
anomie
suicide that occurs as a result of insufficient social regulation
anomic suicide
suicide that occurs as a result of too much social regulation
fatalistic suicide
Robert Merton’s theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all of its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals.
strain theory
individual who accepts both the goals and the strategies that are considered socially acceptable to achieve those goals
conformist
individual who rejects socially defined goals but not the means
ritualist
social deviant who accepts socially acceptable goals but rejects socially acceptable means to achieve them
innovator
on who rejects both socially acceptable means and goals by completely retreating from, or not participating in, society.
retreatist
individual who rejects both traditional goals and traditional means and wants to alter or destroy the social institutions from which he or she is alienated.
rebel
the belief that individuals subconsciously notice how others see or label them, and their reactions to those labels over time form the basis of their self-identity.
refer to the 3 implications
labeling theory
the first act of rule breaking that may incur a label of ‘deviant’ and thus influence how people think about and act toward you
primary deviance
subsequent acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of your new deviant label and people’s expectations of you.
secondary deviant
a negative social label that not only changes others’ behavior toward a person but also alters that person’s own self-concept and social identity.
stigma
theory explaining how social context and social cues impact whether individuals act deviantly; specifically. whether local informal social norms allow deviant acts.
Broken windows theory of deviance
crime committed in public and often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty.
street crime
offense committed by a professional (s) against a corporation, agency, or other institution
white-collar crimes
a particular type of white-collar crime committed by the officers (CEOs) of a corporation
corporate crime
According to YMAY, deviance can be best described as …
behavior that does not conform to basic cultural norms
Some positive consequences of the normative definition
Seems easy to use
definitions seem straight forward and easy to apply
produces nice quantitative data
Some negative consequences of the normative definition
masks variation by culture and subculture
deviance defined by the position an object of analysis occupies in a distribution — being rare within a graph , if you are common than you are not ….
Statistical deviance
over-conformity that gets a favorable response
positive deviance
3 implications of the labeling definition
- Deviance is not a norm violation unless a powerful entity successfully designates the act as deviant and applies the label “deviant” successfully.
- Society creates deviance.
- Deviance is behavior that has real consequences.
social control exercised by the self
internal self control
When self-control fails and we commit a deviant act, people with informal statuses may exercise social control on us.e.g. Neighbors, teachers, friends, parents
informal social control
For certain deviant behaviors, formalized institutional responses provide the sanctions. e.g. Police Officers, Judges, Prison Guards
formal social control
Crime and deviance do not always overlap. ___laws are laws that no longer make sense with social standards.
Anachronistic laws
Outdated laws based on religion, no longer enforced
Blue laws
According to Katherine Beckett’s study, law enforcement’s focus on ____ is thus a leading cause of racial disparity in drug delivery arrests
crack
T/F Blacks are also over-represented among heroin delivery arrestees given evidence regarding the rate at which blacks deliver that substance.
true
According to Katherine Beckett, what are the primary causes of racial disparity in delivery arrests?
“Analyses of arrest patterns indicate that the SPD’s concentration on racially diverse outdoor drug markets and on deliverers of crack, it’s lack of attention to predominately white heroin markets and to whites involved in heroin delivery, and its targeting of black individuals. “
Hidden deviance is….
the dark figure of deviance
This explanation for deviance and crime focuses on socially agreed upon goals and access to the means to achieve those goals macro level theory used on the individual level. society is structured. certain races have access to certain things.
Strain/Anomie
The differential association theory argues that…
That people learn behavior, and thus deviance and crime
The differential association theory focused on …(think definitions)
the idea that people learn behavior, and thus deviance and crimeFocused on definitions favorable to deviance and definitions unfavorable to deviance.
Three necessary and sufficient conditions for crime
.The person has learned an excess of weighted definitions favorable to deviance/crime.
Person has learned the skills
and techniques
The objective opportunity to commit a crime is present
T/F: According to Differential Association Theory—If a person knows how to commit a crime they will do it eventually.
False
The differential association theory said we begin life ______
Tabula rasa = blank
Elijah Anderson conducted a qualitative study of crime in PA that resulted in a body of work called the ______
code of the street
Anderson -
How do middle-class people gain status?
Through work and education
_____ change argues that dedustrialization made it less likely that inner-city populations will gain status via jobs
Structural
Tension occurred when…
There were no jobs due to dedustrialization
What was the solution people found because of this tension?
Middle class norms related to education and work are replaced by new norms of status attainment via violence and aggression.
Think of some examples of Code of the Street….
Never back down from a fight
Status based on ‘rep’ for violence
Exact revenge
(these are only a few examples)
T/F
Street people adhere to middle class norms, and do not adhere to code of the street
False
_____people adhere to middle class norms but also practice the code of the street
decent (there are more decent people than street)
Are middle class values important elements in Anderson's explanation of the origin of the code of the street?
yes
A social arrangement in which substantial ethno-racial inequality in social and economic circumstances and power in society is combined with segregated and unequal residential locations across major racial and ethnic groups” — recurring patterns of behavior of segregation, spatial effects matter because of how strong segregation is.
Racial Spatial Divide
The term “disadvantage” encompasses what?
hint: this is an index measure
% poverty % unemployed % college degree %professional/managerial % single mothers and % low-wage jobs.
