Portugal Flashcards
1
Q
Where is DOC Douro and what is the climate like?
A
80km East of Porto, runs from the Marão mountains to the Spanish border.
Located in the Duriense IGP.
Around the Douro river valley the vineyards are sheltered from the Atlantic by the Marão mountains giving a warm continental climate
2
Q
A semi-sparkling white or rosé wine that is 8.5% alcohol and high in acidity is most likely to originate from which region in Portugal?
A
Vinho Verde DOP
3
Q
Which small DOP is located near the famous surfing beach Guincho in Portugal and is famous for vineyards?
A
Colares DOP
4
Q
Name the 5 dominant black grapes used to make DOC Douro red wines and give simple tasting notes of a DOC Douro red wine
A
Touriga Nacional, Tinta Roriz (Tempranillo), Tinta Barroca, Tinta Cão and Touriga Franca
Deep colour, full body, intense black fruit, high tannin and toasty oak
5
Q
What are the three subregions of the Douro Valley?
A
Baixo Corgo / Cima Corgo / Douro Superior
6
Q
What is the subregion of Vinho Verde that specializes in varietal Alvarinho wines?
A
Monção e Melgaço
7
Q
What is the most common soil type found in the Dão?
A
Granite
8
Q
What is the modern name of Portugal’s PDO? What is the traditional term?
A
DOP - Denominacão de Origen Protegida
DOC - Denominacão de Origen Controlada
9
Q
What are the 2 producers of sweet, semi-sparkling Portugese rosé that became extremely popular following WWII?
A
Mateus and Lancers
10
Q
A red wine with elevated acidity, elevated alcohol, black fruit flavors and a generous use of new French oak is most likely to originate from what region in Portugal?
A
Douro DOP
11
Q
The DOP of Colares is located near which capital city?
80% of the plantings here are ungrafted vines of ___ and ___.
Phylloxera was avoided due to:
A
Lisboa / Lisbon
Ramisco and Malvasia.
Sandy soils.
12
Q
Which Portugese DOP is famously phylloxera free?
Why is this?
A
Colares DOP
Primarily sandy soils prevented the advancement of this vine-destroying pest.
13
Q
Which Vinho Regional does Douro DOP and Porto DOP fall under?
A
Duriense IGP
14
Q
Match the Portuguese variety to its synonym used elsewhere:
- Tinta Roriz
- Jaen
- Malmsey
- Bastardo
- Alvarinho
A
- Tempranillo
- Mencia
- Malvasia
- Trousseau
- Albariño
15
Q
What are the 3 mountain ranges that surround the Dão DOP?
A
Caramula, Estrela, Nave
16
Q
What is the most common method for making Vinho Verde wines semi-sparkling?
A
Direct CO² Injection
17
Q
What are the 5 IGPs / Vinho Regional areas of SOUTHERN Portugal?
A
Lisboa IGP (West coast, directly south of Bairrada area)
Tejo IGP (east of Lisboa, along the Tejo river, west of Alentejano)
Alentejano IGP (Large area along the Spanish border, extending over to the Atlantic)
Peninsula de Setubal IGP (south of Tejo, on the Atlantic coast and surrounded by Alentejano to the east/south)
Algarve IGP (southernmost IGP)
18
Q
Red and Rosé Vinho Verde is made primarily from which grape varieties?
A
Vinhão (a teinturier grape), Espadeiro, Borraçal, and Alvarelhão,
19
Q
List these regions from north to south (1 = northernmost, 5 = southernmost).
A. Douro
B. Dão
C. Alentejo
D. Minho
E. Madeira
A
A / 2
B / 3
C / 4
D / 1
E / 5
20
Q
What is the slightly prickly and very acid white wine from the Minho region?
A
Vinho Verde
21
Q
If a guest asks for a rich, juicy, easy drinking, inexpensive wine similar to Malbec, which Portuguese region would be the best to recommend?
A
Alentejo
22
Q
What are 2 synonyms for Touriga Nacional in Portugal?
A
Bical Tinto / Mortágua Preto
23
Q
DOC Vinho Verde has a moderate Maritime climate with plenty of rain.
What risks does this bring?
What is the name of the traditional training method used to mitigate this risk, and how does it work?
What has this method been widely replaced with today?
A
High risk of disease; mold and rot.
Enforcado.
Vines would grow up the trunks of trees, telephone poles, and stakes, creating an overhead canopy and lessening the risk of fungal disease.
Nowadays, more modern trellising techniques are used.
24
Q
What is the most widely planted white grape of Portugal?
A
Fernão Pires
25
What are the 3 sub-regions of the Douro DOP, from West to East?
Baixo Corgo / Cima Corgo / Douro Superior
26
Malvasia, Viosinho, Rabigato, Encruzado, and Fernão Pires are all ________ grapes?
White
27
In what Portugese region would you most likely encounter "chão de areia" and "chão rija" soil types?
What is the make up of these soils?
Colares DOP / Lisboa IGP
Chão de areia = "sandy ground", an area of sandy dunes.
Chão rija = "hard ground", calcareous brown soils
28
The Peninsula de Setubal is home to a well-known, sweet wine produced from the Muscat grape, known as what?
Moscatel de Setúbal
29
How would you describe red wines from Dão, in comparison to those from the Douro?
Delicate red fruit aromas, soft tannins and high acidity.
Typically more elegant, sharper, and more floral than their counterparts in the Douro.
30
Highly tannic red grape variety; often used in the red wines of the Bairrada DOC
Baga
31
What is the main grape variety used in white Vinho Verde, and the 4 secondary varieties?
Loureiro. Other white grapes include Trajadura (Treixadura), Avesso, Pedernã (Arinto), and the Spanish Albariño.
32
What 2 styles of vinho licoroso are produced in Sétubal?
What grapes are used for them?
Sweet whites made from min. 67% Moscatel de Setúbal (Muscat d’Alexandria)
Red fortified wines made from Moscatel Roxo
33
Though there are many others, what are the top 4 grapes used for white Douro wines?
Malvasia Fina, Viosinho, Rabigato, and Gouveio
34
One of the primary red grapes used in Port; provides firm structure and black-fruit flavors:
Touriga Nacional
35
In which 2 regions does Herdade do Esporão produce wine?
Alentejo and Douro DOPs
36
What is the most planted black grape in Portugal?
What is the highest regarded black grape in Portugal? What are its key tasting notes?
Tempranillo / Tinta Roriz / Aragonez
Touriga Nacional -
Inky, full-bodied, structured, high tannins
37
What are the wines from Alentejo like and what are the 3 main black grapes?
Most wines are low acid, high alcohol, and of a basic quality level. The northernmost area (Portalegre DOP) is the most promising sub-region
Aragonêz, Trincadeira and Alicante Bouschet with use of Touriga Nacional and Syrah increasing
38
What are the 7 IGPs / Vinho Regional areas of NORTHERN Portugal?
Minho IGP (Vinho Verde DOP, NW)
Transmontano IGP (NE, bordering with Spain
Duriense IGP (Porto / Douro Valley, separated by the Serra do Marão)
Terras de Cister IGP (directly south of Duriense)
Beira Atlantico IGP (south of Porto on the Atlantic Coast)
Terras do Dão IGP (east of Bairrada)
Terras da Beira IGP (east of Dao, Spanish border to the east)
39
Unfortified wines produced in the Douro River Valley from traditional Port varieties are categorized as
Douro DOP
40
Describe the climates of Portugal
Predominantly Maritime from Atlantic influence
Many inland vineyards are hot, dry and Continental.
Altitude can moderate temperatures, especially at night, in some regions.
41
Tempranillo is given two names in Portugal; what are they?
Tinta Roriz, alternatively known as Aragonês in the Alentejo region
42
The establishment of Portugal as an international powerhouse for wine export in the 17th and 18th centuries was partly due to its trade relations with what nation?
England
43
Arinto is closest in flavor profile to which international grape?
Riesling
44
What 2 white grapes are used in Bairrada region?
What is the most widely-used black grape?
Arinto and Maria Gomes
Baga
45
What are the Portuguese terms for PGI wines?
What are non PGI table wines called?
IGP = Indicacão Geografica Protegida
Traditionally Vinho Regional
Non IGP wines are called Vinho
46
Where is the largest Vinho Regional region in Portugal?
Vinho Regional Alentejano
47
Portugeser red grape variety also known as Tinta Amarela
Trincadeira
48
Which DOP is located within the Peninsula de Setubal region and produces mainly red wines based on what grape variety?
Palmela DOP
Castelão
49
What is the predominant black grape of Bairrada and, with later picking, what are the tasting notes?
What are the 2 white grapes used in this region?
Black grape = Baga, with later picking gives wines deep in colour, high tannin with soft, rich, black fruit flavours.
The predominant white grapes are Arinto and Maria Gomes
50
Sétubal is classified as a:
What is the name of the maturation process it goes through?
What grapes are used in white / red Sétubal?
Vinho Locoroso
Torna Viagem
min. 67% Moscatel de Setúbal (Muscat d’Alexandria) or Moscatel Roxo,
51
White grape variety grown in the Vinho Verde region; also the star of Spain's Rias Baixas DO
Alvarinho
52
Unfortified wines produced in the Douro River Valley from international grape varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon are categorized as
Duriense IGP
53
What species of oak tree is primarily used for cork production?
Quercus Suber
54
List the 2 DOPs located on the Peninsula de Sétubal.
Palmela DOP / Sétubal DOP
55
Portugal's most widely grown white grape variety
Fernão Pires, also known as Maria Gomes.
56
Aside from grapes, what other major component of the wine trade is Portugal well known for producing?
Corks
57
Pinhão is a major hub of wine production located in which sub-region / DOP / on which river?
Cima Corgo / Douro DOP / Douro River
58
Describe the topology of Dão, where vines are planted, and its climate:
* **Surrounded by mountains, protecting it from cool maritime conditions from West and from warmer Arid conditions from East & South**
* **Mediterranean climate**; Warm dry summers & mild winters
* Rainfall: **High;1600mm in West: 1100mm in East;** falling in Autumn & winter
* Vineyards at 400-500mRL up to 900mRL
59
Vinho Verde is produced in what region?
Minho Vinho Regional
60
What is the largest threat to viticulture in the DOPs of Bucelas, Colares, and Carcavelos?
Which IGP are they located within?
Urban Sprawl
Lisboa IGP
61
Where is DOC Bairrada located and what is the climate?
West of Dão close to the Atlantic.
The climate is Maritime with rainy winters and warm summers, rain can be a problem around harvest time
62
The vineyards of the Douro DOP are famously composed of:
How are the vineyards planted in this area?
Schist soils.
On steep, terraced vineyards along the banks of the Douro and its tributaries.
63
Vinho Verde is produced in which Vinho Regional?
Minho IGP
64
The Baga grape is used to make highly tannic red wines under which DOP, located within the which Vinho Regional?
Bairrada DOP, Beira Atlantico IGP
65
Which 4 black grapes are now commonly grown in Dão?
What are the 3 top recommended white grapes?
Touriga Nacional, Tinta Roriz, Jaen (Mencia in Spain) and Alfrocheiro.
Encruzado, Bical and Cercial
66
What is the most heavily-planted grape in Vinho Verde DOP and the main component of these wines?
What 4 other grapes are used?
Loureiro
Trajadura (Treixadura), Avesso, Pedernã (Arinto), and the Alvarinho (Albariño.)
67
Where is DOC Alentejo, what is the climate like, and what is a consistent effect it has on the wines produced?
Spread over 8 sub-regions in the SE of Portugal.
It has a hot growing season: Cooler and wetter in the North -hotter, drier, centre and south. Irrigiation is often necessary.
Wines often suffer from low acidity and high alcohol.
68
Other than Touriga Nacional and Tinta Roriz name 3 other black grapes grown in Portugal and give simple tasting notes for each
- **Alfrocheiro** - Deep colour with intense aroma of blackberry and strawberry
- **Jaen** (known as Mencia in Spain) - Fresh fruit with medium~high acid
- **Baga** - Late ripening with thick skinned berries gives deep colour, high acid, high tannins, medium body, with red fruits - cranberry, cherry, plum.
- **Trincandeira**- Drought tolerant, gives spicy berry flavours and high tannin
**-Alicante Bouschet** - High colour acidity and tannin, red and black fruits, most used in blends
69
What is the Treaty of Methuen?
What effect did this have on the trade of wine?
A military and commercial treaty between England and Portugal that was signed in 1703 as part of the War of the Spanish Succession.
This led to the prolific rise in exports of Portuguese wines to Britain?
70
What is the location, climate, premier grape and general style of Douro DOP wines?
- N. Portugal along the Douro river (aka the Duero river in Spain)
- Drier and hotter as you move inland.
- Main grape: Touriga Nacional
- Wines are rich, dry, ripe and powerful reds.
71
What are general tasting notes of Vinho Verde wines (white)?
- Light, floral wines, lively acidity and low alcohol levels,
- Often slightly sparkling—a result, generally, of carbon dioxide injection prior to bottling.
72
Who produces "Barca Velha?"
What DOP is it from?
What is significant about this producer?
What grapes are used?
Ferreirinha - Fernando Nicolau de Almeida as the first winemaker
Douro DOP
They were the first house in Douro dedicated to making a table wine.
Originally focussed on Tinta Roriz but recent 2008 vintage was:
50% Touriga Franca , 30% Touriga Nacional, 10% Tinta Roriz, 10% Tinto Cão
only 19 releases since the first 1952 vintage
73
Portugese red grape variety also known as Tempranillo
Tinta Roriz / Aragonez
74
What style of wine is Moscatel do Douro?
What grape is used?
What are the min. alcohol / min. aging requirements?
Sweet, fortified wine.
Moscatel Galego.
16.5% / 18 months
75
Portugal's most widely grown red grape variety
Tinta Roriz (Tempranillo)
76
What are the 4 main white grapes used for Douro DOP wines?
Viosinho, Rabigato, and Gouveio (Godello) and Moscatel Galego Blanco (for aromatics)
77
Trajadura?
Trajadura
o Treixadura in Rias Baizas/Ribeiro - grown in Vinho Verde
o Low Acidity;
o Apple, Peach;
o usually blended with varieties that have higher levels of Acidity
78
Loureiro?
Loureiro:
o most grown white variety in Vinho Verde
o predominantly by the coast
o Mid ripening ;Medium(+) Acidity;
o Flavours of Citrus, Pear, floral, Herbal, laurel
79
The Baga grape is widely grown in Bairrada, describe where it is planted and how it is treated viticulturally with a description of the resultant wine
Baga
o Late ripening & productive
o Warmest sites with South facing aspects;
o protected from cool North winds by Eucalyptus & Pine forests
o Ripens best on:
o Limestone-clay soils (soils provide optimum balance of water;
o retention & drainage ensuring there is enough water during growing season
o Light coloured soils (esp. in Cantanhede, where strewn with white limestone pebbles & rocks); reflect heat back on to the vines, aiding ripening
o Green Harvesting carried out to enhance ripening (fruit removed early used for sparkling wines)
o The variety:
o High Acid; High Tannins; Medium Body; Cranberry; Cherry; Plum
o Astringent when young; softer, complex when bottle aged
o Traditionally high yields & sold to Coops
o Valued for High Acidity, still used for Mateus Rose
80
Bairrada, describe its climate, soils and topography
CLIMATE & WEATHER
o Damp & rainy maritime climate.
o Rain:800-1200mm, some area 1600mm in Spring & Autumn, problematic for late ripening Baga
o High vintage variation.
TOPOGRAPHY & SOILS o Directly west of Dao DOC
o 10,000ha
o Soils: Fertile Alluvial to the West( from river estuaries); Limestone -clay on slopes
o In Cantanhede, limestone- clay soils (Bairro in Portuguese) attracted intensive planting of Baga
81
A traditional wine style of Alentejo is called Vinho de Talha DOC - explain what this is?
**o Vinho de Talha DOC: (2010):**
o wines fermented on skins in Talha( amphora);
o Traditional method undergoing revival
o Made using Antao Vaz white grapes
82
Alentejo is a significant region in Portugal - what are its sales domestically and export wise in percentage terms?
Alentejo has 37% by volume and 40% by value of the domestic market
And 20% of total wine exports in volume terms from Portugal
83
Lisboa Vinho Regional?
150 km long to the north of Lisbon
Serra de Montejunta divides into two distinct climates
Western side - maritime, cool, wet, windy - fresh styles of wines
Eastern side - more continental, drier, warmer - richer styles of wines
Key DOCs within the VR are:
Alenquer - eastern - full bodied, ripe red wines - Aragonez, Tourigal nacional
Bucelas - eastern - min. 75% Arinto - fresh, high acid white wines
Corales - coastal, foggy, western, near Lisbon, sandy soils, phylloxera free, with old vines and rare varietals
84
Who is the largest producer of Lisboa certified wines - i.e. VR or DOC wines?
40% of certified wine (DOC/VR) made by **CASA SANTOS LIMA**
makes inexpensive/mid priced brands & private labels for export market
85
Under what designation is most wine from Lisboa sold?
Lisboa Vinho Regional - as producers see better recognition for the regional name than individual DOCs
86
Palmela DOC in the Peninsula de Setubal?
Palmela DOC: 187,000hL
* Mainly Red wines
* Min 67% Castelao (periquita)
* Deep colour; Full body; Red berry fruit
* Often matured in Oak; adding hints of Spice
* Concentrated, Age worthy wines grown in Warm sandy vineyards on plains;
* Lighter wines on Clay/limestone slopes for early drinking
87
Tejo - describe its soil, topography and climate
TOPOGRAPHY & SOILS & CLIMATE
o Mediterranean climate: hot, dry summers ; Mild, wet winters
o Rain:750mm
o Considerable variations in soil & climate;
o North:
o has higher rainfall
o on Clay-Limestone, Schist Soils; producing Red wines
o South of Region;
o driest & hottest;
o Poor Sandy soils; produces Red & Whites
o Around river, fertile Alluvial soils; vigour has to be managed; produces white wines
88
Wine Laws of Portugal
**Wine Laws & Regulations**:
* As a member of EU: Portugal follows a PDO & PGI system of GI to protect its wine regions & systems
* _DOC/DOP:_
* Both traditional term - **Denominacao de Origem Controlada(DOC)** &
* modern - **Denominacao de Origem Protegida (DOP)** used for PDO wines
* 31 DOC’s in Portugal
* Each DOC has its own regulations on grape growing, winemaking.
* All wines officially tested ,tasted, approved
* _VR_: Vinho Regional:
* widely used traditional term for PGI wines
* 14 VR’s
* Regulations less stringent ; permit international varieties like Cab Sav ,Chardonnay where as some do not an in general allow a wider selection of grape varieties
* _VINHO_:
Used for wines that are not PDO or PGI
89
What was the production and sales method for most of 20th century in Portugal?
* For most of 20th century
* growers sold to cooperatives
* cooperatives sold to negociants
* volumes sold to domestic and former colonies in Africa – Angola/Mozambique
90
Since entry to EU in 1986 what has been happening in Portuguese wine production
* Since entry to EU in 1986
* Investing in modern production
* Move to expand into new markets
* Some Negociants have diversified by investing in vineyards across different regions
* Sogrape
* biggest wine co in Portugal
* buying estates in Douro and Vinho Verde
* Increasing no of growers adding value by producing own estate brand esp. in Douro, Alentejo, Dao, Vinho Verde, Bairrada, Lisboa & Tejo
* Cooperatives reduced in no; 73 active coops
91
Alentejo has seen what change since Portugal joined the EU?
* **Signification investment in Alentejo:**
* warm, dry climate that is flat, allowing mechanisation;
* seen significant investment & vineyard growth;
* EU funding to invest
* Consultant winemakers now producing quality wines in soft ripe styles;
high no. of estates with large young vineyard holdings
92
Climate and weather of Vinho Verde DOC
* North West corner
* Atlantic on the West; River Minho in the North Bordering Spain); Peneda – Geras National park on the East; Just beyond R Douro in the South
* Moderate Maritime with warm summers; Climate more continental in the East
* Network of river valleys that funnel Atlantic winds inland
* High rainfall - average 1,500mm
Vintage variation; 936,000 hl in 2017/ 727,000 hl in 2016
93
inexpensive Vino Verde DOC wine production
* **Inexpensive Vinho Verde DOC:**
* high volume; fruit may be sourced across region & blend of varieties
* Protective methods; cool ferment in SS;
* Most bottled for release at the end of fermentation;
* CO² added at bottling to give light spritz
* White: low Alcohol; Medium (+) to High Acidity; Apple, Citrus & or Peach depending on varieties used
* Some, small amt of residual sugar added
* Good Quality & made one of regions coops or large merchants
94
Premium priced Vinho Verde DOC
* **Premium Priced**
* Smaller boutique producers; **still wines**
* growing no of single varietal & single sub regions
* Winemaking
* Some use ambient yeasts;
* old Oak for ferment & or maturation;
* choose to keep wines on Lees for few months to enhance texture & complexity
* Mid-priced to premium; very good quality
95
How has Vinho Verde production changed since the 60s?
* Large changes in production:
* 1960s – 80% was red wine production
* 2008 – 70% white wine!!
* 2018 – 80% white wine, 15% red and 5% rose
96
What percentage of Vinho Verde DOC is exported? and to where
40% is exported and to Germany, USA and France
97
25% of Duoro unfortifed wines are White - name the varietals used in these wines.
Whites:
* Viosinho:
* Full body; floral; stone fruit; can lack Acidity
* Rabigato:
* High Acidity; citrus & floral
* Gouveio (Godello):
* Medium (+) Acidity; citrus, Stone fruit
* Moscatel Galego Branco (Muscat Blanc a Petit Grains) – sometimes blended in to enhancing aroma;
* White grapes tend to be grown on vineyards at highest Altitude, higher diurnal range to retain better acidity
98
Barca Velha?
* Barca Velha
* Fernando Nicolau de Almeda
* visited Bordeaux & returned to Portugal convinced that high quality unfortified wines could be made with Douro grapes
* 1952 first vintage; experimented & settled on Tinta Roriz (Tempranillo) to provide majority of blend;
* Barca Velha not popular when released but now commands super premium prices
99
Production of Douro DOC was what % of total DOC production in the region?
Douro DOC: 515,00hl in 2017; 36% of regions total DOC production
100
Sales of Douro DOC wines was what % domestic? and what export markets are its top three?
* 2018: 63% sales were for the domestic market
* Exports: Canada; UK; Brazil
101
How do the red wines of Dao DOC compare to Douro DOC?
* Red wines tend to be:
* Less full bodied
* Less intense
* With fresher flavours
* And higher acidity
* THAN RED WINES FROM DOURO
102
Encruzado is the key white varietal for Dao DOC whites, describe it as a wine.
* Medium to Medium (+) Acidity; Full Body; Lemon, Peach, some Floral
* Can be fermented in neutral vessels retaining fruit or Ferment /Matured in Oak with Lees stirring /Ageing for texture
* Capable of ageing developing nutty textures
* Good to Very Good; few Outstanding
* Mid-Premium ;
* Blended with other whites – Malvasia Fina (Boal), Bical and Cercial
103
Dao DOC growers and vineyard size?
* **30,000 growers for 20,000 Ha.**
* **90% of vineyard holdings are less than .5 Ha!**
104
Exports of Dao DOC?
15-20% to Canada, Brazil, USA, China
105
Bairrada DOC has a challenging climate, describe it
* West of Dao
* Close to coast and influenced heavily by the Atlantic ocean
* **Damp & rainy maritime climate**.
* **Rain:800-1200mm**, some area 1600mm
* **Rain falls mainly** in Spring & Autumn, problematic for late ripening Baga
* High vintage variation.
106
White wines of Bairrada DOC - how are they made?
**WHITE WINES**
**Inexpensive**:
* Sourced from areas on Sandy soils
* Fermented in cool Temps in SS; bottled soon after
**Mid/Premium** :
* Sourced from areas on Limestone-Clay
* Fermented & matured for short time in Oak
* Good quality with some very Good examples
* **QUINTA das BAGEIRAS & FILIPA PATO & WILLIAM WOUTERS**
107
The DOCs of Lisboa region, with information on location and wines made there
**Alenquer DOC:**
* On Eastern side of coastal mountain
* Full Bodied wines from this sheltered location from Touriga Nacional, Aragonez
* Many Black & White Varieties grown; Good to Very Good; Mid-Priced to Premium /Super wines
**Bucelas DOC**: (Historic region)
* Eastern side of the Serra de Montejunta
* High Acid wines from Arinto; min 75% of blend
* Some ferment in SS, bottled soon after; Some Lees contact, and/or Oak used
* Good to Very Good; Inexpensive to Mid- Priced
**Colares & Caravelos**
* Colares: Smaller coastal DOC
* Cool foggy coastal climate;
* Ungrafted Old bush wine on deep phylloxera free Sandy soils
making High Acid whites & Reds from rare local varieties
108
Palmela DOC
Palmela DOC:187,000hl
* Mainly Red wines
* _Min 67% Castelao (Periquita)_
* Deep colour; Full bodied; Red berry fruit
* Often matured in Oak; adding hints of Spice
* Concentrated, Age worthy wines grown in warm sandy vineyards on plains;
* Lighter wines on Clay limestone slopes for early drinking
109
Summarise the topography and soils of Alentejo DOC
* Alentejo DOC
* **8 NON-contiguous sub regions**:
* Plains, gentle slopes; mountains in North, South, East region
* **Loam soils with granite and schist, limestone – textures from sand to clay**
* **varying microclimates & soils**
* Northern most subregions in Alto (upper) Alentejo; less hot & dry
* Portalegre sub region:
* 800 m Altitude
* with Northerly location
* means cooler than rest of Alentejo;
* fresher fruit & higher Acidity;
* vineyards here small; significant old field blend vineyards
110
The topography, soils and climate of Tejo
**TOPOGRAPHY & SOILS & CLIMATE**
* **Mediterranean climate**: hot, dry summers; Mild, wet winters
* Rain:750mm
* Considerable variations in soil & climate;
* North:
* has higher rainfall
* on Clay-Limestone, Schist Soils; producing Red wines
* South of Region;
* driest & hottest;
* Poor Sandy soils; produces Red & Whites
* Around river, fertile Alluvial soils; vigour has to be managed; produces white wines
111
What are Tejo DOC wines like?
**Majority made in Fruity, early drinking style**
**Acceptable to Good; Inexpensive to Mid- priced; some premium**
112
Tejo climate?
o Mediterranean climate: hot, dry summers; Mild, wet winters
o Rain:750mm
o Considerable variations in soil & climate;
113
Alentejo DOC production details
* Alentejo DOC: 592,000 hL in 2018
* **Largest sales in Portugal for any region**
* 37% of total domestic market (40% by value)
* Plus 20% of all Portuguese exports
114
25% of Alentejo wines are white, name and describe the varietals used
* Roupeiro:
* Most planted white variety
* Retains Acidity
* Susceptible to rot; making it well suited to dry Alentejo
* In youth, has Citrus & Stone fruit flavours; loses its primary flavours with age
* Arinto: (Pederna in Vinho Verde)
* Used in blends for its ability to retain Acidity
* Antao Vaz
* Tolerant of drought; suited to Alentejo
* Range of styles:
* a) Early picked fresh wines.
* b) Later picked, full body (often Oaked) with tropical fruits.
* c) Talha with skin contact influence.
* It can lack Acidity in warmest sub regions& sometimes blended with grapes with higher Acidity like Roupeiro & Arinto
* Alvarinho:
* On the increase
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In Portugal what is a broad set of three soil types that you see across the country - and give where the soils are seen by region
Soils:
* **Schist or granite**
* in mountainous regions of Vinho Verde;
* Douro and Dao
* hilly outcrops in Alentejo
* **Clay with high Limestone & Sandy soils**
* in Bairrada
* Lisboa and Tejo
* Peninsula e Setubal
* **Fertile Alluvial soils**
* in Tejo
116
What are general risks to viticulture in Portugal?
**Risks & Hazards:**
* Increasing incidence of drought in inland continental areas like Douro, Dao and Alentejo
* Hail and storms in the Douro
* Wet weather can affect fruit set and increase fungal disease pressure in coastal areas
* Many areas impacted by trunk disease and European grapevine moth
117
name some 'niche trends' that are occurring in the Portuguese wine industry - counter to broad industry norms
* _small niche trends:_
* restrained used of new Oak or maturation time; ageing in larger format
* revival of use of Toneis or use of new Foudres (2000-2500L)
* or wooden fermenters from France, Italy & Austria
* _some use of Lagares_: Fermenting /foot treading in shallow fermenters from Schist, granite marble or now easy to clean SS practised
* **fermenting in Clay Vessels has risen in popularity:**
* Fermenting /aging in clay vessels risen in popularity
* Ferment on skins in clay enshrined with own DOC Vinho Talha in Alentejo (Talha ”clay Amphora”)
* Some preferment skin contact with premium wines common; revival of fermenting whites on skins
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Vinho Regional?
o VR: Vinho Regional:
o widely used traditional term for PGI wines
o 14 VR’s
o Regulations less stringent ; permit international varieties like Cab Sav ,Chardonnay where as some do not an in general allow a wider selection of grape varieties
119
Most planted varieties - red and white?
Most planted:
* **REDS**: Aragonez, Touriga Nacional, Touriga Franca, Castalao, Trincadeira, Baga
* **WHITES**: Fernao Pires/Maria Gomes; Loureiro; Arinto, Roupeiro
* Very few plantings of international grape varieties e.g. Syrah, Cab Sauvignon and Chardonnay.
120
how much of Vino Verde is white wine production?
80%
121
Loureiro?
Loureiro:
o Top grown
o predominantly by the coast
o Mid ripening, Medium(+) Acidity
o Flavours of Citrus, Pear, floral, Herbal, laurel
122
Pederna
* **Perdena**
* (Arinto) 2nd top variety:
* Mid ripening; less aromatic;
* Flavours of subtle Citrus; Apple
* High Acidity
123
Alvarinho
* **Alvarinho:**
* Medium (+) Body;
* Medium (+) to High Acidity;
* Citrus; Peach; Some tropical flavours;
* Traditionally exclusively grown in the North in sub region of Moncao e Melgaco
* Now being more widely planted due to quality
* Alvarinho allowed to be labelled since 2016;
124
Avesso
* **Avesso**:
* Late ripening;
* needs warm weather to ripen;
* grown inland in the south esp. in Baiao in warmer drier conditions;
* Full Body;
* Lower Acidity;
* Flavours of citrus, stone fruit
125
Trajadura
* **Trajadura**
* Treixadura in Rias Baixas/Ribeiro
* Low Acidity;
* Apple, Peach;
* usually blended with varieties that have higher levels of Acidity
126
Vinhao
* **Vinhao**:
* (Sousao in Douro & Souson in Galicia);
* Top Black grape
* High Acidity; Deep colour;
* Flavours of Cherry
127
Viticulture in Vinho Verde?
* The high rainfall throughout year – high fungal disease pressure – mildew and rot
* Traditional training:
* vines up trees to benefit air circulation!
* small land holding - trained on trellises over terraces
* Modern vineyards:
* planted in rows;
* single or double Guyot with VSP or Lyre system
* Trained relatively high to increase air circulation
* reducing chance of rot
* summer pruning techniques to improve ripening and lessen disease pressure:
* removal of lateral shoots,
* leaf removal around fruiting zone
* green harvesting
128
Vinho Verde DOC - inexpensive wine?
**Inexpensive Vinho Verde DOC:**
* high volume; fruit may be sourced across region & blend of varieties
* Protective methods; cool ferment in SS;
* Most bottled for release at the end of fermentation;
* CO² added at bottling to give light spritz
* White:
* low Alcohol;
* Medium (+) to High Acidity
* Apple, Citrus & or Peach depending on varieties used
* Some have small amt of residual sugar added
* Good Quality & made one of regions coops or large merchants
129
Premium priced Vinho Verde?
* **Premium Priced**
* Smaller boutique producers; still wines;
* growing no of single varietal & single sub regions
* Winemaking
* Some use ambient yeasts;
* old Oak for ferment & or maturation;
* choose to keep wines on Lees for few months to enhance texture & complexity
* Mid-priced to premium; very good quality
130
What is the crazy thing about vineyard ownership in Vinho Verde?
o Fragmented ownership
o 17,250 growers cultivate 1588 ha – ONE TENTH OF A HECTARE PER GROWER!!
131
What change in Vinho Verde production has there been since the 1960s?
Large changes in production:
o 1960s – 80% was red wine production
o 2008 – 70% white wine!!
o 2018 – 80% white wine, 15% red and 5% rose
132
What do most growers do?
deliver their fruit to a cooperative
133
Exports for Vinho Verde?
40% to Germany, USA, France and Brazil
134
There are NINE subregions in Vinho Verde DOC - can it appear on the label under DOC ? and if so what must it do?
The Alvarinho varietal - can only be a labelled as single varietal under the Vinho Verde DOC in which sub region?
* Sub- region may appear on label;
* BUT Min 9.5% abv
* Single varietal Alvarinho from Moncao e Melgaco
* lower yields than wines from Vinho Verde in general
* min 11.5% ABV
* sub region Moncao e Melgaco only permitted to name Alvarinho as a single variety
135
the three regions of Douro DOC
* **3 regions:**
1. Baixo Corgo:
1. coolest & wettest (900mm); wines of lesser quality
2. most westerly of the sub regions
2. Cima Corgo:
1. Warmer & drier: heart of demarcation; around Pinháo;
2. lower rainfall (700mm) + higher temp; largest area under vine;
3. Douro Superior:
1. most easterly;
2. most Hot & Arid (450mm; +3C vs Baixo);
3. still relatively unexploited Schist soils
4. usually for Port varieties and granite-based soils for table wine
136
which two varietals are key in Douro DOC red wines?
what % are red wines in Douro DOC?
* The most popular varieties are:
Touriga Nacional:
* retains Acidity
* ripe not jammy flavours of Black fruit
* deep colour; **High Tannins**
* Floral notes: violet, rose, orange blossom
Touriga Franca:
* retains Acidity; ripe but not jammy flavours
* Medium Body; Medium Alcohol
* Red, Black fruit, some floral character
137
Douro DOC wine sales - where is it sold?
o 2018: 63% sales were for the domestic market
o Exports: Canada; UK; Brazil
138
Irrigation in the Douro Valley?
* **Irrigation:**
* Hillside vineyards not suited for irrigation & dry in a drought prone climate
* In 2019, IVDP relaxed regulations on irrigation
* When hydric stress reduces quality, & vineyard in authorised area, producers need
* only notify IVDP if they irrigate
139
what proportion of Douro DOC wine sales are red wines?
75%
140
Winemaking of Douro Valley DOC Red wines - what are some of the options used?
Wine Making:
* Grapes destemmed as high tannin levels in many grapes means that additional tannins rarely needed; producers do not want to risk green unripe flavours
* Fermentation in SS tanks permitting Temp control
* Ferment temps low for red wines (24-28 °C); allowing control over Tannins
* Some still have wide shallow Lagares (used in Port)
* May blend in small proportion of wine fermented in Lagares or start ferment in Lagares
* Influence of fermenting wine in lagares may differ from producers depending on what cap management is carried out or if the Lagar is temp controlled
* A benefit of ferment in Lagares is that its **easier to monitor the level of extraction** in an open lagar than a closed tank
141
Early drinking red wines from Douro - how are they made?
**Early drinking wines:**
* Early drinking wines may be pressed off skins once ferment is complete
* Maturation, traditionally in large oak vessels, from Portuguese Oak (toneis?)
* Modern times ,smaller vessels used like French barriques common
* Following wine making trends worldwide:
* Use of Larger vessels ( 400-500L)
* less new oak so fruit flavours are not over powered
142
Premium red wines from the Douro DOC has additional winemaking techniques compared to inexpensive wines?
**Premium wines:**
* Post fermentation maceration can be carried to further extract & soften tannins
* Time in barrel may be spent in smaller or larger formats
143
The white wines of the Douro Valley DOC are 25% of wine sales - what are the two wine styles made and how are they made?
Inexpensive:
* fresh whites are fermented at cool temps in SS and bottled for sale soon after
* Light to medium aromas & flavours, medium to medium(+) Acidity, Good quality
* Mosacatel Galego Branco often used to enhance aroma intensity
* Wines normally sourced from different Quinta’s or may be made by regions 23 coops
Premium
* Produced from grapes from old vines, often fermented, matured in Oak (new or old); Greater intensity, variety of aromas & flavours ;greater body, texture
* Very Good quality; some outstanding
Rose:
144
Touriga Nacional
**Touriga Nacional**
* _Deep colour; Medium to Medium (+) Tannins; Full Body; High Acidity; Black fruit, floral, herbal_
* _Single varietal capable of bottle ageing or lending structure in blends_
145
compared to Douro DOC red wines how do Dao DOC red wines compare?
Red wines tend to be:
o Less full bodied
o Less intense
o With fresher flavours
o And higher acidity
o THAN RED WINES FROM DOURO
146
the production in Dao is fragmented - how so?
who is leading producer in the DOC?
PRODUCTION
o 255,00 hl in 2017, a 10 yr low in 2018 (155,00 hl)
o 30,000 growers for 20,000 Ha.
o _\> 90% vineyards have less than 0.5 ha!!_
o _Sogrape led the way producing high quality at all price points_
o Growing no of private companies making quality premium wines
VINHA PAZ; QUINTA DA PELLADA
Exports: 15-20% exported - Canada, Brazil, USA, Chin
147
Maria Gomes?
Maria Gomes (Fernao Pires)
* Most planted white in Portugal
* Early ripening (favourable in damp climate; high yields);
* Medium (+) Acidity
* Citrus; Floral
* Medium (+) Acidity if picked early, but lose Acidity if left on vine
148
Baga - what are the winemaking techniques - traditional and modern?
**BAGA**
* Traditional:
* Lagares – typically shallow and wide – allow good control of extraction
* Fermented on stems; best drunk after long bottle ageing;
* Require decades to be approachable
* Modern:
* destemming
* some whole bunch (fresher fruit & enhancing aromas)
* or adding a proportion of stems back during ferment for wines designed to undergo long ageing (giving structure;
* Fermentation in SS, open concrete vats, Traditional Lagares
* Maturation in:
* large barrels(500-600L) French Oak;
* Toneis (3000-6000L) from Portuguese Oak or Brazilian hardwood;
* Foudres from French, Italian, Austrian oak
* Style
* less tannic, hi in acidity with bell pepper and berry flavours.
* More immediate consumption.
* International varieties often used in a blend to soften the Tannin profile of BAGA
149
What is the local Vinho Regional surrounding Bairrada?
Why would someone use it?
* Local Vinho Regional (VR), Beira Atlantico
* 34,000 hl
* Surrounds Bairrada DOC and exceeds it boundaries
* Luis Pato & Filipa Pato uses it because they didn’t like the inclusion of international varieties in Bairrada DOC
150
The northern sub region of Alentejo DOC? and what is its climate and different about its vineyards?
* Portalegre sub region:
* 800 m Altitude
* with Northerly location
* means cooler than rest of Alentejo;
* fresher fruit & higher Acidity;
* vineyards here small; significant old field blend vineyards
