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WSET Dip. Unit 3 > North America > Flashcards

North America Flashcards

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1
Q

The Niagara Peninsula VQA is further divided into 2 main appellations. What are they?

A

Niagara Escarpment

Niagara-On-The-Lake

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2
Q

Paso Robles AVA is generally divided into 2 sections.

What are they and what are the differences of

Climate

Soil Type

Varieties Planted

A

It has two distinct zones;

  • Cooler to the west, tempered by marine air funneled through the Templeton Gap. Warmer and more arid east of the Salinas River.
  • To the west, calcareous soils are higher in limestone. To the east, sandier and more fertile.
  • The west is famous for Zinfandel and Rhone varieties.
  • The east produces fruity wines for high-volume brands.
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3
Q

What percentage of USA wine produced by volume is Californian - 60%, 80%, 90%?

A

80%

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4
Q

California produces 80% of USA wine - how many litres sold, how much of total USA exports is it, how many grape growers and wineries?

A
  • California is the largest producer
    • Sales of 25 million hL
    • 3.9 million hL exported – 90% of USA exports
    • 5900 grape growers
    • 4800 bonded wineries
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5
Q

What is the climate throughout Canada’s wine regions?

What helps moderate the high temperatures of July and August?

A

Continental

Proximity to large lakes help moderate the temperature extremes

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6
Q

The Cascade Mountains have an important rain-shadow effect on grape growing in:

A

Washington State.

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7
Q

Name the 3 AVAs on the West-facing side of Napa Valley:

A

Atlas Peak AVA

Chiles Valley District AVA

Howell Moutain AVA

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8
Q

What is the allowed range of alcohol for US Table Wine?

A

7-14% abv

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9
Q

What is the name of Screaming Eagle’s second label?

A

Jonata

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10
Q

The Santa Ynez Valley AVA encompasses which 4 smaller AVAs within its borders?

A

Sta. Rita Hills - most westerly, famous Pinot Noir

Ballard canyon - small - warmer - Syrah/Grenache

Los Olivos - alluvial terraces, low diurnal range, Red varietals

Happy Canyon of Santa Barbara - high altitude sites, high diurnal range - Cab Sav and Sauvignon Blanc

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11
Q

describe the Central Valley and the two valleys within it.

A

Central Valley

  • Very large growing area which entirely inland
  • Consists of two valleys – Sacramento valley and San Joaquin valley
    • Sacramento – northern part and 6,700 Ha.
    • San Joaquin valley – southern part and 61,000 Ha.
  • between coastal ranges and Sierra Nevada range
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12
Q

Approximately about how many wineries are there in California?

A

3,700

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13
Q

What are AVAs?

A
  • AVAs are designated grape growing regions – with unique geological and geographical features
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14
Q

Ribbon Ridge AVA - describe it

A
  • Ribbon Ridge AVA
    • By far the smallest AVA in Willamette Valley
    • Island like ridge that rises 200m from the Chehalem Valley
    • Located in the west of Chehalem Valley AVA
    • Vineyards:
      • Low in nutrient
      • Protected from the wind by surrounding ranges
      • Consistently warm growing season
      • Sedimentary soil is relatively deep but low in nutrients
      • Soils have moderate water holding capacity
      • All of the above factors lead to concentrated ripe grapes
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15
Q

What is the signature varietal of Long Island AVA?

A

Merlot

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16
Q

Climate of Long Island AVA?

What is unexpected about this climate?

A
  • Climate
    • the AVA is surrounded by water
      • Atlantic Ocean
      • Peconic Bay – the estuary between the two forks
      • Long Island Sound – between the island the Connecticut coast
    • The climate is maritime with a long growing season
    • The water bodies keep the temperatures higher due to their slow release of heat from the summer – lengthens the growing season
    • Unexpectedly able to ripen black grapes as a consequence
    • Northern Fork
      • is slightly warmer and more protected from Atlantic Ocean’s weather
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17
Q

Is Central Valley an AVA?

A
  • No. San Joaquin valley or Sacramento valley are NOT AVAs nor is Central Valley
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18
Q

What is the primary cooling influence in Stags Leap and Oakville AVAs?

A

Fog

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19
Q

Phylloxera has never been a problem in California.

True or False?

A

False

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20
Q

Name 3 Willamette Valley wineries, and which AVAs they specialize in:

A

Evesham Wood (Eola-Amity Hills AVA)

St. Innocent (fruit sourced from various AVAs, Eola-Amity Hills, Yamhill-Carlton)

Domaine Serene (Dundee Hills AVA)

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21
Q

List the following wines in order of current release price (1 = lowest, 4 = highest).

A. Harlan Estate Cabernet Sauvignon

B. Screaming Eagle Sauvignon Blanc

C. Kongsgaard “The Judge” Chardonnay

D. Caymus Cabernet Sauvignon

A
  1. Caymus Cabernet Sauvignon
  2. Kongsgaard “The Judge” Chardonnay
  3. Harlan Estate Cabernet Sauvignon
  4. Screaming Eagle Sauvignon Blanc
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22
Q

What is Finger Lakes renowned for producing?

A

Riesling

Also Pinot Noir and Niagara.

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23
Q

84% of British Columbia’s vineyards are planted in what appellation?

A

Okanagan Valley

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24
Q

Long Island AVA has two sub AVAs?

A

North Fork and Hamptons

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25
Q

What accounts for Zinfandel’s high alcohol, full body and (sometimes) residual sugar?

A

Uneven ripeness in the bunch (Millerandage)

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26
Q

2nd most planted varietal in Southern Oregon?

A

Pinot Gris

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27
Q

Rogue Valley AVA

A
  • Rogue Valley AVA
    • Further south and includes Applegate Valley sub-AVA
    • Close to the California border
    • Climate
      • Warmest and driest conditions of all Oregon’s growing regions
      • Cooling influence comes from altitude – 250 to 950mRL!
      • Altitude is provided by Klamath Mountains and Cascade Range
      • Cool afternoon and evening breezes drawn in from the Pacific Ocean through the Rogue River valley
    • Varietals
      • Wide range of varietals grown
      • Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, Tempranillo and Pinot Noir
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28
Q

What are the most and second-most planted varieties in California

A
  1. Chardonnay
  2. Cabernet Sauvignon
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29
Q

Dry River Valley AVA is famous for red wines from ? and describe them

A
  • Zinfandel wines from old vine
    • Med+ to full bodied
    • Med+ acidity
    • Ripe flavours blackberry, black plum and cherry
    • Wines from west facing slopes or northerly have riper characters
    • Maturation in oak is typical
    • Good to outstanding quality – mid-priced to premium price
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30
Q

What is Washington’s largest AVA?

A

Columbia Valley

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31
Q

Santa Cruz mountains AVA - viti, wines and producers

A
  • Santa Cruz mountains AVA
    • part of the Coast Range mountains
    • includes three counties – Santa Clara, Santa Cruz and San Mateo
    • vineyards
      • mainly at high altitudes – up to almost 800 metres
      • planted along a ridge line
      • altitude helps to moderate the temperatures
      • cool air slips down the slopes at night – forcing warm air up and nights are relatively warm, and frost is prevented
      • Varieties
        • Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay and Pinot Noir are the most planted
        • Eastern side – warmer – better for Zinfandel, Cabernet S and Merlot
      • Wines
        • Good to outstanding in quality
        • Mid-priced to super premium priced!
      • Producers
        • Ridge Vineyards

Mount Eden Vineyards

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32
Q

Most important hybrid in Canada is Vidal - describe it and wine made

A
  • Most important hybrid is Vidal Blanc
    • Bred from Ugni Blanc and Seyval Blanc
    • Produces the majority of Icewine
    • Can withstand Canada’s harsh winters
    • Has high acidity (not as high as Riesling)
    • Slow ripening and thick skins
    • Particularly suitable for sweet late-harvest wines and Icewine
    • Doesn’t have the aromatic complexity and ageing potential of the finest Riesling Icewines
    • Wines:
      • High acidity
      • Stone and tropical fruit flavours such as peach and mango
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33
Q

What are the mountain ranges to the West and East of Napa Valley?

A

Mayacamas to the West.

Vaca mountains to the East

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34
Q

Opus One is a joint venture between which 2 wine-producing powerhouses?

Where is the winery located?

When was the inaugural vintage and what are the 2 bottlings produced?

A

Robert Mondavi and Baron Philippe de Rothschild of Château Mouton-Rothschild.

Oakville AVA, Napa Valley

Opus One: Inaugural vintage 1979.

Overture (multi-vintage second wine)

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35
Q

Despite being so far south, why is California’s Santa Barbara County well-suited for Pinot Noir and Chardonnay production?

A
  • Proximity to Pacific Ocean breezes, maritime influence. No obstacles to block cooling effects.
  • Very long growing season (longest in California)
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36
Q

Eola-Amity Hills AVA - describe it

A
  • Eola-Amity Hills AVA
    • is a ridge of north to south hills
    • hills are rocky volcanic basalt over sedimentary soil
    • east of the Van Duzer Corridor AVA
    • affected by the same cool ocean winds that impact Van Duzer AVA which leads to slower ripening
    • hillside vineyard sites – at 75-250mRL
    • due to a range of aspects and altitudes within the AVA – a greater variation in how the vineyards are impacted by the winds
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37
Q

What is said to be the signature variety in California?

A

Zinfandel

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38
Q

What are 4 factors that help to cool the Napa Valley AVA?

A
  1. Morning fogs and cool afternoon breezes from San Pablo Bay.
  2. Cool air from the Chalk Hill gap in the Mayacamas Mountains.
  3. Cool night-time temperatures
  4. High altitude in some AVAs.
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39
Q

Which two Napa AVAs typically produce the most concentrated, fullest-bodied Cabernet Sauvignons in the valley?

Why?

A

Saint Helena AVA and Calistoga AVA

They receive the warmest daytime temperatures.

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40
Q

Name 5 California AVAs where you could get premium quality Chardonnay

A

Los Carneros AVA

Russian River AVA

Sonoma Valley AVA

Santa Cruz Mountains AVA

Santa Maria Valley AVA

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41
Q

What is the most significant AVA of San Luis Obispo County?

What topological factor stand out about this AVA compared to others in California?

A

Paso Robles AVA

The mountains lie east-west rather than north-south, encouraging sea breezes on to the mainland.

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42
Q

Which 3 AVAs are shared between Oregon and Washington?

A

Walla Walla AVA / Columbia Valley AVA / Columbia Gorge AVA

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43
Q

Two regional appellations in Niagara Peninsula - when can you label a wine with these two regional appellations?

A
  • 2 regional appellations within Niagara Peninsula
    • Niagara Escarpment and Niagara-on-the-Lake
    • Must contain 85% from that appellation and balance from somewhere else in the Niagara Peninsula
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44
Q

Name 3 AVAs on Napa Valley’s East-facing slope:

A

Mount Veeder AVA

Spring Mountain District AVA

Diamond Mountain District AVA

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45
Q

Name 2 AVAs in Santa Barbara County

A

Santa Maria Valley AVA and Santa Ynez Valley AVA

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46
Q

The climate of Oregon?

A
  • Has a marginal climate – more so than California or Washington state
  • Most wine regions are situated in the western part of the state – just inland from Pacific Ocean
  • Coast range provides some protection from Pacific influences
  • Wines regions have a cool to moderate climate
  • Latitude of 42-46 degrees north
  • Influence of cold ocean currents and winds from the Pacific Ocean
  • Long daylight hours in the summer and autumn aid grape ripening
  • Most growing areas experience high levels of annual rainfall
  • Most rainfall falls in winter – summer months are generally dry
  • Willamette Valley – for example, 1000mm on average per year – only 200mm falls from April to September
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47
Q

Lake, Solano, and Marin Counties are within what AVA?

A

North Coast AVA

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48
Q

Red wines of Long Island - how are they matured?

A
  • red wines
    • are matured in oak – mostly French
    • proportion of new oak is common to add vanilla and clove to the Bordeaux varieties, such as Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc
    • wines can be single varietal or blends
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49
Q

Winter freeze is a serious challenge for viticulture in Canada - what is done about it?

A
  • Winter Freeze:
    • Where you have bitterly cold winters
    • vines are buried in areas like Prince Edward County
    • this is time consuming and labour intensive
    • can add significantly to production costs
    • in areas where the winters are not so bitterly cold they hill up soil around the vines to protect the graft unions
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50
Q

Which varieties are most grown in Anderson Valley AVA?

And for which variety is it reputed for?

A

Pinot Noir and Chardonnay plus aromatic varieties, Gewurztraminer, Riesling, Pinot Gris and Pinot Blanc in Alsace styles

Reputed for good to outstanding quality Pinot Noir

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51
Q

The AVAs of Santa Barbara county are located where, and describe the climate and its factors

A
  • AVAs located in Transverse Ranges
    • A section of the Southern Coast ranges
    • Due to plate tectonic shifts – run east-west
    • Western side of ranges funnels in cooling breezes and fog eastward – lowering temperatures significantly
    • Western side cooler and windier than eastern side
    • Air circulation keeps the risk of fungal disease and frost low
    • Long growing season into Autumn
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52
Q

What are the 5 dominant varieties grown in Ontario’s Niagara Peninsula?

A

Riesling / Cabernet Franc / Gamay / Pinot Noir / Chardonnay

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53
Q

Roughly how many AVAs (American Viticultural Areas) are there in California - 50, 80, 140?

A

140

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54
Q

Which grape is Stags Leap District AVA, Oakville AVA and Rutherford AVA most renowned for and which of the 3 is reputed to make the most concentrated?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

Rutherford makes the most concentrated wines because it receives the least influence from San Pablo Bay and is the warmest during the day.

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55
Q

The viticultural practices, varietals of Yakima Valley?

A
  • Viticulture
    • Chardonnay is most planted
    • Then Cabernet Sauvignon
    • Merlot, Syrah and Riesling
    • Frosts and winter freeze can be hazardous on valley floor
    • Plantings mainly on slopes
    • warmer sites better for black grapes, cooler for white grapes
    • Irrigation essential
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56
Q

North Fork AVA - what are its viticulture characteristics

A
  • North Fork
    • Contains most of the vineyards – 65 wineries compared to just 5 in the Hamptons
    • Has sandy soils
    • Soils are free-draining and low in fertility
    • Vines trained and trellised to VSP

Lower vigour than the Finger Lakes

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57
Q

The sale of alcohol in the USA is complex - state some of its key mechanics

A
  • Regulatory control of distribution and sale of alcoholic beverages:
    • controlled at a state level
    • ceded control by the Federal govt. at the end of prohibition
    • states adopted the ‘three tier system’ preventing direct to retail sales by producers
    • there are drastically different rules over the fifty states!
    • Increasing number of states allow direct to consumer sales – and transport across state lines to the consumer
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58
Q

Yamhill-Carlton district AVA - describe it

A
  • Yamhill-Carlton District AVA
    • South facing bowl
    • Contains a series of horseshoe-shaped eroded hills composed of ancient sedimentary soil
    • 970Ha. planted
    • Vast majority is Pinot Noir
    • North west of Willamette Valley
    • Foothills of the Coast Range – forms a rain shadow over the entire area
    • The factors:
      • South-facing slopes – 60-300mRL
      • Warm free-draining sedimentary soils
      • Sheltered nature
      • Leads to wines with:
        • Riper fruit flavours
        • Fuller bodies
        • Lower acidity levels
        • Of many other AVAs
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59
Q

What Oregon winery was founded by David Lett?

What is David Lett’s nickname?

Which section of the Wilamette Valley is winery located in?

David Lett produced the first ____ in the USA.

A

The Eyrie Vineyards

“Papa Pinot”

Dundee Hills AVA

Pinot Gris

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60
Q

Which pair of California AVAs are most renowned for their old Vine Zinfandel?

A

Lodi AVA and Dry Creek Valley AVA

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61
Q

What is Loess soil?

A

Predominantly alluvial topsoil that is formed by the accumulation of wind-blown dust.

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62
Q

In which county will you find Anderson Valley AVA?

A

Mendocino County

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63
Q

If a varietal is stated on the label what the labelling requirements under Federal labelling law?

A
  • Varietal claims
    • must have 75% from that variety in the wine
    • Appellation of origin must be stated with varietal
    • If two or more varietals then percentages must be stated on label
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64
Q

Irrigation from the ____ is a major source of water to the vineyards of Washington.

A

Columbia River

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65
Q

Ribbon Ridge is both the ____ and the _____ AVA in Oregon.

A

Newest and Smallest

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66
Q

When was Prohibition in the United States?

A

1920-1933

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67
Q

Columbia Valley AVA’s climate?

A
  • Climate
    • Sheltered by the Cascade Mountain ranges
    • Creates an arid desert-like area
    • Only 150-250mm of rainfall!
    • Continental with hot summers, and rapid cooling in autumn and cold winters
    • Latitude of 46-48 degrees north so long daylight hours
    • High diurnal range helps to retain acidity
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68
Q

The New York state labelling laws?

A
  • Wine labelling laws
    • 75% must be made from the varietal on the label
    • 85% of the grapes must be from the AVA stated on the label
    • 95% of the grapes must be from the Vintage stated on the label
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69
Q

What minimum percentage of grapes in Oregon Pinot Gris must come from the AVA stated on the label?

A

95%

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70
Q

What is the main effect fog has on grapes in Napa Valley?

Where does the fog come from?

A

The fog helps valley floor sub regions cooler resulting in fresher fruit

The fog and afternoon breezes come from San Pablo bay (northern extension of San Francisco Bay)

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71
Q

Lodi is well known for a varietal, name and discuss it

A
  • Well known for Zinfandel
    • Some vines over 100 years old
    • Sandy soils have helped to reduce prevalence of phylloxera
    • Styles: medium to full-bodied, medium to medium+ acidity, ripe tannins, flavours of cherry, blueberry and blackberry
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72
Q

Hames Valley, Chalone, and Arroyo Seco are AVAs in which California county?

A

Monterey

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73
Q

What are 6 important AVAs of Sonoma County?

A
  • Los Carneros (shared w/ Napa Valley)
  • Sonoma Valley
  • Sonoma Coast
  • Russian River Valley
  • Alexander Valley
  • Dry Creek Valley
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74
Q

What % do the top ten wineries represent of domestic wine sales in the USA?

A
  • The ten largest wineries represent more than 90% of the wine sold domestically by volume!
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75
Q

Which famous film director (e.g., The Godfather) now makes Inglenook’s ‘Rubicon’ wine in Napa Valley?

What sub-region does it come from?

What varietal is used?

A

Francis Ford Coppola

Rutherford AVA

Cabernet Sauvignon

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76
Q

Which grapes have been specifically bred for the climate of California’s Central Valley?

What are they crosses of and why are they used in winemaking?

A

Rubired (Tinto Cão X Alicante Ganzin): High yielding and intensifies color of wines.

Ruby Cabernet (Cabernet Sauvignon X Carignan): Primarily used in blending, heat-resistant and adds color and tartness.

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77
Q

What are “Olmo” grapes?

A

Crossings and hybrid grape varieties created by Dr. Harold Olmo at UC Davis in the 1930’s and 1940’s, specifically designed for the California wine industry.

Examples include: Rubired, Ruby Cabernet, Emerald Riesling.

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78
Q

McMinnville AVA - describe it

A
  • McMinnville AVA
    • Located between Yamhill-Carlton AVA (north) and Van Duzer Corridor AVA (south)
    • Influenced by both AVAs
    • Some sites protected from Pacific Ocean influence by the Coast Range mountains
    • Other sites have some ocean influence as per Van Duzer Corridor AVA
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79
Q

Which government agency oversees the creation of new AVAs?

A

Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB)

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80
Q

What hybrid varietal is used in Finger Lakes for ice wines?

A

Vidal

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81
Q

If an appellation of origin is quoted on the label what are the minimum labelling requirements under Federal laws?

A
  • Appellation of origin
    • 75% of grapes must come from stated county, state, etc
    • Must state percentage of each varietal in each state if appellation crosses state borders!
    • 85% of grapes must be from vintage if vintage claim made
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82
Q

Napa Valley is best described as what type of climate?

A

Mediterranean

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83
Q

The climate of Southern Oregon is …………. than Willamette Valley

A

Warmer

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84
Q

Pinot Gris is the 2nd most planted varietal in Oregon - describe the wines and winemaking used

A
  • Pinot Gris
    • Made in dry and off-dry styles
    • Current trend to drier styles
    • Range of winemaking techniques
      • Whole-bunch pressing and cool fermentation – create a fruity style
      • Use of skin contact, old barrels, lees contact to increase complexity and texture
    • Wines tend to be:
      • Medium to full-bodied
      • Medium to medium+ acidity
      • Pear, peach and melon fruit with a nutty, honeyed note
      • Good to very good quality
      • Mid-priced
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85
Q

Name 4 US AVAs where you would expect quality Pinot Noir

A

Los Carneros AVA

Russian River Valley AVA

Santa Maria Valley AVA

Willamette Valley AVA

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86
Q

Which is the largest wine company in California?

A

E & J Gallo

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87
Q

Where will you find most plantings and wineries in Oregon?

A

Willamette Valley AVA

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88
Q

Heitz Cellars, Chateau Montelena, and Beaulieu Vineyards are based in which county?

A

Napa County

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89
Q

There are 242 AVAs in the USA, how many are in California?

A
  • 60% or 140 of AVAs are in California
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90
Q

What winery first labeled Sauvignon Blanc as Fumé Blanc in the United States?

A

Robert Mondavi

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91
Q

Which of the 4 major AVAs produces the least amount of wine by volume?

Which 2 counties for its north and south borders?

A

South Coast AVA

Los Angeles County to the north, San Diego County to the south.

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92
Q

Name 5 AVAs that are above the fog line in Napa

How are these AVAs cooled?

A

Howell Mountain AVA

Atlas Peak AVA

Diamond Mountain District AVA

Spring Mountain District AVA

Mount Veeder AVA

-They are cooled by altitude

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93
Q

Where in California could you find Aromatic whites e.g. Riesling and Gewurztraminer?

Which county is it located in?

A

Anderson Valley AVA

Mendocino County

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94
Q

What is the French hybrid variety allowed for Candian VQA Icewine?

Where is it mostly found and what types of wine does it typically make?

A

Vidal

Niagara Peninsula DVA, Ontario

When made into a dry white wine, it has little character, but commonly used for Icewine production.

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95
Q

Pinot Noir is the most important varietal in Oregon, describe the winemaking and the wines made

A
  • Pinot Noir
    • Wide range of techniques employed
    • Increasing amount of whole bunch used
    • Plus some winemakers experimenting with:
      • Ambient yeast
      • Alternative fermentation and storage vessels – such as Amphorae
    • Wines:
      • Majority are matured in oak vessels
      • Proportion of new oak has decreased
      • Generally:
        • Medium+ acidity
        • Medium to medium+ tannins
        • High alcohol
        • Red cherry, raspberry to black cherry and plum
        • Good to outstanding quality
        • Premium priced to super premium
      • Bergstrom and Evening Land are significant producers
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96
Q

What are the rules regarding imported wine/must being bottled in Canada?

A
  • Significant amt of wine bottled is from imported must or wine
    • Termed “International Canadian blends”
    • Can say “cellared in Canada”
    • but label must state imported wines were used
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97
Q

Match these wineries to the AVA / state they are located in.

A. Dr. Konstantin Frank

B. Sine Qua Non

C. L’Ecole 41

D. Argyle

A

A. Finger Lakes AVA / New York

B. California (no official AVA)

C. Columbia Valley AVA (and Walla Walla) / Washington

D. Wilamette Valley AVA / Oregon

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98
Q

Most planted varietal of Columbia Valley AVA?

Followed by ?

and then?

and then?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

followed by Merlot

then Chardonnay

then Riesling

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99
Q

Describe a typical Zinfandel wine:

A

Dry (often with perceptible RS),

Full Body, Moderate Tannin, Moderate to Elevated Acidity,

Elevated to High Alcohol

-Jammy Red/Black fruit, dried berries, licorice.

100
Q

If an appellation under the VQA system is used in British Columbia what are the labelling requirements?

A
  • If an appellation is named on label:
    • 95% of grapes must come from that appellation

& remainder from rest of British Columbia

101
Q

General climate of California?

A

Mediterranean climate moderated by Pacific fogs and cool sea winds (in places) that slow the ripening of grapes

102
Q

In which US state and region is Dry Creek Valley?

A

California

Sonoma County

103
Q

Which AVA / County is the Savoy Vineyard located in?

Who planted it and when?

What 2 varietals are planted there?

Name 2 wineries that source fruit from it.

A

Anderson Valley, Mendocino Co.

Richard Savoy in 1991

Pinot Noir and Chardonnay

Littorai / Failla

104
Q

the three primary appellations of Ontario? and labelling rules applicable?

A
  • Three primary appellations:
    • Niagara Peninsula
    • Lake Erie North Shore
    • Prince Edward County
    • If appellation is on any label;
      • 85% of grapes must have come from appellation
      • Balance must come from somewhere else in Ontario
105
Q

Moon Mountain AVA is located in which county?

A

Sonoma County

106
Q

The second most planted varietal of Oregon?

A

Pinot Gris - but it is decreasing in favour of Chardonnay

107
Q

Diamond Creek Vineyards is located in which AVA?

What does this winery claim to be?

What other significant milestone pertains to them?

What are the 3 regular singe-vineyard wines, and the 1 top bottling only produced in superior vintages?

A

Diamond Mountain District AVA, Napa Valley.

The first Napa Valley Estate to exclusively produce Cabernet Sauvignon.

They were the first winery to crack the $100/bottle retail mark.

Volcanic Hill / Red Rock / Gravelly Meadow

Lake Vineyard

108
Q

Umpqua Valley AVA and Rogue Valley AVA are both located in the ____ part of ___.

A

Southern part of Oregon.

109
Q

Which AVA is shared between Oregon and Idaho?

A

Snake River AVA

110
Q

What is the most planted white grape in Willamette Valley?

A

Pinot Gris

111
Q

Loess is commonly found in which AVA?

A

Walla Walla Valley AVA, Washington

112
Q

Most planted varietal in Southern Oregon?

A

Pinot Noir - 40%

113
Q

Dunn Vineyards is located in which AVA?

What is a defining factor of their wines?

What style are the wines produced?

A

Howell Mountain AVA, Napa Valley

Elevation - vineyards reach 2,100 ft. in elevation.

Some of Napa’s most rugged and tannic wines, requiring years to soften.

114
Q

Which 3 factors contribute to prime grape-growing conditions in Oregon’s Wilamette Valley?

A
  • Long sunny days, cool summers and mild winters.
  • Protection from maritime influence by Coastal Range.
  • Cool, temperate climate provided by being in a valley, Coastal Range to the west, Cascades to the East.
115
Q

Los Carneros produces which two varietals primarily?

A
  • Wine production
    • Wines from Pinot Noir and Chardonnay, typically:
      • From Medium bodied, Medium alcohol, Medium + acidity, Fresher fruit
      • To full bodied, riper and higher alcohol styles
    • Good to outstanding in quality – mid-priced to super-premium in price
    • Merlot, Syrah and Cabernet Sauvignon
116
Q

What larger AVA are the Cayuga Lake and Seneca Lake AVAs located within?

A

Finger Lakes AVA, New York

117
Q

The significant change in vineyards plantings in Canada since the 80s has been?

A
  • Significant increase in Vinifera plantings since late 1980s
    • Mainly Bordeaux varietals
    • Merlot, Cabernet Franc and some Cabernet Sauvignon
    • Plus Chardonnay, Pinot noir
    • and aromatic white varieties – Pinot Gris, Gewurztraminer and Riesling
118
Q

3 Finger Lakes Riesling producers:

A

Dr. Konstantin Frank

Hermann J. Wiemer

Red Newt Cellars

119
Q

The Chalone AVA is located within which bigger AVA?

A

Central Coast AVA

120
Q

Of the Napa Valley sides which is hotter, East facing or West facing?

A

West facing

(Sun rises in East and sets in the West)

121
Q

Horse Heaven hills AVA - is the 2nd biggest AVA of the Columbia Valley in hectares planted, desribe its growing environment and what is principally grown there

A
  • 6500 Ha. of grapes planted
  • 25% of Washington’s total grape production
  • Climate
    • As per Columbia Valley AVA
    • With sloped topography and Columbia River at southern border, both cause strong winds
    • Winds give some protection from frost and lower disease pressure and help to lengthen the growing season
  • Viticulture
    • 66% black grapes
      • Cabernet Sauvignon
      • Merlot and Syrah
    • 34% white grapes
      • Chardonnay
      • Riesling
    • Most vineyard planted on south facing slopes
    • Slopes provide warm and sunny conditions
  • Wines

Red wines: ripe, full bodied-red wines – often high

122
Q

For the following Napa Valley wineries, identify the decade in which they were founded, their location, and a point of historical importance:

A. Beringer

B. Beaulieu Vineyards

C. Robert Mondavi

D. Joseph Phelps

E. Charles Krug

A

Beringer: 1870’s / St. Helena / First winery to offer tours and tastings after Prohibition.

Beaulieu Vineyards: 1900’s / Rutherford / Survived the Prohibition era by supplying sacramental wine to the Catholic Chucrch

Robert Mondavi: 1960’s / Oakville / First in Napa to employ French Oak exclusively for aging wine.

Joseph Phelps: 1970’s / St. Helena / One of the first winemakers to create a Bordeaux-style blend with his wine, “Insignia”

Charles Krug: 1860’s / St. Helena / Intoduced innovation to early winemaking in Napa, such as making wine using a cider press, carefully selected rootstocks, varietals and vineyard sites.

123
Q

What is distinctly different about Rogue Valley compared to Umpqua Valley?

A

Has significant altitude - 250 up to 950mRL

124
Q

For a Rutherford AVA merlot, what is the minimum % of merlot that must be in the wine?

A

75%

125
Q

Two main sub AVAs of Southern Oregon?

A

Umpqua Valley and Rogue Valley

126
Q

5 important AVAs of the Central Coast?

A
  • Monterey
  • Paso Robles
  • Santa Maria Valley
  • Santa Ynez Hills
  • Santa Rita Hills
127
Q

If an AVA is quoted on the label what are the minimum requirements under Federal labelling laws?

A
  • AVA quoted:
    • must be 85% of grapes from that AVA
    • wine must be fermented and finished in the state where AVA located
    • if Vintage stated – then 95% must be from that vintage
128
Q

Key viticultural risks for Californian winegrowing?

A

Key viticultural risks:

  • spring frost
  • drought – irrigation is installed in most vineyards
  • fungal diseases – but reduced due to low growing season rainfall
  • Bacterial Pierce’s disease – spread by leafhopper insects called sharpshooters
  • Bushfires can be an issue – especially due to the droughts of recent years
129
Q

Which is California’s most planted grape variety - Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Merlot?

A

Chardonnay

130
Q

What are the 3 main sub-appellations of the Ontario VQA in Canada?

A

Lake Erie North Shore

Prince Edward County

Niagara Peninsula

131
Q

What year was the “Judgement of Paris”?

Who was it organized by?

Which 2 wines from California controversially upset the competition?

A
  • 1976
  • Steven Spurrier
  • Stag’s Leap Cabernet Sauvignon and Chateau Montelena Chardonnay
132
Q

Red Mountain AVA is a sub AVA of Yakima Valley AVA, describe it and the key wine produced

A
  • Red Mountain AVA
    • East of Yakima valley
    • Largest plantings
    • Relatively small AVA but most densely planted
    • Plantings on south-west facing slopes
    • Climate is amongst warmest in Washington
    • Soils are poor in nutrients
    • Careful irrigation – produces low yields of concentrated fruit
    • Black grapes dominate
      • Cabernet Sauvignon
        • Produce ripe, full-bodied wines
        • Often high levels of alcohol
        • High diurnal range helps to retain acidity
133
Q

Niagara is what color / species / a crossing of which 2 grapes?

A

White

Vitis Labrusca

Concord X Cassady

134
Q

The climate of Finger Lakes is cool continental - describe it and how the lakes affect the local climate of the AVA.

A
  • Climate
    • One of the coolest AVAs in the US
    • Continental climate – warm summers and cold winters
    • The 11 finger shaped lakes have a big impact on the AVA’s climate
      • The topography of the region – slopes towards the lakes
      • Enables cold air to drain towards the water
      • Lakes warm the air and rises creating a vacuum that draws more cold air off the land
      • The lakes can generate their own lake-effect snow which can also help insulate vines during the winter
      • Lakes provide a warming influence in the autumn enabling the grapes to ripen over a longer period and reduces the risk of autumn frosts
      • In the spring, cool air from the lakes delay budburst and reduce chance of damage in spring frosts
135
Q

Where is Cayuse Vineyards located?

What is their most iconic wine?

What varietal is used?

A

Walla Walla, WA

Bionic Frog

Syrah

136
Q

Ice Wine is Canada’s largest export - any details?

A

15% by volume and 66% by value of exports

137
Q

In California Wine Law, what does the term “Meritage” indicate?

A

“Meritage,” = a term trademarked by the Meritage Alliance

  • Used by producers to indicate a premium blend in which no grape accounts for more than 90% of the wine.
  • Meritage wines may be red or white, but must be produced from Bordeaux varieties.
138
Q

The Okanagan Valley is one of the most northerly wine regions in the world at 50 degrees North latitude - what is its climate like?

A
  • Climate
    • Lake that moderates the hot summers and semi-arid condition
    • Range of climates cool northern end to hot desert in the south
    • one of the world’s most northerly wine region
    • Extreme continental climate;
    • Spring frosts an issue; vineyards planted on mid-level slopes to reduce risk of frosts
    • Summers hot, temps 40°C despite lake effect
    • Altitude: 300-600m; cooling creating a wide diurnal
    • Sub-appellations created to recognize the characteristics of sub regions
    • Rainfall: 300mm South & 400mm in North
139
Q

Who are the big three of the USA wine producers?

A
  • Top three of the big ten in the USA
    • E&J Gallo – 70 million cases
    • The Wine Group – 53 million cases
    • Constellation brands – 50 million cases
140
Q

What are Canada’s two most important wine regions?

What are the most important DVAs in each region?

A

Ontario - Niagara Peninsula

British Columbia - Okanagan Valley

141
Q

Southern Oregon vineyard’s are typically ……….?

Dry farmed vineyards in southern Oregon are generally planted to ?

A

Irrigated

Rhone varietals not Pinot Noir

142
Q

Which larger AVA is Yakima Valley AVA located within?

What are the other 2 most important AVAs of WA state?

A

Within Columbia Valley AVA

Walla Walla AVA / Horse Heaven Hills AVA

143
Q

In which county will you find Alexander Valley AVA?

A

Sonoma County

144
Q

Cabernet Franc is the most planted vitis vinifera black grape in Finger Lakes AVA - describe the varietal, winemaking and wine style made

A
  • Cabernet Franc
    • The most planted Vitis vinifera black grape
    • Mid-ripening and winter hardy
    • Able to produce adequate yields of ripe grapes in most years
    • Less new oak maturation is being used
    • Some are now making a Cabernet Franc with no oak maturation
    • Tend to use French or Hungarian oak
    • Wines:
      • Medium- to medium body and tannins
      • Flavours of red cherry, cranberry and black plum
      • Sometimes with a herbaceous note
      • Often good to very good quality and mid-priced
145
Q

The confusing USA wine labelling laws

A
  • The wine laws that apply have been mentioned above but summarised:
    • Variety – must be 75% of variety but if:
    • Locality
      • State – if it says California – then 100% from that state
      • 75% of grapes from county if the county name is mentioned, i.e. Sonoma County
      • 85% of grapes from AVA if AVA name is mentioned
      • 95% of grapes from that vineyard if a single vineyard name used
    • Vintage
      • 95% of the grapes – from a stated vintage – if an AVA mentioned
      • 85% of the grapes – from a stated vintage – if a county or state mentioned
    • Estate bottled
      • If winery and vineyard in the same AVA
      • Lead to large AVAs being created so producers can use the term
146
Q

Name 3 producers in Sonoma County:

A

Rodney Strong,

Kosta Browne, and

Kistler

147
Q

What % volume of all California wine comes from Napa Valley?

A

4%

148
Q

how many wineries approximately in Canada?

A
  • 270 wineries mainly in Ontario
149
Q

Wahluke Slope AVA is located within which AVA / in which state?

A

Columbia Valley AVA / Washington

150
Q

Santa Ynez Valley AVA - describe it and name sub AVAs

A

Santa Ynez Valley AVA

  • Large AVA with both cool coastal and warm inland temperatures
  • Contains four sub AVAs
    • Sta. Rita Hills
    • Ballard Canyon
    • Los Olivos district
    • Happy Canyon of Santa Barbara
151
Q

What affect does the Cascade Mountain range have on Washington state AVAs?

A

Creates a protective rain shadow, which shields the eastern portion of WA state from rainy/cool weather originating in the Pacific Ocean.

This creates a continental, high-desert climate w/hot cummers, v. cold winters and little rainfall.

152
Q

Inglenook Vineyards is located in which AVA?

Who is the current owner?

What is their Flagship wine?

A

Rutherford AVA, Napa Valley

Francis Ford Coppola

Rubicon

153
Q

The Blue Mountains provide a rainshadow effect for which AVA?

A

Walla Walla Valley AVA, Washington/Oregon

154
Q

Which sub-region / AVA is the Gap’s Crown vineyard located?

Name a prominent winery who sources fruit from this vineyard:

A

Petaluma Gap AVA / Sonoma Coast AVA

Kosta Brown

155
Q

The effect of Lake Okanagan on the climate compared to the lakes of Ontario?

A

Lakes are much smaller than Ontario and have less impact on the local climate

156
Q

Who is credited with importing European vitis vinifera vines to California?

A

Agoston Harszathy

157
Q

What is the climate and best known style of wine in Anderson Valley AVA?

A

Cooler continental, w/ a super-cool ripening season.

Sparkling wines made from Pinot Noir and Chardonnay

158
Q

Where in California is Pritchard Hill?

How would you describe its location?

Name 4 producers from this area

A

Napa Valley

“a hole” between Oakville, Howell Mountain, the Stags Leap District, Rutherford and Chiles Valley.

Ovid / Bryant Family / Chappellet / Colgin

159
Q

Shea Vineyard is located in the____ AVA in ___ State.

A

Yamhill-Carlton District AVA, Oregon

160
Q

Simply summarise Canada’s appellation system and requirements

A
  • VQA wines
    • The VQA Act establishes the legal framework for the appellation within each region (min must weights, vinifera varieties)
    • Wines are tested for eligibility through sensory evaluation panel and laboratory analysis
    • Rules for regional & sub appellations vary by province but the rules are generally:
      • must be made from 100% grapes grown in respective province
      • 100% Vitis vinifera grapes or permitted hybrids (Vidal)
      • Single variety: 85% of variety
      • If Two or more varieties listed - must make up at least 95%
    • The VQA rules, administered by each Provincial government, determine which regional appellations can appear on the labels
161
Q

Vitis Vinifera is European in origin. Which 3 grape species are American in origin?

A

Vitis labrusca

Vitis rotundifolia

Vitis aestivalis

162
Q

Which Californian red wine beat the French in the ‘Judgment of Paris’ competition in 1976?

A

Stags Leap Wine Cellars Cabernet Sauvignon 1973

163
Q

Rockpile AVA is located in which county?

They are famed for:

A

Sonoma County

Ripe, powerful styles of Zinfandel, aged in either American or French oak.

164
Q

Dundee Hills AVA, details?

A
  • Dundee Hills AVA
    • Most well known AVA – the first where Pinot Noir was planted
    • Series of volcanic hills – running north south with lateral ridges east-west
    • Vineyards from 60mRL to 325mRL
    • Altitude helps to retain acidity
    • AVA is warmer than others due to protection on the west (Coast range mountains) and north (Chehalem mountains)
    • Enables full fruit ripeness
    • Soils – high proportion of red iron-rich clay
    • Clay soils helps with water retention
165
Q

Name the three overarching AVAs of Sonoma county

A
  • Three overarching AVAs
    • Northern Sonoma
    • Sonoma coast
  • Sonoma valley
166
Q

Which AVA, being the most southerly in Napa, produces high quality Pinot Noir and Chardonnay for both still and sparkling wines?

A

Los Carneros

167
Q

Most vineyards in Canada are planted by Lakes, what are the advantages and disadvantages?

A

Lakes:

  • Most vineyards planted near lakes to moderate temps
  • Lake effect reduces risk of winter freeze by moderating the temperature
  • In Spring, water heats up slowly delaying budbreak until after spring frosts have passed
  • In Autumn, retains summer warmth into Autumn, extending the growing season
  • In Winter:
    • Moisture from lakes evaporate during winter and meets the cold ambient air
    • snow is formed; enough snow to cover & protect the vines by insulating them from cold air
    • the snow therefore covers and protects the vines
  • Climate change - increasingly unpredictable winters & in some years minimal protective cover of snow
  • Lakes cause higher levels of humidity; risk of fungal disease
168
Q

What are the climatic factors that lead to the ripe styles of wine from Yamhill-Carlton AVA?

A
  • Foothills of the Coast Range – forms a rain shadow over the entire area
  • The factors:
    • South-facing slopes – 60-300mRL
    • Warm free-draining sedimentary soils
    • Sheltered nature
    • Leads to wines with:
      • Riper fruit flavours
      • Fuller bodies
      • Lower acidity levels
      • Of many other AVAs
169
Q

Wine production of Central Valley, who are two biggest producers and how are the wines labelled?

A
  • Wine production
    • Large scale production
    • Two biggest are: E&J Gallo and Bronco Wine company
    • Wines labelled with California appellation
170
Q

climatic risks for Walla Walla Valley?

A

Spring and autumn frosts

171
Q

Where is the Calera Wine Company located?

What types of wine are they most noted for?

Name 3 single vineyard wines they produce and their AVAs:

A

Central Coast, California

Pinot Noir / Chardonnay

Mills Vineyard, Mt. Harlan AVA

Bien Nacido Vineyard, Santa Maria Valley AVA

Muns Vineyard, Santa Cruz Mountains AVA

172
Q

Climate of Lodi AVA?

A
  • Growing environment
    • Hot Mediterranean climate
    • Moderated temperatures with cooling afternoon winds from SF Bay and the Sacramento-San Joaquin delta
    • Breaks in north and south coast ranges allows breezes off the bay to travel far inland
    • Vineyards are on flatlands
    • Free draining sandy and clay loam soils
    • Low rainfall – irrigation used

Windy conditions reduce fungal diseases and frost

173
Q

What is the northernmost wine-growing County in California?

Which 2 AVAs are north of it, but not included in the county itself?

A

Mendocino County

Dos Rios AVA / Covelo AVA

174
Q

Southern Oregon AVA is the ….. most planted AVA in Oregon?

A

2nd

175
Q

The Oregon wine laws are tougher than the rest of the USA - what are they?

A
  • Laws
    • 100% of grapes must be grown in Oregon to be labelled Oregon wine
    • 95% of grapes must be from AVA to be labelled with that AVA (normally 85%)
    • 90% of the grapes must be that variety to be labelled as such (75% normally)
    • 100% of grapes for a wine to be labelled as ‘estate-bottled’ must be grown in the wineries AVA and fully finished at the estate
176
Q

Petite Sirah is the offspring of:

What is it also known as?

A

Syrah and Peloursin

Durif

177
Q

Which 2 huge value-oriented brands are located in Lodi?

A

Sutter Home

Robert Mondavi Woodbridge

178
Q

When Central Valley is so hot how can Lodi produce quality wines?

Which wine is Lodi specifically known for?

A

Because it is cooled by a breeze from San Fransisco Bay

Old vine Zinfandel.

179
Q

What is the largest wine growing area in California - Napa Valley, Sonoma, Central Valley?

A

Central Valley

180
Q

VQA wines were introducted in the late 80s and was done to promote Canadian wine - give details on how this system works

A
  • VQA wines
    • must be made from grapes grown in respective province
    • The VQA Act establishes the legal framework for the appellation within each region (min must weights, vinifera varieties)
    • Wines are tested for eligibility through sensory evaluation panel and laboratory analysis
    • Rules for regional & sub appellations vary by province
      • The VQA rules determine which regional appellations can appear on the labels
    • 100% Vitis vinifera grapes or permitted hybrids (Vidal)
    • Single variety: 85% of variety
    • If Two or more varieties listed - must make up at least 95%
181
Q

Hazards (and those that are not) of viticulture in Columbia Valley AVA

A
  • Hazards:
    • Low phylloxera risk due to sandy soils
    • Low disease and pest pressure due to the arid conditions and very cold winters – reduces use of pesticides
    • Frosts and winter freezes are the main hazards – vineyards planted on the slopes to avoid them
182
Q

High quality sparkling wines are produced in which 2 AVAs in California?

A

Los Carneros

Anderson Valley

183
Q

Normally, when you move south to north in the Northern Hemisphere it gets cooler, however moving from Southern Oregon’s Willamette Valley to the more northerly Washington Columbia Valley the varieties grown go from cool~moderate loving Pinot Noir to the moderate~warm loving Cabernet Sauvignon. Why is that?

A

The Cascade Mountains protect the more northern regions from the cooling effects of the Pacific Ocean.

The rain shadow also results in Columbia Valley being very dry, with long daylight hours and consistent summer temperatures. Irrigation with river water is necessary.

184
Q

In the USA, what are the minimum requirements for labeling a wine by:

Vintage?

Variety?

Location (AVA / Vineyard)?

A

Vintage: 85% (95% for Oregon)

Variety: 75% (90% for Oregon)

Location

AVA: 85% (95% for Oregon, or Washington is grapes are coming from a shared AVA)

Vineyard: 95%

185
Q

Icewine? Give all the details, the wine laws, describe the wines, explain the winemaking

A

Icewine

  • Largest producer of Icewine
  • Ontario accounts for vast majority of Production
  • Law states
    • that Grapes must be harvested at -8°C or below
    • no chaptalization allowed
    • can only be made from grapes frozen naturally on the vine
    • made from grapes exclusively grown in Canada
    • from either vinifera frapes or Vidal
    • minimum sugar levels are prescribed
    • no artificial concentration or addition of sugars
  • Some harvested by hand; as labour is difficult to find, machine harvested
  • Freezing concentrates sugars;
  • Wines
    • High levels of sugar means that ferment stops at 9-11% abv and 200-250g/l;
    • Varieties used should have high natural Acidity
    • Most made from Vidal
    • The most complex, well-balanced examples are from Riesling
    • best have intense aromas of stone and tropical fruit – peach and mango
    • command premium and super-premium prices
  • Winemaking
    • Often fermented & stored in SS to retain fruit aromas;
    • oak sometimes used to and extra flavours of spice, vanilla
    • Expensive to produce
      • Yields are very low; 10% of still wine production;
      • Dehydrating grapes, damaged or lost to bad weather while waiting for temps to drop to -8°
    • Chaptilisation is prohibited
186
Q

Riesling is the Finger Lakes most planted varietal - describe in detail the winemaking and wine style made

A
  • Riesling
    • Most planted and reputed V. vinifera grape variety
    • Some producers make a range of Riesling wines – from dry to sweet
    • Wines have:
      • High acidity
      • Medium- to medium body
      • Fresh flavours of apple, lemon and peach
      • Alcohol levels range from low to medium – depending on style made
    • Winemaking uses protective techniques and fermented at cool temperatures in stainless steel
    • Some use a few hours of skin contact to enhance flavour and texture plus maybe some lees contact to enhance texture
    • Sweet wines are made using some late-harvesting, botrytis and/or stopping fermentation early
    • Wines are good to very good with some outstanding examples in quality
    • Mid-priced to premium price
187
Q

What is the definition of an AVA?

A

American Viticultural Area

“Delimited grape growing areas.”

Refers to geographic location only, not varietal.

First AVAs were named in the 1980’s, beginning with Augusta, MO and Napa Valley, CA.

188
Q

There are 19 AVAs in Oregon but 4 are multistate AVAs - name them

A
  • Northern border – three multistate AVAs – Columbia Gorge, Columbia Valley and Walla Walla Valley
  • Eastern border – Snake river Valley AVA
189
Q

VQA stands for?

A

Vintners Quality Alliance

190
Q

Ridge Vineyards owns which 2 estates located in which AVAs?

Who is the current winemaker / CEO?

A

Monte Bello Estate, Santa Cruz Mountains AVA / Lytton Springs Estate, Dry Creek Valley AVA

Paul Draper

191
Q

Monterey AVA - climate, soils, viti and wines

A
  • Monterey AVA
    • 80 miles long – largest in Monterey County
    • Majority of AVA follows Salinas River valley
    • Climate
      • Salinas valley opens directly to Monterey Bay
      • Water in the bay is particularly cold
      • Afternoons/evenings in Salinas valley can be particularly cool and windy
      • North of the valley is the coolest
    • Soils
      • Sandy loam and gravel and free draining
    • Viticulture
      • Low growing season rainfall means irrigation is essential sourced from the Salinas river
      • Northern areas – cooler – planted to Pinot Noir and Riesling
      • Further south/inland - planted to Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah and Zinfandel
      • Chardonnay is planted in all sites – 50% of all plantings!
    • Wines
      • Production of mainly inexpensive and mid-priced high-volume wines
      • Used in either Monterey wines or cross-regional blends
192
Q

In which state would you find Finger Lakes?

A

New York State

193
Q

Chalk Hill AVA is located within which larger AVA?

A

Russian River Valley AVA (Sonoma County)

194
Q

Walla Walla Valley’s main vineyard plantings are where?

A

in the north east of the AVA up against the Blue Mountain foothills, with altitude up to 600mRL

195
Q

Most planted white vitis vinifera in Ontario - just the top two and the wine styles made from them

A
  • Most planted white VINIFERA:
    • Riesling:
      • High Acidity; citrus, peach, floral
      • Range from dry to sweet
    • Chardonnay:
      • Medium (+) to High Acidity;
      • Apple, Citrus, typical of cooler climate; although some stone fruit, tropical found in warmer sites
196
Q

What percentage of the grape stated on the bottle has to be included for:

USA / Oregon?

A

75% (90% for Oregon)

197
Q

Bonny Doon Vineyard is located in which overarching AVA?

They specialize in what type of wines?

What is their flagship wine?

Who is the winemaker, and what is his nickname?

A

Central Coast AVA

Rhone Valley Blends (Syrah / Grenache / Mouvedre)

“Le Cigare Volant”

Randall Graham, the “Rhone Ranger”

198
Q

Seven sub-AVAs in Lodi but there is one primary one - name it

A
  • Seven sub-AVAs
    • Mokelumne River AVA
      • Contains the majority of wineries
      • And most of the old vine Zinfandel vines
    • If using a sub AVA name – then Lodi must appear on the label
199
Q

Details on the Umpqua Valley relating to where it is, Climate, Production, varietals.

A
  • Umpqua Valley AVA
    • Northern part of Southern Oregon AVA
    • At confluence of the three mountain ranges
      • Coast range
      • Cascade range
      • Klamath Mountains
    • The Umpqua river flows through the region
    • Diverse range of vineyard sites with different altitudes – 50 to 400mRL, different aspects and soils
    • Climate
      • Northern area is relatively cool for southern Oregon
        • Due to northern location with the area
        • Cool afternoon breezes that blow through the Umpqua river gorge
    • Production
      • Northern area
        • Mainly produces Pinot Noir plus Pinot Gris, Gewurztraminer and Riesling
      • Central and southern area
        • Warmer area – red wines from Syrah, Merlot and Tempranillo
200
Q

Working South to North list the 9 AVAs on the Napa Valley floor (i.e. NOT mountain AVAs)

A

Los Carneros AVA

Coombsville AVA

Oak Knoll District AVA

Yountville AVA

Stags Leap District AVA

Oakville AVA

Rutherford AVA

Saint Helena AVA

Calistoga AVA

201
Q

The Wine business of Washington State - how has it changed, who is the biggest producer, etc.

A
  • Wine Business
    • 2nd largest wine producer in the USA
    • Annual volume of 1.4 to 1.6 mhL
    • Over last 40 years evolved from Riesling to now producing a range of Bordeaux and Rhone varietals
    • 10 wineries in 1975 to 200 in 2000, now 940!
    • Now 22,000 Ha. – had doubled since 2000!
    • One large company – Ste. Michelle Wine Estates (produces .81mhL)
    • Most wine is sold in the state – exports very small
    • Only the largest wineries are sold throughout the USA
202
Q

Which AVA / County is the Sanford & Benedict vineyard planted in?

Who is the vineyard named after?

What is this vineyard famous for proving?

A

Sta. Rita Hills AVA, Santa Barbara Co.

Richard Sanford and Michael Benedict

That Santa Barbara is suitable for Pinot Noir cultivation.

203
Q

Hazards of viticulture in Long Island AVA?

A
  • Hazards
    • The high humidity means fungal diseases are problematic
      • Windy weather in coastal sites can help
      • But options to control it such as spraying, leaf removal to improve air circulation around the grapes, and sorting grapes in the vineyard or winery
204
Q

Pinot Noir wines are the key varietal of Oregon - how do these wines look generally?

A
  • Wines:
    • Majority are matured in oak vessels
    • Proportion of new oak has decreased
    • Generally:
      • Medium+ acidity
      • Medium to medium+ tannins
      • High alcohol
      • Red cherry, raspberry to black cherry and plum
      • Good to outstanding quality
      • Premium priced to super premium
205
Q

Climate in California influenced by two key factors?

A

Climate influenced by two key factors:

  • Ranges of Mountains running along length of the state
  • Californian current – bringing cold water from North, which upwells at the coast
206
Q

The Chehalem is one of the seven AVAs of the Willamette Valley - describe it

A
  • Chehalem Mountains AVA
    • Defined by a ridge in northern Willamette Valley
    • 20 miles in length and 5 miles in breadth
    • Runs south east to north west
    • Vineyards between 60 and 305 mRL
    • Ridge at 500mRL provides a windbreak
    • Diversity of vineyard sites – range of altitude, aspects, soils types
    • Most plantings of any sub AVA

Large number of wineries

207
Q

All three sub AVAs of Yakima Valley are planted on ?

A
  • All have vineyards on elevated ridges – enable air flow and avoid winter freezes and frosts
208
Q

The Oscar winning ‘Sideways’ film was a trip around which wine area?

A

Santa Barbara County

209
Q

The USA has Appellations of Origin, what are they and what are the laws surrounding them?

A

The USA has Appellations of Origin which are based on political boundaries

  • 75% min. of the grapes used to make the wine must be from county/appellation
  • Wine must be fully finished in the state that appellation exists
210
Q

What are the 4 major AVAs of New York State?

A

Finger Lakes AVA

Long Island AVA

Hudson River Valley AVA

Lake Erie AVA

211
Q

Where is the cult winery Screaming Eagle located?

A

Oakville AVA / Napa Valley / California

212
Q

How much is Willamette Valley as a percentage of Oregon vineyard plantings?

A

69%

213
Q

Van Duzer Corridor AVA - describe it

A
  • Van Duzer Corridor AVA
    • South west of Willamette Valley
    • Break in the Coast Range funnels in Pacific Ocean winds during the afternoon, cooling the vineyard
    • Early in the season the winds can disrupt flowering and fruit set
    • Later in the season the winds can cause the vine leaf stomata to shut and slow ripening
    • It also reduces disease pressure
    • Soils are marine sediment loam and silt, shallow and well-draining
214
Q

California is now the World’s 4th, 5th, or 6th largest wine producer by value?

A

4th largest (after France, Italy, Spain)

215
Q

What are the 2 main grapes of Santa Maria Valley AVA?

A

Pinot Noir

Chardonnay

216
Q

Monterey County is where, and includes which AVAs?

A
  • Monterey County
    • Vineyards are in the large Salinas valley
    • Run from Monterey bay to San Luis Obispo county in south
    • Includes Monterey AVA, Santa Lucia highlands, Chalone, Arroyo Seco and Carmel valley
217
Q

What 4 criteria must be satisfied to label a wine as “Estate-Bottled” in the USA?

A
  • The wine is labeled with an AVA;
  • The winery is located in that same AVA;
  • The winery owns or “controls” the vineyard;
  • The crushed, fermented, finished, and bottled the wine on the same property.
218
Q

How many wineries in the USA?

A

10,000

219
Q

Whites wines in Long Island are Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling, Pinot Gris and Chardonnay - but how are they made in general terms.

A
  • white wines
    • Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling and Pinot Gris
      • Made in a dry, light-bodied style
      • Fermented at cool temperatures in stainless steel
      • Made in a fruity, unoaked style for early consumption
    • Chardonnay
      • Unoaked style or fermented/matured in oak
      • Often MLF and lees ageing
      • Creates a fuller-bodied, creamy, toasty style
      • Med+ acidity
220
Q

List the following AVAs north to south (1 = northernmost, 5 = southernmost).

A. Chehalem Mountain

B. Eola-Amity Hills

C. Ribbon Ridge

D. McMinnville

E. Dundee Hills

A
  1. Chehalem Mountain
  2. Ribbon Ridge
  3. Dundee Hills
  4. McMinnville
  5. Eola-Amity Hills
221
Q

What is the key route to market for Long Island wineries?

A

Cellar Door sales - local tourism from New York city and Hamptons

222
Q

Chateau Montelena is located in which AVA?

What event caused the winery to shoot to stardom?

What caused its (temporary) downfall?

A

Calistoga AVA, Napa Valley

The winery’s Chardonnay placed first at the 1976 “Judgement of Paris”, beating out many Grand Cru Burgundies and other California wines.

In 2004, the winery was indicted by Wine Spectator for having systemic cork taint.

223
Q

Rank the following Napa Valley AVAs from coolest to warmest (1 = coolest, 4 = warmest).

A. Calistoga

B. Los Carneros

C. Stag’s Leap District

D. Coombsville

A
  1. Los Carneros
  2. Coombsville
  3. Stag’s Leap District
  4. Calistoga
224
Q

How many planted Hectares in USA?

What is its world ranking for wine production?

A

430,000 Ha.

4th biggest

225
Q

The top three wine producers in the USA?

A
  • Top three of the big ten in the USA
    • E&J Gallo – 70 million cases
    • The Wine Group – 53 million cases
    • Constellation brands – 50 million cases
226
Q

Key facts about the US wine market

A

The US wine market today

  • World’s largest wine market today
  • Highest import value – 5.2 billion Euro
  • But low consumption per head – 11 litres per head
  • 4th largest producer – but 8th largest exporter
  • Over 60% of American wine is consumed domestically
  • 10,000 wineries across the country
  • The ten largest wineries represent more than 90% of the wine sold domestically by volume!
227
Q

Regulatory control of alcohol in the USA?

A
  • Regulatory control of distribution and sale of alcoholic beverages:
    • controlled at a state level
    • ceded control by the Federal govt. at the end of prohibition
    • states adopted the ‘three tier system’ preventing direct to retail sales by producers
    • there are drastically different rules over the fifty states!
    • Increasing number of states allow direct to consumer sales – and transport across state lines to the consumer
228
Q

What latitude does California cover?

A

32 to 42 degrees North

229
Q

What are the key viticultural risks in California?

A

Key viticultural risks:

  • spring frost
  • drought – irrigation is installed in most vineyards
  • fungal diseases – but reduced due to low growing season rainfall
  • Bacterial Pierce’s disease – spread by leafhopper insects called sharpshooters
  • Bushfires can be an issue – especially due to the droughts of recent years
230
Q

What are the key varietals grown in California

A

Grape varieties: Chardonnay 20%, Cab sv 20%, Zinfandel 8.5%, Merlot 8%, Pinot Noir 7.5%

But Cabernet Sauvignon plantings increasing, likely overtake Chardonnay

63% of grapes used for winemaking are black grapes

231
Q

What is the most planted white wine of Napa Valley?

A

Chardonnay - followed by Sauvignon Blanc

232
Q

What is the most planted variety in California? and what are the styles of wines made from it

A

Chardonnay (just under 20% of total Californian plantings)

  • Made in a full spectrum of styles
  • Site climate, winemaking practices and price dictate the style
  • Sites that specialize in Chardonnay tend to be closer to the coast for its cooling influence
  • Premium Chardonnays
    • Medium to full bodied in styles
    • Pronounced flavours of peach, pineapple
    • Secondary flavours of malolactic and new oak
    • Sometimes a ‘struck match’ note from lees contact is sought (volatile Sulphur compound)
  • Inexpensive Chardonnays
    • Made in a soft, easy drinking style
    • Medium acidity, with a slight residual sugar
    • Often unoaked or with oak alternatives
233
Q

Zinfandel is considered a signature varietal of California.

What does premium Zinfandel taste like.

What is ‘White Zin’

A

Zinfandel

  • Considered a signature varietal of California
  • Old-vine Zinfandel – some over 100 years old (Dry Creek Valley)
  • Can suffer from uneven ripening, so can have jammy and fresh flavours intermingled
  • Premium Zinfandel:
    • Medium+ acidity
    • Med to full bodied
    • Ripe med+ tannins
    • Raspberry, blueberry and blackberry
    • Often vanilla, coconut notes from American oak maturation
  • Inexpensive Zinfandel – soft ripe and often jammy
  • ‘White Zin’
    • From central valley
    • Zinfandel made into a Rose
    • Made by:
      • Short maceration
      • Ferment in stainless steel and cool temps
      • Stopped the ferment at medium dry sweetness
      • Alcohol 10.5-11 degrees abv
    • Medium acidity and tannins with fruity plummy character
234
Q

E&J Gallo?

A

E&J Gallo – largest wine company in the world (70M cases)

· Founded in Modesto

· Owns Barefoot Cellars, largest selling brand

235
Q

Anderson Valley AVA’s climate is:

A

Climate

o Warm during the day but cold air and fog funnelled in during evenings

o Airflow is along the Navarro River

o Further inland less maritime influence and is warmer

o Rainfall is high – 900-2000mm

o Most rainfall in winter and spring

236
Q

Anderson Valley’s wine production is best known for?

A
  • Wine production
    • Pinot Noir is highly rated
      • Style vary by site climate, clones and harvesting times
      • Generally:
        • Fresh raspberry, cherry, plum fruit
        • Medium body and med+ acidity
        • Good to outstanding quality, premium to super premium priced
    • Also aromatic Alsace style wines
      • Gewurztraminer, Riesling, Pinot Gris, Pinot Blanc
    • 85 wineries in AVA
237
Q

The three overarching AVAs of Sonoma?

What advantage do these very large AVAs have for producers?

A
  • Three overarching AVAs
    • Northern Sonoma
    • Sonoma coast
    • Sonoma valley
    • These large AVAs overlap and have smaller AVAs in them
    • Allow wineries to use ‘estate bottled’ and still use the word Sonoma on the label as the winery and vineyards can be far apart
    • If a wine comes entirely from an AVA within Sonoma county then that must appear on the label along with the name of AVA!
238
Q

Russian river valley AVA viticulture?

A
  • Viticulture
    • Coolest parts – southern and western parts – planted mainly to Pinot Noir and Chardonnay
    • Top quality fruit produced – AVA has been expanded twice
    • Now over 7,200 Ha. planted in 2013
239
Q

Russian river Valley Chardonnay, describe it

A
  • Chardonnays
    • Medium to med+ body
    • Med+ acidity
    • Ripe peach and pineapple
    • Creamy and spicy flavours from MLF and oak maturation
240
Q

Green valley of Russian river Valley AVA is a sub AVA of Russian river Valley - describe it and the wines made

A
  • Green valley of Russian river valley AVA
    • Located next to Petaluma Gap
    • In the south west of the Russian river AVA
    • Gets first fogs in the afternoon and is the last to lose it in the morning
    • Has come of the coolest conditions in northern California
    • Free draining, low nutrient sandstone soils – limits the vigour and creating small concentrated grapes
    • Wines
      • Pinot Noir and Chardonnay most planted in AVA
      • Used in both still and sparkling
      • Similar in style to Russian river valley AVA – but wines have higher acidity and fresher fruit flavours
241
Q

Chalk Hill AVA, location, climate and wines

A
  • Chalk Hill AVA
    • North east corner of the Russian river valley AVA
    • Hilly area with some blocking of ocean influence and is further inland than other parts of the Russian river valley AVA
    • Warmer climate than surrounding areas
    • Soil is white volcanic ash
    • Vineyards planted on the valley floor and up to 500mRL
    • Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon Blanc most planted
242
Q

Petaluma Gap AVA - where, climate, viticulture and wines

A

Petaluma Gap AVA

  • Defined by its wind conditions
  • Located in southern Sonoma County and northern Marin county
  • Extends from the gap in the Northern Coast range to San Pablo Bay
  • Open to the sea at both ends – high speed coastal winds flow throughout the AVA
  • Boundaries defined according to an area that maintains a persistent wind of at least 8 miles per hour
  • Viticulture
    • The winds lower temperatures are strong enough to close leaf stomata and slow respiration and photosynthesis
    • Pinot Noir comprises 75% of all plantings – followed by Chardonnay and Syrah
  • Wines
    • Tend to have high acidities, fresh fruit flavours and often lower alcohol compared to more sheltered, inland appellations
243
Q

Sonoma Valley AVA - bordered by what mountains?

A
  • South eastern corner of Sonoma county – bordered in the east by Mayacamas mountains and Sonoma mountain range in the west
244
Q

Three sub AVAs of Sonoma Valley?

A
  • Has a few small AVAs with it:
    • Bennett valley
    • Sonoma mountain
    • Western end of Los Carneros
245
Q

Sonoma Mountain AVA, its location, climate, soils, vineyards and wines

A
  • Sonoma Mountain AVA
    • on Western side of the Sonoma Valley AVA
    • Climate
      • Cold air coming down from the mountains can give cool nights, helping to retain acidity
    • Soils
      • Volcanic in origin, low in nutrients and free draining
      • Soils help to control vigour and yields
    • Vineyards
      • Planted up to 730m – above the fog line – expose grapes to intense sun and warm daytime temperatures
      • Give ripe flavours, tannins and deep colour
      • Planted mainly on east facing, steep slopes
    • Wines
      • Concentrated ripe Cabernet Sauvignon
      • Plus Merlot, Zinfandel and Syrah
      • Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc and Semillon planted on the cooler sites - west side of the AVA with more ocean influence
246
Q

The most planted varietal in Bennett Valley is ?

A

Syrah

WSET Dip. Unit 3 (33 decks)

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