DOKO #3 Flashcards
any transgression of socially established norms
social deviance
the violation of laws enacted by society
crime
social bonds; how well people relate to each other and get along on a day-to-day basis
social cohesion
social cohesion based on sameness
mechanical or segmental solidarity
social cohesion based on different and interdependence of the parts —division of labor can be very complex. We need everybody even though they do different stuff. example is an example of this….
organic solidarity
mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals
social control
mechanisms of social control by which rules or laws prohibit deviant criminal behavior
the mechanisms that formal social control would use.
formal social sanctions
the usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership; unspoken rules of social life.
the mechanisms that informal social control would use.
informal social sanctions
how well you are integrated into your social group or community
social integration
the number of rules guiding your daily life and, more specifically, what you can reasonably expect from the world on a day-to-day basis
social regulation
suicide that occurs when one is not well integrated into a social group
egoistic suicide
Suicide that occurs when one experiences too much social integration
altruistic suicide (refer to graph on page 201 – really helps)
a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation; normlessness
anomie
suicide that occurs as a result of insufficient social regulation
anomic suicide
suicide that occurs as a result of too much social regulation
fatalistic suicide
Robert Merton’s theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all of its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals.
strain theory
individual who accepts both the goals and the strategies that are considered socially acceptable to achieve those goals
conformist
individual who rejects socially defined goals but not the means
ritualist
social deviant who accepts socially acceptable goals but rejects socially acceptable means to achieve them
innovator
on who rejects both socially acceptable means and goals by completely retreating from, or not participating in, society.
retreatist
individual who rejects both traditional goals and traditional means and wants to alter or destroy the social institutions from which he or she is alienated.
rebel
the belief that individuals subconsciously notice how others see or label them, and their reactions to those labels over time form the basis of their self-identity.
refer to the 3 implications
labeling theory
the first act of rule breaking that may incur a label of ‘deviant’ and thus influence how people think about and act toward you
primary deviance
subsequent acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of your new deviant label and people’s expectations of you.
secondary deviant
a negative social label that not only changes others’ behavior toward a person but also alters that person’s own self-concept and social identity.
stigma
theory explaining how social context and social cues impact whether individuals act deviantly; specifically. whether local informal social norms allow deviant acts.
Broken windows theory of deviance
crime committed in public and often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty.
street crime
offense committed by a professional (s) against a corporation, agency, or other institution
white-collar crimes
a particular type of white-collar crime committed by the officers (CEOs) of a corporation
corporate crime
According to YMAY, deviance can be best described as …
behavior that does not conform to basic cultural norms
Some positive consequences of the normative definition
Seems easy to use
definitions seem straight forward and easy to apply
produces nice quantitative data
Some negative consequences of the normative definition
masks variation by culture and subculture
deviance defined by the position an object of analysis occupies in a distribution — being rare within a graph , if you are common than you are not ….
Statistical deviance
over-conformity that gets a favorable response
positive deviance
3 implications of the labeling definition
- Deviance is not a norm violation unless a powerful entity successfully designates the act as deviant and applies the label “deviant” successfully.
- Society creates deviance.
- Deviance is behavior that has real consequences.
social control exercised by the self
internal self control
When self-control fails and we commit a deviant act, people with informal statuses may exercise social control on us.e.g. Neighbors, teachers, friends, parents
informal social control
For certain deviant behaviors, formalized institutional responses provide the sanctions. e.g. Police Officers, Judges, Prison Guards
formal social control
Crime and deviance do not always overlap. ___laws are laws that no longer make sense with social standards.
Anachronistic laws
Outdated laws based on religion, no longer enforced
Blue laws
According to Katherine Beckett’s study, law enforcement’s focus on ____ is thus a leading cause of racial disparity in drug delivery arrests
crack
T/F Blacks are also over-represented among heroin delivery arrestees given evidence regarding the rate at which blacks deliver that substance.
true
According to Katherine Beckett, what are the primary causes of racial disparity in delivery arrests?
“Analyses of arrest patterns indicate that the SPD’s concentration on racially diverse outdoor drug markets and on deliverers of crack, it’s lack of attention to predominately white heroin markets and to whites involved in heroin delivery, and its targeting of black individuals. “
Hidden deviance is….
the dark figure of deviance
This explanation for deviance and crime focuses on socially agreed upon goals and access to the means to achieve those goals macro level theory used on the individual level. society is structured. certain races have access to certain things.
Strain/Anomie
The differential association theory argues that…
That people learn behavior, and thus deviance and crime
The differential association theory focused on …(think definitions)
the idea that people learn behavior, and thus deviance and crimeFocused on definitions favorable to deviance and definitions unfavorable to deviance.
Three necessary and sufficient conditions for crime
.The person has learned an excess of weighted definitions favorable to deviance/crime.
Person has learned the skills
and techniques
The objective opportunity to commit a crime is present
T/F: According to Differential Association Theory—If a person knows how to commit a crime they will do it eventually.
False
The differential association theory said we begin life ______
Tabula rasa = blank
Elijah Anderson conducted a qualitative study of crime in PA that resulted in a body of work called the ______
code of the street
Anderson -
How do middle-class people gain status?
Through work and education
_____ change argues that dedustrialization made it less likely that inner-city populations will gain status via jobs
Structural
Tension occurred when…
There were no jobs due to dedustrialization
What was the solution people found because of this tension?
Middle class norms related to education and work are replaced by new norms of status attainment via violence and aggression.
Think of some examples of Code of the Street….
Never back down from a fight
Status based on ‘rep’ for violence
Exact revenge
(these are only a few examples)
T/F
Street people adhere to middle class norms, and do not adhere to code of the street
False
_____people adhere to middle class norms but also practice the code of the street
decent (there are more decent people than street)
Are middle class values important elements in Anderson's explanation of the origin of the code of the street?
yes
A social arrangement in which substantial ethno-racial inequality in social and economic circumstances and power in society is combined with segregated and unequal residential locations across major racial and ethnic groups” — recurring patterns of behavior of segregation, spatial effects matter because of how strong segregation is.
Racial Spatial Divide
The term “disadvantage” encompasses what?
hint: this is an index measure
% poverty % unemployed % college degree %professional/managerial % single mothers and % low-wage jobs.
When social scientists argue that adjacent neighborhoods impact each other, they talk about____
spatial effects
Residential segregation leads to ____ and ____
segregation of resources
violent crime
a variable composed of many other variables
index measure
the idea that everyone has an equal chance to achieve wealth, social prestige, and power because the rules of the game, so to speak are the same for everyone.
equal opportunity
a society of commerce in which the maximization of profit is the primary business incentive.
bourgeois society
the idea that everyone should have an equal starting point
equality of condition
the idea that each player must end up with the same amount regardless of the fairness of the “game”
equality of outcome
the notion that when more than one person is responsible for getting something done, the incentive is for each individual to shirk responsibility and hope others will pull the extra weight
free rider problem
a politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility — kings and queens designated statuses of people for specific reasons
estate system
a religion based system of stratification characterized by no social mobility – family names are very similar
caste system
an economically based hierarchical system characterized by cohesive, op-positional groups and somewhat loose social mobility.
class system
the working class
proletariat
the capitalist class
bourgeoisie
the idea that people can occupy locations in the class structure that fall between the two “pure” classes
contradictory class locations
a system of stratification based on social prestige
status hierarchy system
a system of stratification that has a governing elite, a few leaders who broadly hold power in society
elite-mass dichotomy system
a society where status and mobility attributes, ability, and achievement
meritocracy
an individuals position in a stratified social order
socioeconomic status
money received by a person for work, from transfers , or from returns on investments
income
a family’s or individuals net worth (that is, total assets minus debt)
wealth
a term for the economic elite
upper class
a term commonly used to describe those people with non manual jobs that pay significantly more than the poverty line - though this is a highly debated and expansive category, particularly in the United States, where broad swatches of the population consider themselves middle class.
middle class
the movement between different positions within a system of social stratification in any given society
social mobility
mobility that is inevitable from changes in the economy
structural mobility
mobility in which, if we hold fixed the changing distributions of jobs, people trade jobs one-to-one but in a way that ultimately balances out. — moving around within an unchanging system
exchange mobility
approach that ranks people by socioeconomic status, including income and educational attainment, and seeks to specify the attributes characteristic of people who end up in more desirable occupations
status-attainment model
homes and stocks represent what?
wealth
All social stratification systems share three characteristics
- Rankings apply to categories of people that share a characteristic
- Life chances are contingent on ranking
- Ranks of different social categories change slowly over time
characterized by the framing of some humans as property
slavery
____characterized by the contingency of life chances based on membership in an economic group that ….
class
- Has flexible boundaries
- Has membership that can be achieved
- Are large scale and impersonal (in order to get people to do something for us, we pay them) no obligations of duty
The inequalities between groups in society
Social Stratification
Mollie Orshanksy defined poverty as….
three times the cost of a minimal food budget (not applicable today)
“Randomly determined; having a random probability distribution or pattern that may be analyzed statistically but may not be predicted” — random
stochastic
According to Marx, what is the history of all hitherto existing society?
class struggles
in which period did Marx live while he wrote his famous stuff?
industrial
Did child labor laws, weekends, or overtime pay exist while marx was alive?
no
What classes did marx write about?
the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
what class owns the means of production ?
the bourgeoisie
whom did marx argue would develop class-consciousness?
the proletariat
Marx thought that capitalism was the ______
root of all evils
Marx also thought that capitalism was a _____ to communism
stepping stone
what ‘good’ does capitalism do? 3 things
- innovation
- lower prices because of the competition between companies
- increased dissemination of knowledge (companies want potential or current employees to have the knowledge to do the job)
Marx thought that capitalism would give way to communism, but how?
- factories concentrate the proletariat. brings them to a central location
- communication increases between the workers
- workers realize that they are being exploited
- class-consciousness forms - leads to realization
- revolution
6 then communism
what does marx mean when he says that production is social?
production involves the efforts of many people working together
a nationality, not in the sense of carrying the rights and duties of citizenship but of identifying with a past or future nationality. For later generations of white ethnics, something not constraining but easily expressed, with no risks of stigma and all the pleasures of feeling like an individual
ethnicity can be displayed using symbols, dress, hats or scarfs, the language that you use.
symbolic ethnicity
a group of people who share a set of characteristics typically, but not always, physical ones- and are said to share a common bloodline
race
the belief that members of separate races posses different and unequal traits.
racism
nineteenth century theories of race that characterize a period of feverish investigation into the origins, explanations and classifications of race.
you try to use science to justify the difference between racial groups. racial groups exist because of a scientific reason. racial groups formed because of evolution.
scientific racism
the philosophical and religious notion that all people are created equal
ontological equality
the application of Darwinian ideas to society - namely the evolutionary “survival of the fittest”
idea that was often supported by scientific racist, the most fit socially will survive. if you were at the top it was for a reason.
social Darwinism
idea that we can make humanity better by getting rid of the worst parts of it. (terrible connotation)
eugenics
the movement to protect and preserve indigenous land or culture from the allegedly dangerous and polluting effects of new immigrants
nativism
the belief that ‘one drop’ of black blood makes a person black, a concept that evolved from U.S laws forbidding miscegenation
one-drop rule
the technical term for interracial marriage, literally meaning ‘a mixing of kinds’, it is politically and historically charged - sociologists generally prefer exogamy or out marriage
miscegenation
race is artificial and socially constructed. In order for racial groups to exist we have to create them. This is called….
racialization
one’s ethnic quality or affiliation. it is voluntary, self-defined, non-hierarchical , fluid and multiple and based no cultural differences , not physical ones per se.
ethnicity
What 3 groups were not considered “white” upon their arrival in the USA?
Jews, Irish, and Italians
People with ancestry in the Middle East…
Have undergone racialization and are now subject to discrimination and violence
claims presented so that they appear scientific even though they lack supporting evidence and plausibility
pseudo-science
the belief that each race has a distinct origin
polygeny
Bhagat Singh Thind was denied citizenship because Caucasians were not Caucasian in “______”
the common man’s understanding of the term. Thind was Caucasian, not “white”
Christoph Mieners was a …
polygenist
Johann Friedrich Blumenbach had only 5 skulls in his research, thus believed there were 5 races which were….
caucasian, mongoloid, malayan, ethiopian, american
the 1790 census only wanted to know if you were …
white or not, did not ask or determine if you were another race.
in the 1930 census, for the first and only time ____ was listed as a race.
mexican
1960 was the first year when people could….
identify their own race
What is true about the census and racial classification?:
the census demonstrates consistency and change over time.
race is not a constant, instead it is a …
social construct
the census has measured race differently over time in the U.S (3)
- in the past, enumerators judged race. Today people self-report.
- The number of categories has changed dramatically over time.
- Some categories persist, while other disappear.
3 examples why race and ethnicity are not constant identifiers.
- Identical twins perceived ethnic mismatch,
- some people choose to emphasize their ethnic history
- some people “forget their racial and ethnic identities
What was Wilson’s major point?
Modern racism is not the driving force behind racial inequality. Instead, the historical legacy of racism and resulting differences in Social Class is what really matters.
5 Steps to Wilson
- Migration of blacks, factory jobs
- Freeways lead to suburbanization which caused black/white middle class folk to leave
- deindustrialization
- not having jobs lead to a decrease in attractiveness levels between people but they still had biological needs, people had children but resulted in no marriage. detrimental
- government disrupts community and concentrates disadvantage, urban renewal and housing projects.
The wilson thesis argues…(3)
- Argues that racial inequality is the product of macro-level historical forces.
- Emphasizes the role of employment.
- Relies on the movement of the Black and White middle-class away from city-centers to the suburbs.
Two face racism is a part of….
hidden prejudice
actions that are visible to the audience-at-large. The actor knows they are being watched and acts accordingly.
front-stage behavior
performers are present, but the audience cannot see behind the curtain. Actors behave as if they were not being observed.
back-stage behavior
Tests the automatic association between mental representations of concepts in memory
People have thoughts that they will not share with anyone except certain people, or nobody at all. Some people are scared to admit certain things to even themselves.
implicit bias
the IAT does not tell us about your conscious thoughts, instead your ______
subconscious
Bonilla-Silva could be placed into which theoretical tradition?
color-blind racism
What racial frames does Bonilla-Silva consider?
- Abstract Liberalism
- Naturalization
- Cultural Racism
- minimization of racism
the promotion of race-neutrality when it actually helps to maintain existing racial and ethnic inequality.
color-blind racism
Set paths for interpreting information.
frames
Involves using ideas associated with political and economic liberalism in an abstract manner to explain racial matters.
abstract racism
allows whites to explain away racial phenomena by saying that they are natural occurrences
naturalization
relies on culturally-based arguments to explain the standing of minorities in society.
cultural racism !!!
suggests that discrimination is no longer a central factor that affects minorities lives.
minimization of racism
the abstract liberalism frame is… (2)
consistent with ideas of E.O
may be used to justify segregation
3 key aspects to abstract liberalism
- relies on notions of individualism, meritocracy, and choice.
- Can be used to justify inequality by ignoring historical differences between populations.In other words, if the cream rises to the top, the question that remains is, “are there reasons why some groups tend to rise, while others do not?”
- Argues that people may choose to remain unequal
the naturalization frame argues that….(2)
- people naturally prefer to associate with their own race
2. people naturally want to live in neighborhoods dominated by their own race
4 key aspects to cultural racism
1.Argues that life outcomes result from cultural deficiencies.
2.Originally formulated as the “Culture of Poverty” hypothesis
3.Blames the victim – might argue that they are lazy
4.Ignores the causes of differences in cultural development
!!!
minimization racism argues that…
discrimination is less than it was in the past
Overall how does racism matter today? (3)
- hidden racism (joe feagan)
back and front stage racism - implicit racism (fyoder dostoevsky)
- color-blind racism (Bonilla-silva)
abstract liberalism - naturalization racism - cultural racism - minimization racism
- the wilson thesis
