Portugal (ex)

Question 1

Who was the first King of Portugal?

Answer 1

Afonso I (Afonso Henriques)

He declared independence from León in 1139.

Question 2

What significant territory expansion did Afonso I achieve?

Answer 2

Expanded Portuguese territory through battles against the Moors.

Question 3

What scandal was Afonso I involved in?

Answer 3

Rebellion against his own mother, Queen Teresa of León.

Question 4

How did Afonso I die?

Answer 4

Died of natural causes at age 76.

Question 5

What dynasty did João I found?

Answer 5

The Avis dynasty.

Question 6

What was João I’s significant military achievement?

Answer 6

Secured independence from Castile at the Battle of Aljubarrota (1385).

Question 7

What era did João I initiate?

Answer 7

The Age of Discoveries.

Question 8

What was a scandal associated with João I?

Answer 8

His illegitimacy was a point of contention in his claim to the throne.

Question 9

How did João I die?

Answer 9

Died of natural causes at age 75.

Question 10

What notable explorations did Manuel I oversee?

Answer 10

Vasco da Gama’s voyage to India and Pedro Álvares Cabral’s discovery of Brazil.

Question 11

What significant action did Manuel I take regarding the Jewish population?

Answer 11

Expelled the Jews from Portugal in 1496.

Question 12

How did Manuel I die?

Answer 12

Died of natural causes at age 52.

Question 13

What did João III consolidate during his reign?

Answer 13

Portugal’s overseas empire, especially in Brazil and India.

Question 14

What major event did João III introduce in Portugal?

Answer 14

The Inquisition in 1536.

Question 15

What was a criticism against João III?

Answer 15

Heavy reliance on religious persecution during the Inquisition.

Question 16

How did João III die?

Answer 16

Died of natural causes at age 55.

Question 17

What was Sebastião I known for?

Answer 17

His religious zeal and ambition to lead a crusade against the Moors.

Question 18

What was the outcome of Sebastião I’s Moroccan campaign?

Answer 18

Disastrous Battle of Alcácer Quibir (1578) where he disappeared.

Question 19

What speculation arose after Sebastião I’s disappearance?

Answer 19

Sebastianism (the belief he would return).

Question 20

How did Sebastião I die?

Answer 20

Likely killed in battle, though his body was never found.

Question 21

What did João IV achieve during his reign?

Answer 21

Restored Portuguese independence from Spain.

Question 22

What did João IV strengthen?

Answer 22

The monarchy and reestablished colonial trade.

Question 23

What challenges did João IV face during his rule?

Answer 23

Numerous conspiracies from Spanish loyalists.

Question 24

How did João IV die?

Answer 24

Died of a stroke at age 52.

Question 25

What significant rebuilding effort did José I undertake?

Answer 25

Rebuilt Lisbon after the 1755 earthquake.

Question 26

Who assisted José I in rebuilding Lisbon?

Answer 26

The Marquis of Pombal.

Question 27

What years did the House of Burgundy rule Portugal?

Answer 27

1139–1383 ## Footnote Afonso I was the founder of this dynasty.

Question 28

Who was the founder of the House of Burgundy?

Answer 28

Afonso I (Afonso Henriques) ## Footnote He was the first King of Portugal.

Question 29

What significant event did the House of Burgundy achieve?

Answer 29

Established Portugal as an independent kingdom ## Footnote This was after breaking from León.

Question 30

What major conflict did the House of Burgundy participate in to expand its borders?

Answer 30

Reconquista ## Footnote This was a series of campaigns aimed at recapturing territory.

Question 31

What led to the end of the House of Burgundy?

Answer 31

Succession crisis with the death of King Ferdinand I ## Footnote He left no male heirs.

Question 32

What years did the House of Aviz rule Portugal?

Answer 32

1385–1580 ## Footnote João I was the founder of this dynasty.

Question 33

Who founded the House of Aviz?

Answer 33

João I (John I) ## Footnote He was an illegitimate son of King Pedro I.

Question 34

What crisis preceded the establishment of the House of Aviz?

Answer 34

1383–1385 Crisis ## Footnote This was resolved with the victory at the Battle of Aljubarrota.

Question 35

What significant period did the House of Aviz oversee?

Answer 35

Age of Discoveries ## Footnote This included Vasco da Gama’s journey to India and the discovery of Brazil.

Question 36

What ended the House of Aviz?

Answer 36

Death of King Henry I ## Footnote This led to a dynastic crisis and the Iberian Union.

Question 37

What years did the House of Habsburg rule Portugal?

Answer 37

1580–1640 ## Footnote This period is known as the Iberian Union.

Question 38

Who was the founder of the House of Habsburg in Portugal?

Answer 38

Philip II of Spain (Philip I of Portugal) ## Footnote He claimed the Portuguese throne after the death of Henry I.

Question 39

What was a key feature of the House of Habsburg's rule?

Answer 39

Portugal was united with Spain under the Iberian Union ## Footnote Portugal maintained autonomy but was ruled by Spanish kings.

Question 40

What event marked the end of the House of Habsburg?

Answer 40

Portuguese Restoration War in 1640 ## Footnote This restored Portuguese independence.

Question 41

What years did the House of Braganza rule Portugal?

Answer 41

1640–1910 ## Footnote João IV was the founder of this dynasty.

Question 42

Who founded the House of Braganza?

Answer 42

João IV (John IV) ## Footnote He was the Duke of Braganza.

Question 43

What did the House of Braganza achieve after the Iberian Union?

Answer 43

Restored Portuguese independence ## Footnote This occurred after the Restoration War.

Question 44

What colonial expansion did the House of Braganza continue?

Answer 44

Expansion in Brazil ## Footnote Brazil later declared independence from Portugal.

Question 45

What challenges did the House of Braganza face during the 19th century?

Answer 45

Revolutions and liberal reforms ## Footnote These challenges eventually led to the monarchy's end.

Question 46

What ended the House of Braganza?

Answer 46

Republican Revolution of 1910 ## Footnote This led to the establishment of the Portuguese Republic.

Question 47

What years did the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha rule Portugal?

Answer 47

1853–1910 ## Footnote This branch was established through the marriage of Maria II and Ferdinand II.

Question 48

Who were the founders of the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha?

Answer 48

Maria II and Ferdinand II ## Footnote Ferdinand II was of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Question 49

What reform efforts did the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha continue?

Answer 49

Liberal reforms of Portugal ## Footnote These reforms faced challenges from economic instability.

Question 50

What marked the end of the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha?

Answer 50

Revolution of 1910 ## Footnote King Manuel II was the last monarch of Portugal.