positions

Question 1

What is the sagittal plane?

Answer 1

A vertical line which divides the body into a left sections and a right section

Question 2

what is a coronal plane?

Answer 2

a vertical line which divides the body into an anterior and a posterior section.

Question 3

what is a transverse plane?

Answer 3

a horizontal line which divides the body into an inferior section and a superior section.

Question 4

what does it mean if a diagram is labelled as a transverse section viewed superiorly?

Answer 4

one is looking downwards onto a horizontal section of the body

Question 5

what is assumed when using anatomical terms of movement?

Answer 5

the body begins in the anatomical position

Question 6

what is meant by flexion and extension?

Answer 6

flexion refers to a movement which decreases the angle between two body parts. e.g flexion at the elbow decreases the angle between the humerus and the ulna. extension refers to a movement that increases the angle between two body parts.

Question 7

what is meant by abduction and adduction?

Answer 7

abduction is a movement away from the midline. e.g abduction of the shoulder raises the arms out to the sides of the body. Adduction is a movement towards the midline. adduction of the hip squeezes the legs together (for fingers and toes the midline is the centre of the foot/hand)

Question 8

what is meant by lateral and medial rotation?

Answer 8

medial rotation is a rotational movement towards the midline -e.g rotate leg so that toes point inward is medial rotation of the hip. lateral rotation is movement away from the midline.

Question 9

what is elevation and depression

Answer 9

elevation refers to movement in a superior direction - shoulder shrug. depression refers to a movement in an inferior position

Question 10

what is meant by pronation and supination

Answer 10

pronation - when on the front side. supination - when faced up

Question 11

what is meant by dorsiflexion and plantarflexion?

Answer 11

• terms used to describe movement at the ankle. they refer to the two surfaces of the foot —- the dorsum (superior surface) and the plantar surface (the sole)/ dorsiflexion of the ankle causes the foot to point superiorly. plantar-flexion refers to extension of the ankle and thus the foot pointing inferiorly. (planatarflexion of the hand is palmarflexion)

Question 12

what is inversion and eversion

Answer 12

these movements occur at the ankle joint referring to the rotation of the foot along its long axis. inversion involves movement of the sole so that the sole faces in a medial direction. eversion refers to movement of the sole away from the medial plane so that the sole faces in a lateral direction

Question 13

opposition and reposition?

Answer 13

opposition brings the thumb and the little finger together.
reposition is a movement that moves the thumb and little finger away from each other. a pair of movements limited to humans and some great apes.

Question 14

circumduction

Answer 14

conical movement of a limb extending from the joint at which the movement is controlled

Question 15

protraction and retraction

Answer 15

protraction: describes the anterolateral movement of the scapula on the thoracic wall allowing the shoulder to move anteriorly. thus reach for something.
retraction: refers to the posteromedial movement of the scapula on the thoracic wall causing the shoulder region to move posteriorly.

Question 16

use medial and lateral to describe the position of the nose relative to the eyes.

Answer 16

the nose is medial to the eyes. the eyes are lateral to the nose

Question 17

describe the position of the heart relative to the sternum.

Answer 17

the heart is posterior to the sternum. the sternum is anterior to the heart.

Question 18

describe the relative position of the head and the neck

Answer 18

the head is superior to the neck

Question 19

describe the relative difference of the knee and anklejoint.

Answer 19

the knee joint is proximal to the ankle joint: i.e the knee joint is closer to its origin that the ankle joint.

Question 20

what do cephalic and caudal refer to in terms of anatomical positioning?

Answer 20

cephalic refers to the head of the embryo. caudal refers to the tail (inferior) end.
cranial is often used instead of cephalic when describing a location of one structure relative to another.

Question 21

what do ventral and dorsal refer to?

Answer 21

dorsal refers to the posterior of the embryo whilst ventral refers to the anterior aspect of the embryo.

Question 22

what do rostral and caudal refer to in terms of the CNS ?

Answer 22

rostral refers to the anterior aspect of the head of the embryo whilst caudal refers to the posterior of the head.(the hindbrain is caudal to the midbrain)

Question 23

What do dorsal and ventral refer to in terms of the CNS

Answer 23

ventral refers to the inferior region of the brain whilst dorsal refers to the superior region

Question 24

define a joint:

how many joints in the human body?

Answer 24

a connection between two bones in the skeletal system

360

Question 25

how are joints classified?

Answer 25

by the type of tissue present (fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial) or by the degree of movement (synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis or diathrosis)

Question 26

describe each of the the types of joints.

Answer 26

cartilaginous - bones connected by cartilage
fibrous- bones connected by fibrous tissue
synovial: bones connected by articulating surfaces enclosed within fluid-filled joint capsule

synarthrosis: immovable
amphiarthrosis: slightly moveable
diarthrosis: freely moveable.

Question 27

when are fibrous joints found and what are the subdivisions of fibrous joints?

Answer 27

joints that require strength and stability over range of movement.
sutures, gomphoses and syndesmoses.

Question 28

what is a suture

Answer 28

An immovable ( synarthrosis) joint only found between the flat plate-like bones of the skull. there is limited movement until 20 due to the joints not yet being fused. this allows for deformation of the skull as the baby passes out of the birth canal (the fused cervix and vaginal opening)

Question 29

what is a gemphoses:

Answer 29

immovable joints( synarthrosis) found where the teeth articultae with their sockets. the upper teeth (i.e the ones on the upper section of the mouth aerticulate witht the maxilla whilst the lower teeth articulate with the mandible.

Question 30

how is a tooth bound into its socket?

Answer 30

by a strong periodontal ligament

Question 31

what is a syndesmoses joint?

Answer 31

slightly moveable joints (amphiarthroses). comprised of bones held together by an interosseous membrane (thick dense sheet of fibrous connective sheet)

Question 32

what are cartilaginous joints?

Answer 32

joints whereby the bones are connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage.

Question 33

what are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 33

syndochondroses: primary cartilaginous
sympyses: secondary cartilaginous

Question 34

what is a synchondrosis joint?

Answer 34

the bones are connected by hyaline cartilage and are immovable - synarthrosis e.g between the diaphysis and the epiphysis of a growing long bone.

Question 35

what is a symphyses joint?

Answer 35

where the bones are united by a layer of fibrocartilage and are slightly movable - amphiarthrosis. example is the joints bewtween vertebral bodies.