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Radiology > Positioning > Flashcards

Positioning Flashcards

1
Q

What does Demonstrates mean?

A
  • the anatomical structures on the projection are listed
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2
Q

What does measure mean?

A
  • the specific body area that is measured for calculating
    exposure factors
  • central ray passes through here
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3
Q

What is kVp?

A
  • the optimum kilovolts peaks and range for the specific body part being imaged
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4
Q

How to lower kVp?

A

increase frequency by 100 kHz lowers kVp by 10

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5
Q

What kVp to use for cervicals?

A

80

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6
Q

What kVp to use for Thoracic?

A

90

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7
Q

What kVp to use for anteroposterior lumbar?

A

85

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8
Q

What kVp to use for lateral lumbar?

A

90

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9
Q

What kVp to use for HIP, pelvis, sacrum, coccyx?

A

80

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10
Q

What kVp to use for Full spine?

A

90

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11
Q

What kVp to use for knee?

A

60

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12
Q

What kVp to use for extremities distal to bicep and knee?

A

55

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13
Q

What kVp to use for clavicle and acromium?

A

70

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14
Q

What kVp to use for shoulder?

A

75

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15
Q

What kVp to use for ribs?

A

80

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16
Q

What kVp to use for chest?

A

110

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17
Q

What kVp to use for abdomen?

A

100

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18
Q

What projections do not require a grid?

A
  • Cervical: lateral, flexion/extension, oblique

- chest

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19
Q

What is the minimum grid ratio?

A

10:1

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20
Q

What is the Tube film Distance (Focal Film Distance)?

A
  • distance between the tube and the film
21
Q

What are the possible Focal distances?

A
  • traditional 105 cm

- some 160 - 200cm

22
Q

What is Tube Tilt?

A
  • Angle of tube in relation to cephaled or caudad

- allows the central ray to pass parallel to a desired body part

23
Q

What is Patient Position?

A
  • either standing, recumbent (lying down), sitting
24
Q

What are the advantage of doing a recumbent image?

A
  • better anatomical detail
  • smaller object film distances
  • reduced scatter radiation
  • less patient motion
25
Q

What are the advantages of a standing (upright) image?

A
  • shows the influence of gravity on bone alignment

- important for screening of scoliosis, spondylolisthesis, osteoarthritis

26
Q

Part Position?

A
  • Position of the part being radiographed

- ex. flexion extension, supination

27
Q

What is the central ray?

A
  • Center of the radiographic beam

- determined by the cross marking from the colimator

28
Q

What is Collimation?

A
  • limits the film size but must collimate so that all body parts of interest are obtained in the radiograph
29
Q

What is collimation important?

A
  • reducing radiation dose

- improving image quality

30
Q

What are Clinical radio correlations?

A
  • highlighting key anatomical features in ABC’s format
31
Q

What is the Clinical radio correlation ABC’s format?

A
  • A = alignment
  • B = bone
  • C = cartilage
  • S = soft tissue
32
Q

What are radiographic series?

A
  • a set of radiographs on a specific body part

- at least 2 images perpendicular to one another must be taken

33
Q

What is a spot projection?

A
  • isolated closely collimated view

- reduces scatter radiation

34
Q

What is skeletal survery?

A
  • characterization of bone or joint lesion to confirm or exclude a diagnosis, gauge progress and assess severity of a lesion
35
Q

What are the indication for a skeletal survey?

A
  • bone dysplasia
  • infection
  • metastatic disease
  • multiple myeloma
  • non-accident injury
  • pagets
  • polyarthropathy (RA, Ankylosing spondy)
  • metabolic diseases (renal bone disease, hyperparathyroidism, scurvy, rickets
36
Q

What xrays are done in a skeletal survery?

A
  • bilateral AP-PA hands, forarm, humerus, feet, legs, femur, pelvis
    lateral spine and skull
37
Q

What xrays are done in a joint survery?

A
  • bilateral AP-PA hands and wrists, elbows, shoulder, feet and ankles, knees, hips, SIJ
  • lateral spine
38
Q

What is needed for film identification?

A
  • patient’s name
  • date of exposure
  • clinic taken
  • legal requirement
39
Q

What is the Bucky?

A
  • housing an moving the grid

- surface the patient contacts

40
Q

What is a grid?

A
  • lead strips separated by radiolucent material

- eliminates scatter radiation

41
Q

What is the tube used in a radiograph?

A
  • x-rays are produced inside of this via bombarding anodes with high velocity electrons created at the cathode
  • these xrays travel toward the patient through the window formed by the collimator
42
Q

What is tube tilt?

A
  • angle oft he beam is altered to better anatomical detail

- for every 5 degrees of angulation the tube should be moved 2cm closer to the patient

43
Q

What is that collimator?

A
  • cube on the outside of the x-ray tube

- can be used to reduce the are of emitted radiation

44
Q

What is Kilovolts Peak (kVp)?

A
  • the potential difference b/w cathode (filament) and anode during the exposure
  • it represents the speed electrons have when they reach the anode = strength of the emitted rays = ability to penetrate body
  • kVp is determinent of the image quality and alters the contrast of the film
  • the thicker the part the greater kVp should be used
45
Q

What are Milliampere Seconds (mAs)?

A
  • # of electrons generated per second
  • determines density
  • doubling mAs doubles film density
46
Q

What side is marked on oblique and lateral views?

A
  • the side closest to the bucky
47
Q

What is filtration?

A
  • placement of aluminum at the collimator

- reduces the xrays reaching patient, reducing exposure

48
Q

What is Relative exposure?

A
  • assessment of radiograph according to film darkness
  • with optimal kVp:
    too much mAs = dark film = overexposed
    too little mAs = light film = underexposed
49
Q

What is Object Density?

A
  • black area = radiolucent

- white area = radioopaque

Radiology (2 decks)

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