Positioning review Flashcards
1
Q
Finger positions
A
PA
PA oblique
Lateral
2
Q
Finger evaluation Criteria
2-5th fingers
A
-include all anatomy-distal phalange to MCP
-no superimposition
3
Q
PA finger criteria
A
-equal concavity on both side of phalangeal bodies
-equal amount of soft tissue
-open IP and MCP joints
4
Q
lateral 2-5 finger criteria
A
fingernail in profile
-concave anterior surfaces of phalanges
-no superimposition
-open IP joint spaces
5
Q
oblique 2-5 finger criteria
A
-rotated 45 seen by concavity of elevated side
-no superimposition of prox phalanx or MCP
-open IP and MCP
6
Q
Hand positions
A
PA
PA oblique
Lateral
ball catchers if looking for RA
7
Q
PA hand criteria
A
-fingertips to distal radius and ulna
-no soft tissue overlap of digits
-equal concavity of MC and phalangeal bodies
-equal soft tissue
-open MCP and IP joints
8
Q
PA oblique hand criteria
A
-fingertips to distal radius and ulna
-digits separated with no soft tissue overlap
-45 rotation
-decreasing amount of separation btw MC bodies 2-5
-partial superimposition of third,4,5 MC bases and heads
-open MCP and IP joints
9
Q
Lateral hand criteria
A
-fingertips to distall radius and ulna
-in fan position all phalanges individually seen
-if not in fan phalanges superimposed
-superimposed metacarpals
-superimposed radius and ulna
10
Q
Norgaard method(ball-catchers)
A
-used for RA
-AP with hands on a 45
-both hands from carpals to tips of digits
-MC heads and prox phalangeal bases free of superimposition
11
Q
Wrist positions
A
PA,PA oblique, Lateral
12
Q
PA wirst criteria
A
-distal 1/3 radius and ulna and prox half of MC
-no rotation
-open radioulnar joint
can do AP to show carpal interspaces better
13
Q
PA oblique wrist criteria
A
-distal 1/3 of radius and ulna and prox half of MC
-45 degree rotation
-slight overlap of distal radius and ulna
-trapezium and distal half of scaphoid without superimposition
-open trapeziotrapezoid and scaphotrapezial joint space
can do pA to show pisiform separated from adjacent carpal bones, also shows triquetrum and hamate better
14
Q
lateral wrist criteria
A
distal 1/3 of radius and ulna, carpals, and prox half of MC
-superimposed distal radius and ulna
-superimposed MC
15
Q
Other wrist positions
A
-radial deviation
-opens interspaces btw carpals on medial side
-ulnar deviation
-reduces foreshortening of scaphoid
16
Q
Scaphoid positions
A
-PA with ulnar deviation
-PA with 20 cephalic(towards elbow) angle or hand on 20 degree sponge
17
Q
scaphoid criteria
A
-distal radius and ulna, carpal and prox half of MC
-scaphoid with adjacent articulations open
-no wrist rotation
18
Q
Forearm positions
A
AP
lateral
19
Q
AP forearm criteria
A
-entire forearm including wrist and distal humerus
-slight superimposition of radial head, neck and tuberosity over prox ulna
-partial open elbow joint when shoulder is on same plane as forearm
-open radioulnar space
20
Q
lateral forearm criteria
A
-entire forearm including wrist and distal humerus in true lateral
-superimposition of radius and ulna at distal end
-superimposition of radial head over coronoid process
-superimposition of humeral epicondyles
-elbow flexed 90 degrees
21
Q
elbow positions
A
AP
AP oblique-medial and lateral rotation
Lateral
22
Q
AP elbow criteria
A
-radial head, neck and tuberosity slightly superimposed over rprox ulna
-open humeroradial joint
-no rotation of humeral epicondyles( coronoid and olecranon equidistant)
23
Q
Lateral elbow criteria
A
-superimposed humeral epicondyles
-radial tuberosity facing anteriorly
-radial head partially superimposing coronoid process
-olecranon process in profile
-elbow flexed 90
24
Q
AP elbow medial rotation criteria
A
shows coronoid process free of superimposition
-45 medial rotation
-coronoid process in profile
elongated medial humeral epicondyle
-ulna superimposed by radial head and neck
25
AP Elbow lateral rotation criteria
shows radial neck and head free of superimposition
-45 lateral rotation of elbow
-radial, neck, head and tuberosity projected free of ulna
-elongated lateral humeral epicondyle
-capitulum
26
other Elbow positions
distal humerus
-AP partial flexion
-AP acute flexion
prox forearm
-AP partial flexion
-PA acute flexion
27
elbow-axiolateral(Coyle method) position
-elbow flexed 90 with hand pronated
-angle CR 45 towards shoulder
-radial head and neck free of superimposition
27
trauma elbow
AP, Lateral and axiolateral
28
Humerus Positions
AP
lateral
29
AP humerus Criteria
-supinate hand
-elbow and shoulder joints visible
-humeral epicondyles without rotation
-humeral head and greater tubercle in profile
-lesser tubercle outline seen btw humeral head and greater tubercle
30
Lateral humerus criteria
-elbow and shoulder joint visible
-superimposed humeral epicondyles
-lesser tubercle in profile on medila aspect
-greater tubercle superimposed over humeral head
31
trauma humerus
transthoracic lateral
-CR perpendicular to mid shift of affected humerus
-prox half of shaft of humerus to include humeral head and glenoid cavity
32
Shoulder positions
AP-neutral,interal or external rotation
inferosuoerior axial-lawrence( axillary)
oblique-grashey method(glenoid)
lateral- scapular Y
33
AP shoulder criteria
-superior scapula, clavicle and prox humerus
-external rotation
-humeral head in profile
-greater tubercle in profile on lateral side
-slight overlap of humeral head on glenoid cavity
-outline of lesser tubercle btw humeral head and greater tubercle
neutral rotation
-greater tubercle partially superimposing humeral head
-humeral head in partial profile
-slight overlap of humeral head on glenoid cavity
internal rotation
-lesser tubercle in profile and pointing medially
-outline of greater tubercle superimposing humeral head
-humeral glenoid cavity overlap
34
Inferosuperior axial( Lawrence)
-scapulohumeral joint with slight overlap
-coracoid process, pointing anteriorly
-lesser tubercle in profile and directed anteriorly
-AC joint, acromion projected through humeral head
35
posterior oblique-grashey method(glenoid) criteria
-open joint space btw humeral head and glenoid cavity
-glenoid cavity in profile
35
lateral Scap Y shoulder Criteria
-humeral head and glenoid cavity superimposed
-humerla shaft and scapular body superimposed
-no superimposition of scapular body over bony thorax
-acromion projected laterally and free of superimposition
-scapula in lateral profile with lateral vertebral borders superimposed
36
Clavicle Positions
AP
AP Axial
37
AP clavicle criteria
-entire clavicle entered on image
-lateral half of clavicle above scapula with medial half superimposing the thorax
38
AP Axial clavicle
-15-30 degree cephalic angle
-entire clavicle with AC and SC joints
-lateral 2/3 projected above ribs and scapula
-medial end superimposing thorax
-more horizontal orientation
39
Scapula Positions
AP
lateral
some places do obliques
40
AP scapula criteria
-lateral portion of scapula free of superimposition
-scapula horizontal
-acromion and inferior angle
41
Lateral scapula criteria
-lateral and medial scapular borders superimposed
-no superimposition of scapular body over ribs
-no superimposition of humerus on area of interest
-inclusion of acromion and inferior angle
41
AP oblique Scapula criteria
-oblique scapula
-lateral scapular border adjacent to ribs
-acromion and inferior angle
42
AC joints positions
AP with and without weights
some places do AP axial (with a 15 degree cephalic angle)
43
AP AC with and without weights Criteria
-both AC joints on one image
-no rotation or leaning
44
AP axial AC joints Criteria
15 cephalic angle
-AC joint and clavicle projected above acromion
44
Toes projections
AP
AP oblique
lateral
45
AP toes criteria
-entire toe including distal ends of metatarsals
-toes separated from each other
-no rotation-equal soft tissue and concavity on both sides
-ope interphlangeal and metatarsophalangeal joint spaces on axial
46
AP oblique Toe
-entire toe including distal ends of metatarsals
-toes separated
-proper rotation as shown by more soft tissue/concavity on elevated side
-open interphalangeal and 2-5 metotarsophalangeal joint spaces
-first MTP joint
47
Lateral toes criteria
-entire toe without superimposition of adjacent toes
-concave, plantar surfaces of phalanges
-no rotation
-open interphalanageal joint spaces
48
Foot positions
AP or AP axial
AP oblique
Lateral
48
AP/AP axial foot criteria
10 degree toward heel for axial
-all anatomy from toes to tarsals
-no rotation as seen by equal amounts of space btw 2-4 metatarsals
-overlap of 2-5 metatarsal bases
-open joint space btw medial and intermediate cuneiforms
-axial shows improved demonstration of interphalangeal, metatarsophalangeal and tarsometatarsal joint spaces
49
AP oblique foot criteria
-entire foot toes to heel
-1/2 metatarsal bases free of superimposition
-minimal superimposition btw medial and intermediate cuneiforms
-navicular seen with less foreshortening
49
lateral foot criteria
-entire foot and distal leg
-superimposed plantar surfaces of metatarsal heads
-fibula overlapping posterior portion of tibia
-tibiotalar joint
50
calcaneus postions
plantodorsal Axial
Lateral
50
Lateral calcaneus criteria
-calcaneal tuberosity
-sinus tarsi
-cuboid, lateral cuneiform nd prox metatarsals
51
Ankle positions
AP
AP oblique(mortise)
Lateral
51
AP ankle criteria
-medial and lateral maleoli
-talus
-no rotation
-normal overlapping of tibiofibular articulation with anterior tubercle slightly superimposed over fibula
-talus slightly overlapping distal fibula
-no overlapping of medial talomalleolar articulation
-tibitalar joint space
52
AP oblique(mortise) ankle Criteria
-entire ankle mortise joint entered
-distal tibia, fibula and talus
-talofibular articulation open
-tibiotalar articulation open
-no overlap of the anterior tubercle of tibia and super-lateral portion of talus with fibula
53
Lateral Ankle criteria
-distal tibia and fibula, talus, calcaneus and adjacent tarsals
-ankle in tube lateral
-tibitalar joint well visualized with medial and lateral talar domes superimposed
-fibular over posterior half of tibia
-5th metatarsal base and tuberosity seen to check for fracture
54
Leg(Tib/Fib) positions
AP
Lateral
some do AP oblique-rotate leg 45
55
AP leg criteria
-ankle and knee joint on one or more images
-entire leg without rotation
-prox and distal articulations of fib/fib overlapped
-fibula mineshaft free of tibial superimposition
56
lateral leg criteria
-ankle and knee joint on one or more images
-distal fibula superimposed by posterior half of tibia
-slight overlap of tibia on prox fibula head
-moderate separation of tibial and fibular bodies(shafts)
57
Knee positions
AP
AP obliques
lateral
can do PA-same criteria as AP
58
AP knee criteria
-knee fully extended if able
-femoral condyles symmetric and tibia intercondylar eminence centered
-slight superimposition of fibular head if normal tibia
-patella completely superimposed on femur
-open femorotibial joint space
59
AP oblique criteria
lateral rotation
-medial femoral and tibial condyles
-tibial plateaus
-tibula superimposed over lateral half of tibia
-patella proceed slightly beyond edge of lateral femoral condole
-open knee joint
medial rotation
-tibia and fibula separated at prox articulation
-posterior tibia
-lateral condyles of femur and tibia
-both tibial plateaus
-patella projecting slightly beyond medial side of femoral condyle
-open knee joint
60
lateral knee criteria
-knee flexed 20-30 degrees
-fibular head and tibia slightly superimposed
-patella in lateral profile
-open patella femoral joint space
-open joint space btw femoral condyle and tibia
61
Weight bearing(standing) knees
AP or PA
-both knees without rotation
-knee joint spaces centered to area
-PA
-tibial plateaus in profile
- intercondylar fossa visible
62
intercondylar fossa projections
PA axial(Camp coventry or Holblad method)
63
holmblad and camp-coventry method intercondylar fossa criteria
-open intercondylar fossa
-posteroinferior surface of femoral condyles
-knee joint space open, with one or both tibial plateaus in profile
-apex of patella not superimposing the fossa
-slight tibiofibular overlap and centered intercondylar eminence
64
Patella positions
PA
Lateral
Tangential
65
PA patella criteria
-patella completely superimposed by femur
-no rotation
66
Lateral patella criteria
-knee flexed 5-10 degrees
-patella in lateral profile
-open patellofemoral joint space
67
Tangential Patella criteria
-patella in profile
-femoral condyles and intercondylar sulcus
-open patellofemoral articulation
68
femur positions
AP
Lateral
69
AP femur criteria
-most of femur and joint nearest to injury site
-femoral neck not foreshortened on prox femur
-lesser trochanter not seen beyond medial border of femur
-no knee rotation on distal femur
-orthopedic appliance in its entirety
70
lateral femur criteria
-most of femur and joint nearest to site of injury
-orthopedic appliance in its entirety
with knee included
-superimposed anterior surface of femoral condyles
-patella in profile
-open patellofemoral space
-inferior surface of femoral condyles nor superimposed(b/c divergent rays)
with hip included
-opposite thigh not over prox femur and hip joint
-greater trochanter superimposed over distal femoral neck
-lesser trochanter visible on medial aspect of prox femur
71
Pelvis Positions
AP
AP bilateral frog leg
72
AP pelvis Criteria
-entire pelvis and prox femora
-both ilia and greater trochanter equidistant from edge of image
-symmetric ilia
-symmetric obturator foramina
-ischial spines equally seen
-sacrum and coccyx aligned with pubic symphysis
-femoral necks in full extent without superimposition
-greater trochanters in profile
-lesser trochanters visible on medial border of femora
73
AP bilateral frog (Cleaves method)
-symmetric appearance
-acetabulum, femoral head and femoral neck
-lesser trochanter on medial side of femur
-femoral neck without superimposition by greater trochanter
74
Hip non trauma positions
AP
lateral-lauenstein method
75
AP hip criteria
-hip joint
-prox 1/3 of femur
-femroral head penetrated and seen through acetabulum
-entire long axis of femoral neck not foreshortened
-greater trochanter in profile
-any orthopaedic appliance in its entirety
76
lateral(lauesten-hickey) criteria
-hip joint centered to image
-hip joint,acetabulum and femoral head
-femroial neck overlapped by greater trochanter in lauenstein method
-femoral neck free of superimposition in hickey method(cause cephalic angle)
77
Hip-trauma position
AP
inferosuperior axial(axiolateral)
78
axiolateral(danelius-miller) criteria
-hip joint with the acetabulum
-femoral neck without overlap from the greater trochanter
-ischial tuberosity below femoral head and neck
-small amount of lesser trochanter on posterior surface of femur
-small amount of greater trochanter on anterior and posterior surface of prox femur when properly inverted
79
AP axial pelvis
inlet and outlet
-CR inlet-40 cauda to level of ASIS
-CR outlet-Male 20-30 cephalic, 30-45 cephalic 1-2 inches inferior to symphysis pubis
79
AP axial criteria
-inlet
-pelvic ring in its entirety
-ischial spines are demonstrated and symmetric
-outlet
-superior and inferior pelvic rami
-obturator foramina are equal size
80
acetabulum projections
judet method
-45 oblique each side(RPO and LPO)
81
Acetabulum Județ method criteria
-acetabulum centered to IR
-iliopubic column and posterior rim of affected acetabulum on the internal oblique(LPO-L side down)
-ilioischial column and anterior rim of acetabulum on external oblique(RPO-R side down)
82
Chest Projections
Standard
PA
lateral
others
AP
AP axial
decubitus
ventral or dorsal decubitus
83
PA chest criteria
-entire lungs(apices to costrophrenic angles)
-sternal ends of clavicles equal distant from vertebral column
-equal distance from vertebral column to lateral border of ribs on each side
-scapula projected outside lung field
-10 posterior ribs above diaphragm
-sharp outline of heart and diaphragm
84
Lateral chest criteria
-arm/soft tissue not overlapping superior lung field
-costophrenic angles and apices not obscured by arms and shoulders
-hila in centre of image
-superimposition of ribs posterior to vertebral column
-sternum in profile
-trachea visible ein midline
-long axis of lung field shown in vertical position without leaning
-open thoracic vertebral joint spaces
-sharp outline of heart and diaphragm
85
AP chest criteria
-entire lungs(apices to costrophrenic angles)
-sternal ends of clavicles equal distant from vertebral column
-equal distance from vertebral column to lateral border of ribs on each side
-clavicles more horizontal
-approx 1inch of pulmonary apices should be seen superior to clavicles
86
AP axial(lordotic) chest criteria
shows apices and conditions such as interloper effusions
lordotic position
-entire apices and appropriate portion of lungs
-clavicles superior to apices
-sternal ends of clavicles equal distant from vertebral column
-ribs anterior and posterior portions superimposed
87
Decubitus chest criteria
(laying on side)
fluid side down, air side up
-affected side in its entirety, from apex to costophrenic angles
-sternal ends of clavicles equidistant from spine
-patients arms not visible in the field of interest
-faintly visible spine and vascular markings
88
ventral or dorsal chest criteria
patient supine(dorsal) or prone(ventral)
-entire lung field,including anterior and posterior surfaces
-upper lung field not obscured by arms
-T7 in centre of IR
-no rotation of thorax from true lateral position
89
Soft tissue neck projections
AP
lateral
90
AP soft tissue neck criteria
-air filled upper airway, from the pharynx to the proximal trachea( for upper airway)
-air filled airway from mid cervical to mid thoracic region(for trachea and superior mediastinum)
-no rotation with spinous processed equal distant to pedicles and aligned in midline of cervical bodies
91
lateral soft tissue criteria
-air filled upper airway, from the pharynx to the proximal trachea( for upper airway)
-air filled airway from mid cervical to mid thoracic region(for trachea and superior mediastinum)
-no rotation or tilt of C spine
-superimposed zygapopyseal joints and open intervertebral joint
-superimposed or nearly mandibular rami
92
sternum projections
PA oblique(RAO)
lateral
93
PA Oblique(RAO) sternum criteria
-entire sternum from jugular notch to tip of diploid process
-sternum projected over heart, but free of superimposition of T spine
-minimally oblique vertebrae to prevent excessive rotation of sternum
-lateral portion of manubrium and SC joint free of superimposition by vertebrae
-blurred pulmonary markings if breathing technique is used
94
lateral sternum criteria
-sternum in its entirety
-manubrium free of superimposition by soft tissue of shoulders
-sternum free of superimposition by the ribs
-lower portion of sternum unobscured by breasts of females
95
rib projections
AP or PA
AP or PA oblique
96
AP upper anterior ribs criteria
-1-9 ribs in their entirety with posterior portion lying above diaphragm
-1-7 anterior ribs from both sides in their entirety and above diaphragm
97
AP posterior ribs criteria
-for ribs above diaphragm 1-10 posterior ribs from both sides in their entirety
-for ribs below diaphragm 8-12 posterior ribs on both sides in their entirety
-ribs visible through lungs or abdomen
97
AP oblique ribs criteria
-approx twice as much distance btw vertebral column and the lateral border of ribs on the affected side as is present on unaffected side as is present on unaffected side
-axillary portion of ribs free of superimposition with thoracic spine
-1-10 ribs visible above diaphragm for upper ribs
-8-12 ribs visible below diaphragm for lower ribs
-ribs visible through lungs or abdomen
98
C spine projections
AP axial( 15 cephalic)
AP open mouth atlas, axis (odontoid)
Lateral+ swimmers if needed
obliques
98
AP axial C spine criteria
-area from superior portion of C3-T2
-shadows of mandible superimposed over atlas and most of axis
-open intervertebral disk spaces
-MSP of head and neck perpendicular to plane of IR
-spinous processes equidistant to the pedicles and aligned with midline of C Bodies
-mandibular and mastoid processes equidistant to vertebrae
99
Atlas axis C spine open mouth criteria ( odontoid)
-dens,atlas, axis and articulations btw first and second C vertebrae
-entire articular surfaces of atlas and axis
-mouth wide open
-superimposed occlusal plane of upper central incisors and base of skull
-shadow of tongue not projected over atlas and axis
-madibular rami equidistant from dens
100
Lateral(Grande method) C spine criteria
-all 7 vertebrae and 1/3 of T1
-C4 in centre of image
-neck extended so mandibular rami are not overlapping atlas or axis
-superimposed zygapophyseal joints and open intervertebral disk spaces
-superimposed or nearly superimposed rami of mandible
-spinous process shown in profile
101
Axial Oblique C spine Criteria
-all 7 C vertebrae and T1
-45 rotation of body
-uniform size and contour of foramina
-chin elevated
-mandible not overlapping atlas and axis
-occipital bone not overlapping the atlas and axis
-open intervertebral disk spaces
AP Axial
-open intervertebral foramina FARTHEST from IR C2-C3, C7-T1
PA axial
-open intervertebral foramina CLOSEST to IR C2-C3, C7-T1
101
T spine Positions
AP
Lateral
102
AP T spine Criteria
-All 12 T vertebrae
-no rotation demonstrated by spinous processes at midline of vertebral bodies
-vertebral column aligned to midline of image
103
Lateral T spine criteria
-vertebrae clearly seen through rib and lung shadow
-12 vertebrae centered on image
-T1-T3 may not be well visualized
-ribs superimposed posteriorly to indicate patient was not rotated
-open intervertebral disk spaces
104
Swimmers Criteria
-adequate penetration through shoulder region demonstrating lower C spine and upper T spine
-humeral heads minimally superimposed on vertebral column
105
L spine positions
AP
lateral
L5-S1 lateral
some places do anterior and posterior obliques
106
AP L spine Criteria
-lower T spine to sacrum
-collimated to lateral psoas muscle
-no artifact across mid abdomen
-symmetric vertebrae with spinous processes centered to bodies
-SI joints equidistant from vertebral column
-open intervertebral disk spaces
107
Lateral L spine criteria
-lower T spine to prox sacrum
-vertebrae aligned down middle of image
-superimposed posterior margins or each vertebral body
-nearly superimposed crests of ilia when beam in not angled
-spinous processes in profile
-open intervertebral disk spaces and intervertebral foramina(L1-L4)
108
lateral L5-S1 criteria
-lumbrsacral joint in centre of image
-open lumbosacral intervertebral disk space
-crest of ilia closely superimposing each other when bema is not angled
109
Sacrum and Coccyx projections
AP axial sacrum
AP Axial coccyx
lateral
110
AP Axial Sacrum
-sacrum free of foreshortening, with sacral curvature straightened
-pubic bone not overlapping the sacrum
-no rotation of sacrum demonstrated by symmetric alae
111
AP axial coccyx criteria
-coccygeal segments not superimposed by pubic bones
-no rotation of coccyx, demonstrated by distal segment in line with pubic symphysis
112
lateral sacrum and coccyx criteria
-sacrum and coccyx
-closely superimposed posterior margins of ischia and ilia demonstrating no rotation
113
SI joint positions
AP axial
Posterior obliques
114
AP axial SI joint criteria
-lumbosacral junction and sacrum
-open intervertebral disk space btw L5 and S1
-both SI joints
115
Oblique SI joint Criteria
AP(RPO,LPO)
-open SI joint space with minimal overlapping of ilium and sacrum
-joint centered on radiograph
PA(RAO,LAO)
-open SI joint space closest to IR or minimal overlapping of ilium and sacrum
-joint centered on radiograph
116
Skull positions
AP axial(towne)
PA axial(caldwell)
lateral
116
AP axial(Towne) skull criteria
equal distance from lateral borders of skull to lateral margins of foramen magnum on both sides
-symmetric petrous ridges
-MSP of cranium aligned wit long axis of collimated field
-dorsum sellae and posterior crinoid processes visible within foramen magnum
117
PA axial(Caldwell) skull criteria
-equal distances from lateral borders of skull to lateral borders of orbits on both sides
-symmetric petrous ridges
-MSP of cranium aligned with long axis collimated field
-petrous pyramids lying in lower 1/3 of orbits
PA shows orbits filled by petrous ridges
118
lateral skull criteria
-superimposed orbital roofs and greater wings of sphenoid
-superimposed mastoid regions and EAM
-superimposed TMjs
-sella turcica in profile
-no overlap of C spine by mandible
119
Facial Bone positions
PA Axial(caldwell)
Parietocanthial( waters)
lateral
119
PA axial( caldwell) facial bones criteria
-entire orbits and facial bones
-equal distances from lateral borders of skull to lateral borders or orbits on both sides
-MSP of head aligned with long axis of collimated field
-symmetric petrous ridges lying in lower 1/3 of orbit
120
parietoacanthia ()waters) facial bones criteria
-entire orbits and facial bones
-equal distances from lateral borders of skull to lateral borders or orbits on both sides
-MSP of head aligned with long axis of collimated field
-petrous ridges projected below maxillary sinuses
121
lateral facial bone criteria
-all facial bones in their entirety with zygomatic bone in centre
-almost perfectly superimposed mandibular rami
-superimposed orbital roofs
-sella turcica in profile
122
Orbits positions
PA axial
parietoacanthial(modified waters)
lateral
123
PA axial orbits criteria
-petrous ridges in bottom 1/3 of orbits with a 15 caudal angle
-petrous ridges below orbits with 30 caudal angle
-no rotation shown by symmetry
123
parietoacanthial(modified waters) orbits criteria
-petrous ridges well below orbital shadow
-symmetric orbits
-close beam restricted to orbital region
124
nasal bone positions
lateral
124
lateral orbits criteria
-superimposed orbital roofs
-close beam restricted to orbital region
125
lateral nasal bone criteria
-nasal bones, anterior nasal spine,frontonasal suture
-no rotation of nasal bones and soft tissue
125
Zygomatic arches positions
parietoacanthial(waters)
tangential
AP axial(towne)
SMV
126
parietoacanthial(waters) zygomatic arches criteria
-Petrous ridges below maxillary sinuses
-Zygomatic arches shown bilaterally
-No rotation, no tilt, demonstrated by symmetry
127
AP axial (towne) zygomatic arches criteria
-no overlap of zygomatic arches
-symmetric arches
-zygomatic arches projected lateral to mandibular rami
-MSP of head aligned with long axis of collimated field
127
Tangential zygomatic arches criteria
-zygomatic arches free from overlaying structures
128
SMV zygomatic arches criteria
-bilateral zygomatic arches in profile
129
Mandible positions
AP axial(modified Townes)
PA and AP axial
axiolateral obliques
130
AP axial(modified Townes) mandible criteria
-Condyloid processes of mandible and temporomandibular (TM) fossae
131
PA and AP axial mandible criteria
-Mandibular body
-No rotation, mandibular rami should be symmetric
132
axiolateral obliques mandible criteria
-entire mandible to include mentum, TMJ and gonion
132
TMJ positions
AP axial
axiolateral oblique
133
AP axial TMJ criteria
-no rotation of head
-minimal superimposition of petrosal on the condyle in the closed mouth
-condyle and temporomandibular articulation below pars petrosal in open mouth
134
Axiolateral TMJ criteria
-TMJ to anterior EAM
-condyle in mandibular fossa in closed mouth
-condyle inferior to articular tubercle in open mouth
135
Sinus positions
-Parietoacanthial( waters)-maxillary sinus
-PA axial(caldwell)-frontal sinuses
-lateral skull-all 4 sinuses
135
Parietoacanthial(waters) sinus criteria
-petrous ridges lying immediately inferior to floor of maxillary sinuses
-equal distance between lateral border of skull and the lateral border of orbit on both sides
-sphenoid sinus shown through open mouth
136
PA axial(caldwell) sinus criteria
-frontal sinuses lying above the frontonasal suture and anterior ethmoidal air cells lying above the petrous ridges
-equal distance btw lateral border of skull and lateral border of orbits
-petrous ridge symmetric on both sides
-petrous ridge lying in lower 1/3 of orbit
137
Lateral skull criteria
shows all 4 sinuses
-superimposed orbital roofs and greater wings of sphenoid
-superimposed mastoid regions and EAM
-superimposed TMJs
-sella turcica in profile
-no overlap of cervical spine by mandible
138
