Portugal Study Guide Flashcards
Where does Portugal rank worldwide in regards to production? Consumption?
11th largest producer of wine in the world
7th largest consumer
What two fortified wines had Portugal previously built its wine fame on? What direction is the country moving in regards to production today? Why is this?
Port and Madeira
Moving towards the production of modern table wines, sourced from a diverse array of over 200 unique, native varietals.
This movement is due to the worldwide decline in the sales and interest of fortified wines
What treaty was signed between Portugal and England that would establish a diplomatic alliance that would pave the way for extensive trade between the two kingdoms? When was this?
Treaty of Windsor in 1386
What Portuguese colony offshore is nicknamed the “isle of woods”?
Madeira
When was Port discovered and by who was it discovered? Where in the town was this discovered? What was the wine nicknamed in England when brought back to Liverpool?
1678 by two Englishmen in the mountain town Lamego located in the Douro Valley
The wine was discovered in a local monastery where the local abbot was practicing mutage with brandy.
Nicknamed “blackstrap”
What happened at the end of the 17th century that served as a boon for Douro wines? What treaty was signed in 1703 to further enhance this boon? (treaty)
War and trade embargoes by England with France at the end of the 17th century resulted in a boom for sales of Douro wines.
Additionally in 1703 the English signed the Treaty of Methuen with Portugal, establishing a long-lasting trade agreement between the two nations and preferential tariffs for Portuguese wines.
At what point in history did Portuguese wines account for 2/3 of wine imported to England?
the mid 18th century (mid 1700s)
When was Kopke founded? How many decades was this before the first recorded shipment to England?
1638
4 decades before
What treaty between England and Portugal proved to be the catalyst for the heyday of Port shipments to England in the 18th century?
Treaty of Methuen in 1703
What events in the early to mid 18th century led to the development of the Companhia Geral do Vinhos do Alto Douro (Douro Wine Company)? Why was this company established?
Widespread fraud in the Douro that was exposed causing the price of Douro wines to plummet in the English market.
Company was established to restore English confidence and protects its own economic interests.
What did the Companhia Geral do Vinhos de Alto Douro do to restore English confidence and protect the Douro’s economic interest?
formally established the boundaries and practices of the Douro appellation in 1756
developed a methodology for grading Port vineyards and authorized each individual farmer’s production allotment relative to the vineyard’s grade
Between 1758 and 1761, the 335 best vineyards were classified. What is their designation called and how were they marked? For what market was fruit from these vineyards reserved for?
What were the lesser vineyards called and what market was fruit from these vineyards reserved for in regard to production?
The best were classified as feitoria and marked with stones. Fruit from these vineyards was reserved for the production of wines for the English market.
Lesser vineyards were called rama. Fruit from these vineyards was reserved for the domestic market.
Who were the most culpable parties in regards to the widespread fraud in the Douro during the mid 1700s that damaged the Douro’s reputation? What silver lining did this provide for the Douro Wine Company?
British merchants
This resulted in the merchants having to forfeit a measure of control over the trade of Douro wines giving the Douro Wine Company the ability to regulate grape pricing, fix pricing on the finished wines, manage exports and monopolize the sale of Portuguese brandy (aguardente) used in the fortification process.
What is the name of the Portuguese brandy that is used for the purpose of mutage in Port production?
aguardiente
What is the Douro Wine Company known as today? What has happened in regards to its responsibilities? What organization manages the appellations and its regulations now?
The Royal Oporto Wine Company. It has lost its regulatory functions over time.
Today, the government-run Douro Port Wine Institue (IVDP) manages the appellation and the regulations.
As Port became the favored Portuguese wine in England, Madeira’s British wine merchants developed prosperous colonial trade where?
English North America colonies and Brazil
What time period is widely considered to be the apex of Madeira, Port, and the wine of Portugal?
The first decade of the 19th century
Who invaded Portugal in 1807 to disrupt the country’s trade with England? What two facets of wine trade were greatly affected?
France and Spain
Production quality and prices were greatly affected.
Who’s defeat resulted in Portugal falling behind in market share to French, Spanish, and beer markets?
Napoleon’s defeat and exile
Which fortified wine overtook Port as the wine of choice in England during the late 1800s?
Sherry
When did Powdery Mildew and Oidium hit Portugal?
1850s
What was the only region in Portugal that was not affected by Phylloxera during the outbreak?
Colares
Many vineyards in Portugal were not replanted following the Phylloxera outbreak. What industry took hold in Portugal following this?
The cork industry
Portugal today remains one of the foremost suppliers of cork closures for the wine industry.
What organization was founded in 1937 that revamped the Portuguese wine industry? What did they do?
Junta Nacional do Vinhos
This organization consolidated small vineyards into a network of larger co-operatives.
Along with Port, what two commercial brands of sweet, semi-sparkling rosé became the face of Portugues wine worldwide after WWII?
Mateus and Lancers
When did Portugal join the EU? What happened to the cooperatives following this? What resulted from this?
1986
Cooperatives lost their monopolistic power, and government grants and foreign investment began to pour into the country.
Many small estates (quints) severed their ties with cooperatives and started making their own wines.
What were the first delimited appellations in Portugal known as? What name did they take when Portugal devised a new appellation system in line with EU standards?
Regiões Demarcadas
Became Denominação de Origem Controlada (DOC) and in 2009 became known as Denominação de Origem Protegida (DOP)
What are the 3 levels of quality for Portuguese wine known as? Which is superior? Where can the old DOC designation still be used?
Denominação de Origem Protegida (DOP)
Indicação Geográfica Protegida (IGP)
Vinhos de Mesa/Vinho
DOP is the superior designation and DOC can still be used on labels of Portuguese wine sold within the domestic market.
What facets of wine production does DOP cover? (4)
permitted styles
max yields
minimum alcohol content
aging requirements
What quality level has been eliminated in Portugal? What have these become?
Indicação de Proveniencia Regulamentada (IPR)
These have promoted to DOP status.
What is considered the tier below DOP on the quality ladder in Portugal? What level of EU quality is it considered?
IG/VR (IGP)
Indicação Geogràfica (IG) for EU protection or Vinhos Regional (VR) if traditionally labeled within Portugal
Considered IGP
IG/VR wines if labeled varietally must have a min what % of the grape stated?
min 85% as it is protected by the EU
What are the 14 IGPs in Portugal?
Minho Transmontano Duriense Terras do Dão Terras de Cister Terras da Beira Beira Atlântico Tejo Lisboa Alentejano Península de Setúbal Algarve Terras Madeirenses Açores
What is the lowest level of wine quality in Portugal that does not meet conditions for DOP or IGP qualification?
Vinhos de Mesa or simply Vinho
What label term may be present on Portuguese wine bottles if they’re produced as vintage-dated DOP or IGP? What are the aging requirements for this? (red and white) What other aging requirement may be present as well? What re its requirements?
garrafeira
Garrafeira Tinto (red): min 30 months, including 12 months in bottle
Garrafeira Branca (white)/rosado: min 12 months, with 6 months in bottle
Reserva is the other term an this indicates at least 0.5% higher alcohol content than what is required for the basic DOP or IGP. Though this may differ from DOP to DOP, ditto for IGP
The aging requirements for Port garrafeira are different than for unfortified vintage-dated garrafeira. What are the requirement for Port garrafeira?
Following a few years’ aging in barrels, the Port is matured for at least 8 years in glass demijohns
What does “reserva” indicate on a bottle of traditional method Portuguese sparkling wine?
minimum 12 months on the lees prior to dégorgement
What does Colheita Seleccionada indicate on a bottle of Portuguese table wine?
minimum 1% higher alcohol content than that established by the regional appellation
What are grape varieties called in Portugal?
casta
What is the most widely grown red casta (grape variety) in Portugal? What is its expression?
Castelão
full-bodied, tannic wines with meaty, red-fruit aromas
Who makes “Periquita”, a wine whose success led to other producers using the wine’s name as a moniker serving as a synonym for the grape used? What is the grape? What is the IGP that it is produced in?
J.M. da Fonseca makes this wine from the Castelão grape in the Peninsula de Setúbal
What was Peninsula de Setúbal previously known as?
Terras do Sado
Castelão is the most widely planted red casta, but what is considered to be Portugal’s finest red casta? What percent of Portugal’s vineyard acreage is devoted to this grape? What is its expression? Other than table wine, what style is this grape cherished for?
Touriga Nacional
10% of Portugal’s acreage is dedicated to this grape
inky, full-bodied, structured
Also cherished for Port blends
Where did Touriga Nacional originate? What grape has overtaken it here as the most planted red casta?
Dão
Jaen (Mencía)
Why is Jaen (Mencía) valued in the red table blends of Dão, Douro, and Alentejo?
It is a low yielding vine that produces extremely small berries, valued for their extraction potential and concentration
What are premium Portuguese red wines traditionally aged in?
New French oak
What are two synonyms for Touriga Nacional in Portugal?
Bical Tinto and Mortágua Preto
What are 4 red grapes other than Touriga Nacional and Jaen (Mencía) that are planted for quality red wine in Portugal?
Alfrocheiro
Trincadeira
Baga
Aragonez/Tinta Roriz
What is Tempranillo known as in Portugal?
Tinta Roriz or Aragonez
What is the most planted white casta in Portugal? What is it known as in Bairrada?
Fernão Pires
Maria Gomes in Bairrada
What two DOPs contain the majority of Portugal’s plantings of Fernão Pires?
Bairrada DOP
DoTejo DOP
What is the expression of Fernão Pires? What are the knocks on it?
simple, honeyed wines
prone to oxidation and low acidity
What is the star white noble grape of Dão? What is its expression?
Encruzado
elegant and balanced with floral, citrusy notes that gain complex nutty, resinous aromas with age
What white casta of Portugal is known for its lively, mineral-tinged wines produced throughout the country but making the most striking examples in the coastal regions and from Bucelas in particular?
Arinto
What is the most important white grape in Alentejano?
Antão Vaz
The white casta Sercial is a highly acidic grape prized for dry Madeira. What is it known on the mainland of Portugal? What grape is it often confused with that is its homophone?
Esgana Cão (dog strangler)
Often confused with Cercial, which is used in Dão, Douro, and Bairrada blends, but the two are genetically distinct
What is the climate of Vinho Verde DOP/Minho IGP? What is the biggest threat in the vineyards here due to this climate?
cool, rainy, Atlantic-influenced climate
grey rot
What is the traditional vine training method used in Vinho Verde DOP/Minho IGP? Describe it. What is the advantage of this method? What has replaced it today?
enforcado
vines are trained high off of the ground on trunks of trees, telephone poles, and steaks, creating an overhead canopy.
Mitigated the probability of fungal disease in the wet climate.
Modern methods have replaced this method today as only 10% of the country’s vines are planted in the old manner.
What is the largest DOP in Portugal and represents 15% of the nation’s total vineyard acreage?
Vinho Verde
Where does Vinho Verde DOP get its name?
Reference to the wines’ youthful freshness and the verdant countryside.
What style of wine are produced in Vinho Verde DOP?
red, white, and rosado
What river marks the northern border with Spain in Vinho Verde?
The Minho River
What two main rivers flow through Vinho Verde DOP/Minho IGP in the north and south respectively? What direction do they flow?
Minho River in the north
Douro River in the south
both flow east to west emptying into the Atlantic Ocean
What is the predominant soil type in Vinho Verede DOP?
shallow granitic soils
What is Vinho Verde’s most heavily planted white grape and the primary component of Vinho Verde blends?
Loureiro
What are the 5 most important white grapes for Vinho Verde production?
Loureiro Alvarino Trajadura (Treixadura) Avesso Pedernã (Arinto)
What is Arinto called in Vinho Verde?
Pedernã
In what northern town in Vinho Verde is Alvarinho typically bottled varietally? What is this subregion of Vinho Verde called? What sub zone of Rías Baixas is across the Minho river from here?
Monção in the subregion of Monçao e Melgaço
Condado do Tea
What is the teinturier grape used for the production of Tinto and Rosado wines in Vinho Verde DOP/Minho IGP? What other three red grapes combine with this grape to represent a minority of exports?
Vinhão
Espadeiro
Borraçal
Alvarelhão
Why are the wines from Vinho Verde usually slightly sparkling?
carbon dioxide is often injected prior to bottling