North America Flashcards
1
Q
The Niagara Peninsula VQA is further divided into 2 main appellations. What are they?
A
Niagara Escarpment
Niagara-On-The-Lake
2
Q
Paso Robles AVA is generally divided into 2 sections.
What are they and what are the differences of
Climate
Soil Type
Varieties Planted
A
It has two distinct zones;
- Cooler to the west, tempered by marine air funneled through the Templeton Gap. Warmer and more arid east of the Salinas River.
- To the west, calcareous soils are higher in limestone. To the east, sandier and more fertile.
- The west is famous for Zinfandel and Rhone varieties.
- The east produces fruity wines for high-volume brands.
3
Q
What percentage of USA wine produced by volume is Californian - 60%, 80%, 90%?
A
80%
4
Q
California produces 80% of USA wine - how many litres sold, how much of total USA exports is it, how many grape growers and wineries?
A
- California is the largest producer
- Sales of 25 million hL
- 3.9 million hL exported – 90% of USA exports
- 5900 grape growers
- 4800 bonded wineries
5
Q
What is the climate throughout Canada’s wine regions?
What helps moderate the high temperatures of July and August?
A
Continental
Proximity to large lakes help moderate the temperature extremes
6
Q
The Cascade Mountains have an important rain-shadow effect on grape growing in:
A
Washington State.
7
Q
Name the 3 AVAs on the West-facing side of Napa Valley:
A
Atlas Peak AVA
Chiles Valley District AVA
Howell Moutain AVA
8
Q
What is the allowed range of alcohol for US Table Wine?
A
7-14% abv
9
Q
What is the name of Screaming Eagle’s second label?
A
Jonata
10
Q
The Santa Ynez Valley AVA encompasses which 4 smaller AVAs within its borders?
A
Sta. Rita Hills - most westerly, famous Pinot Noir
Ballard canyon - small - warmer - Syrah/Grenache
Los Olivos - alluvial terraces, low diurnal range, Red varietals
Happy Canyon of Santa Barbara - high altitude sites, high diurnal range - Cab Sav and Sauvignon Blanc
11
Q
describe the Central Valley and the two valleys within it.
A
Central Valley
- Very large growing area which entirely inland
- Consists of two valleys – Sacramento valley and San Joaquin valley
- Sacramento – northern part and 6,700 Ha.
- San Joaquin valley – southern part and 61,000 Ha.
- between coastal ranges and Sierra Nevada range
12
Q
Approximately about how many wineries are there in California?
A
3,700
13
Q
What are AVAs?
A
- AVAs are designated grape growing regions – with unique geological and geographical features
14
Q
Ribbon Ridge AVA - describe it
A
-
Ribbon Ridge AVA
- By far the smallest AVA in Willamette Valley
- Island like ridge that rises 200m from the Chehalem Valley
- Located in the west of Chehalem Valley AVA
- Vineyards:
- Low in nutrient
- Protected from the wind by surrounding ranges
- Consistently warm growing season
- Sedimentary soil is relatively deep but low in nutrients
- Soils have moderate water holding capacity
- All of the above factors lead to concentrated ripe grapes
15
Q
What is the signature varietal of Long Island AVA?
A
Merlot
16
Q
Climate of Long Island AVA?
What is unexpected about this climate?
A
-
Climate
- the AVA is surrounded by water
- Atlantic Ocean
- Peconic Bay – the estuary between the two forks
- Long Island Sound – between the island the Connecticut coast
- The climate is maritime with a long growing season
- The water bodies keep the temperatures higher due to their slow release of heat from the summer – lengthens the growing season
- Unexpectedly able to ripen black grapes as a consequence
- Northern Fork
- is slightly warmer and more protected from Atlantic Ocean’s weather
- the AVA is surrounded by water
17
Q
Is Central Valley an AVA?
A
- No. San Joaquin valley or Sacramento valley are NOT AVAs nor is Central Valley
18
Q
What is the primary cooling influence in Stags Leap and Oakville AVAs?
A
Fog
19
Q
Phylloxera has never been a problem in California.
True or False?
A
False
20
Q
Name 3 Willamette Valley wineries, and which AVAs they specialize in:
A
Evesham Wood (Eola-Amity Hills AVA)
St. Innocent (fruit sourced from various AVAs, Eola-Amity Hills, Yamhill-Carlton)
Domaine Serene (Dundee Hills AVA)
21
Q
List the following wines in order of current release price (1 = lowest, 4 = highest).
A. Harlan Estate Cabernet Sauvignon
B. Screaming Eagle Sauvignon Blanc
C. Kongsgaard “The Judge” Chardonnay
D. Caymus Cabernet Sauvignon
A
- Caymus Cabernet Sauvignon
- Kongsgaard “The Judge” Chardonnay
- Harlan Estate Cabernet Sauvignon
- Screaming Eagle Sauvignon Blanc
22
Q
What is Finger Lakes renowned for producing?
A
Riesling
Also Pinot Noir and Niagara.
23
Q
84% of British Columbia’s vineyards are planted in what appellation?
A
Okanagan Valley
24
Q
Long Island AVA has two sub AVAs?
A
North Fork and Hamptons
25
What accounts for Zinfandel's high alcohol, full body and (sometimes) residual sugar?
Uneven ripeness in the bunch (Millerandage)
26
2nd most planted varietal in Southern Oregon?
Pinot Gris
27
Rogue Valley AVA
* **Rogue Valley AVA**
* Further south and includes Applegate Valley sub-AVA
* Close to the California border
* Climate
* Warmest and driest conditions of all Oregon’s growing regions
* Cooling influence comes from altitude – 250 to 950mRL!
* Altitude is provided by Klamath Mountains and Cascade Range
* Cool afternoon and evening breezes drawn in from the Pacific Ocean through the Rogue River valley
* Varietals
* Wide range of varietals grown
* Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, Tempranillo and Pinot Noir
28
What are the most and second-most planted varieties in California
1. Chardonnay
2. Cabernet Sauvignon
29
Dry River Valley AVA is famous for red wines from ? and describe them
* Zinfandel wines from old vine
* Med+ to full bodied
* Med+ acidity
* Ripe flavours blackberry, black plum and cherry
* Wines from west facing slopes or northerly have riper characters
* Maturation in oak is typical
* Good to outstanding quality – mid-priced to premium price
30
What is Washington's largest AVA?
Columbia Valley
31
Santa Cruz mountains AVA - viti, wines and producers
* **Santa Cruz mountains AVA**
* part of the Coast Range mountains
* includes three counties – Santa Clara, Santa Cruz and San Mateo
* vineyards
* mainly at high altitudes – up to almost 800 metres
* planted along a ridge line
* altitude helps to moderate the temperatures
* cool air slips down the slopes at night – forcing warm air up and nights are relatively warm, and frost is prevented
* Varieties
* Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay and Pinot Noir are the most planted
* Eastern side – warmer – better for Zinfandel, Cabernet S and Merlot
* Wines
* Good to outstanding in quality
* Mid-priced to super premium priced!
* Producers
* Ridge Vineyards
Mount Eden Vineyards
32
Most important hybrid in Canada is Vidal - describe it and wine made
* Most important hybrid is Vidal Blanc
* Bred from Ugni Blanc and Seyval Blanc
* Produces the majority of Icewine
* Can withstand Canada’s harsh winters
* Has high acidity (not as high as Riesling)
* Slow ripening and thick skins
* Particularly suitable for sweet late-harvest wines and Icewine
* Doesn’t have the aromatic complexity and ageing potential of the finest Riesling Icewines
* Wines:
* High acidity
* Stone and tropical fruit flavours such as peach and mango
33
What are the mountain ranges to the West and East of Napa Valley?
Mayacamas to the West.
Vaca mountains to the East
34
Opus One is a joint venture between which 2 wine-producing powerhouses?
Where is the winery located?
When was the inaugural vintage and what are the 2 bottlings produced?
Robert Mondavi and Baron Philippe de Rothschild of Château Mouton-Rothschild.
Oakville AVA, Napa Valley
Opus One: Inaugural vintage 1979.
Overture (multi-vintage second wine)
35
Despite being so far south, why is California's Santa Barbara County well-suited for Pinot Noir and Chardonnay production?
- Proximity to Pacific Ocean breezes, maritime influence. No obstacles to block cooling effects.
- Very long growing season (longest in California)
36
Eola-Amity Hills AVA - describe it
* **Eola-Amity Hills AVA**
* is a ridge of north to south hills
* hills are rocky volcanic basalt over sedimentary soil
* east of the Van Duzer Corridor AVA
* affected by the same cool ocean winds that impact Van Duzer AVA which leads to slower ripening
* hillside vineyard sites – at 75-250mRL
* due to a range of aspects and altitudes within the AVA – a greater variation in how the vineyards are impacted by the winds
37
What is said to be the signature variety in California?
Zinfandel
38
What are 4 factors that help to cool the Napa Valley AVA?
1. Morning fogs and cool afternoon breezes from San Pablo Bay.
2. Cool air from the Chalk Hill gap in the Mayacamas Mountains.
3. Cool night-time temperatures
4. High altitude in some AVAs.
39
Which two Napa AVAs typically produce the most concentrated, fullest-bodied Cabernet Sauvignons in the valley?
Why?
Saint Helena AVA and Calistoga AVA
They receive the warmest daytime temperatures.
40
Name 5 California AVAs where you could get premium quality Chardonnay
Los Carneros AVA
Russian River AVA
Sonoma Valley AVA
Santa Cruz Mountains AVA
Santa Maria Valley AVA
41
What is the most significant AVA of San Luis Obispo County?
What topological factor stand out about this AVA compared to others in California?
Paso Robles AVA
The mountains lie east-west rather than north-south, encouraging sea breezes on to the mainland.
42
Which 3 AVAs are shared between Oregon and Washington?
Walla Walla AVA / Columbia Valley AVA / Columbia Gorge AVA
43
Two regional appellations in Niagara Peninsula - when can you label a wine with these two regional appellations?
* 2 regional appellations within Niagara Peninsula
* **Niagara Escarpment and Niagara-on-the-Lake**
* Must contain 85% from that appellation and balance from somewhere else in the Niagara Peninsula
44
Name 3 AVAs on Napa Valley's East-facing slope:
Mount Veeder AVA
Spring Mountain District AVA
Diamond Mountain District AVA
45
Name 2 AVAs in Santa Barbara County
Santa Maria Valley AVA and Santa Ynez Valley AVA
46
The climate of Oregon?
* Has a marginal climate – more so than California or Washington state
* Most wine regions are situated in the western part of the state – just inland from Pacific Ocean
* Coast range provides some protection from Pacific influences
* Wines regions have a cool to moderate climate
* Latitude of 42-46 degrees north
* Influence of cold ocean currents and winds from the Pacific Ocean
* Long daylight hours in the summer and autumn aid grape ripening
* Most growing areas experience high levels of annual rainfall
* Most rainfall falls in winter – summer months are generally dry
* Willamette Valley – for example, 1000mm on average per year – only 200mm falls from April to September
47
Lake, Solano, and Marin Counties are within what AVA?
North Coast AVA
48
Red wines of Long Island - how are they matured?
* red wines
* are matured in oak – mostly French
* proportion of new oak is common to add vanilla and clove to the Bordeaux varieties, such as Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc
* wines can be single varietal or blends
49
Winter freeze is a serious challenge for viticulture in Canada - what is done about it?
* Winter Freeze:
* Where you have bitterly cold winters
* vines are buried in areas like Prince Edward County
* this is time consuming and labour intensive
* can add significantly to production costs
* in areas where the winters are not so bitterly cold they hill up soil around the vines to protect the graft unions
50
Which varieties are most grown in Anderson Valley AVA?
And for which variety is it reputed for?
Pinot Noir and Chardonnay plus aromatic varieties, Gewurztraminer, Riesling, Pinot Gris and Pinot Blanc in Alsace styles
Reputed for good to outstanding quality Pinot Noir
51
The AVAs of Santa Barbara county are located where, and describe the climate and its factors
* AVAs located in Transverse Ranges
* A section of the Southern Coast ranges
* Due to plate tectonic shifts – run east-west
* Western side of ranges funnels in cooling breezes and fog eastward – lowering temperatures significantly
* Western side cooler and windier than eastern side
* Air circulation keeps the risk of fungal disease and frost low
* Long growing season into Autumn
52
What are the 5 dominant varieties grown in Ontario's Niagara Peninsula?
Riesling / Cabernet Franc / Gamay / Pinot Noir / Chardonnay
53
Roughly how many AVAs (American Viticultural Areas) are there in California - 50, 80, 140?
140
54
Which grape is Stags Leap District AVA, Oakville AVA and Rutherford AVA most renowned for and which of the 3 is reputed to make the most concentrated?
Cabernet Sauvignon
Rutherford makes the most concentrated wines because it receives the least influence from San Pablo Bay and is the warmest during the day.
55
The viticultural practices, varietals of Yakima Valley?
* **Viticulture**
* Chardonnay is most planted
* Then Cabernet Sauvignon
* Merlot, Syrah and Riesling
* Frosts and winter freeze can be hazardous on valley floor
* Plantings mainly on slopes
* warmer sites better for black grapes, cooler for white grapes
* Irrigation essential
56
North Fork AVA - what are its viticulture characteristics
* **North Fork**
* Contains most of the vineyards – 65 wineries compared to just 5 in the Hamptons
* Has sandy soils
* Soils are free-draining and low in fertility
* Vines trained and trellised to VSP
Lower vigour than the Finger Lakes
57
The sale of alcohol in the USA is complex - state some of its key mechanics
* Regulatory control of distribution and sale of alcoholic beverages:
* controlled at a state level
* ceded control by the Federal govt. at the end of prohibition
* states adopted the ‘three tier system’ preventing direct to retail sales by producers
* there are drastically different rules over the fifty states!
* Increasing number of states allow direct to consumer sales – and transport across state lines to the consumer
58
Yamhill-Carlton district AVA - describe it
* **Yamhill-Carlton District AVA**
* South facing bowl
* Contains a series of horseshoe-shaped eroded hills composed of ancient sedimentary soil
* 970Ha. planted
* Vast majority is Pinot Noir
* North west of Willamette Valley
* Foothills of the Coast Range – forms a rain shadow over the entire area
* The factors:
* South-facing slopes – 60-300mRL
* Warm free-draining sedimentary soils
* Sheltered nature
* Leads to wines with:
* Riper fruit flavours
* Fuller bodies
* Lower acidity levels
* Of many other AVAs
59
What Oregon winery was founded by David Lett?
What is David Lett's nickname?
Which section of the Wilamette Valley is winery located in?
David Lett produced the first ____ in the USA.
The Eyrie Vineyards
"Papa Pinot"
Dundee Hills AVA
Pinot Gris
60
Which pair of California AVAs are most renowned for their old Vine Zinfandel?
Lodi AVA and Dry Creek Valley AVA
61
What is Loess soil?
Predominantly alluvial topsoil that is formed by the accumulation of wind-blown dust.
62
In which county will you find Anderson Valley AVA?
Mendocino County
63
If a varietal is stated on the label what the labelling requirements under Federal labelling law?
* Varietal claims
* must have 75% from that variety in the wine
* **Appellation of origin** must be stated with varietal
* **If two or more varietals then percentages must be stated on label**
64
Irrigation from the ____ is a major source of water to the vineyards of Washington.
Columbia River
65
Ribbon Ridge is both the ____ and the _____ AVA in Oregon.
Newest and Smallest
66
When was Prohibition in the United States?
1920-1933
67
Columbia Valley AVA's climate?
* Climate
* Sheltered by the Cascade Mountain ranges
* Creates an arid desert-like area
* Only 150-250mm of rainfall!
* Continental with hot summers, and rapid cooling in autumn and cold winters
* Latitude of 46-48 degrees north so long daylight hours
* High diurnal range helps to retain acidity
68
The New York state labelling laws?
* **Wine labelling laws**
* 75% must be made from the varietal on the label
* 85% of the grapes must be from the AVA stated on the label
* 95% of the grapes must be from the Vintage stated on the label
69
What minimum percentage of grapes in Oregon Pinot Gris must come from the AVA stated on the label?
95%
70
What is the main effect fog has on grapes in Napa Valley?
Where does the fog come from?
The fog helps valley floor sub regions cooler resulting in fresher fruit
The fog and afternoon breezes come from San Pablo bay (northern extension of San Francisco Bay)
71
Lodi is well known for a varietal, name and discuss it
* Well known for Zinfandel
* Some vines over 100 years old
* Sandy soils have helped to reduce prevalence of phylloxera
* Styles: medium to full-bodied, medium to medium+ acidity, ripe tannins, flavours of cherry, blueberry and blackberry
72
Hames Valley, Chalone, and Arroyo Seco are AVAs in which California county?
Monterey
73
What are 6 important AVAs of Sonoma County?
- Los Carneros (shared w/ Napa Valley)
- Sonoma Valley
- Sonoma Coast
- Russian River Valley
- Alexander Valley
- Dry Creek Valley
74
What % do the top ten wineries represent of domestic wine sales in the USA?
* The ten largest wineries represent more than 90% of the wine sold domestically by volume!
75
Which famous film director (e.g., The Godfather) now makes Inglenook's 'Rubicon' wine in Napa Valley?
What sub-region does it come from?
What varietal is used?
Francis Ford Coppola
Rutherford AVA
Cabernet Sauvignon
76
Which grapes have been specifically bred for the climate of California's Central Valley?
What are they crosses of and why are they used in winemaking?
Rubired (Tinto Cão X Alicante Ganzin): High yielding and intensifies color of wines.
Ruby Cabernet (Cabernet Sauvignon X Carignan): Primarily used in blending, heat-resistant and adds color and tartness.
77
What are "Olmo" grapes?
Crossings and hybrid grape varieties created by Dr. Harold Olmo at UC Davis in the 1930's and 1940's, specifically designed for the California wine industry.
Examples include: Rubired, Ruby Cabernet, Emerald Riesling.
78
McMinnville AVA - describe it
* **McMinnville AVA**
* Located between Yamhill-Carlton AVA (north) and Van Duzer Corridor AVA (south)
* Influenced by both AVAs
* Some sites protected from Pacific Ocean influence by the Coast Range mountains
* Other sites have some ocean influence as per Van Duzer Corridor AVA
79
Which government agency oversees the creation of new AVAs?
Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB)
80
What hybrid varietal is used in Finger Lakes for ice wines?
Vidal
81
If an appellation of origin is quoted on the label what are the minimum labelling requirements under Federal laws?
* Appellation of origin
* 75% of grapes must come from stated county, state, etc
* Must state percentage of each varietal in each state if appellation crosses state borders!
* **85% of grapes must be from vintage if vintage claim made**
82
Napa Valley is best described as what type of climate?
Mediterranean
83
The climate of Southern Oregon is ............. than Willamette Valley
Warmer
84
Pinot Gris is the 2nd most planted varietal in Oregon - describe the wines and winemaking used
* Pinot Gris
* Made in dry and off-dry styles
* Current trend to drier styles
* Range of winemaking techniques
* Whole-bunch pressing and cool fermentation – create a fruity style
* Use of skin contact, old barrels, lees contact to increase complexity and texture
* Wines tend to be:
* Medium to full-bodied
* Medium to medium+ acidity
* Pear, peach and melon fruit with a nutty, honeyed note
* Good to very good quality
* Mid-priced
85
Name 4 US AVAs where you would expect quality Pinot Noir
Los Carneros AVA
Russian River Valley AVA
Santa Maria Valley AVA
Willamette Valley AVA
86
Which is the largest wine company in California?
E & J Gallo
87
Where will you find most plantings and wineries in Oregon?
Willamette Valley AVA
88
Heitz Cellars, Chateau Montelena, and Beaulieu Vineyards are based in which county?
Napa County
89
There are 242 AVAs in the USA, how many are in California?
* **60%** or 140 of AVAs are in California
90
What winery first labeled Sauvignon Blanc as Fumé Blanc in the United States?
Robert Mondavi
91
Which of the 4 major AVAs produces the least amount of wine by volume?
Which 2 counties for its north and south borders?
South Coast AVA
Los Angeles County to the north, San Diego County to the south.
92
Name 5 AVAs that are above the fog line in Napa
How are these AVAs cooled?
Howell Mountain AVA
Atlas Peak AVA
Diamond Mountain District AVA
Spring Mountain District AVA
Mount Veeder AVA
-They are cooled by altitude
93
Where in California could you find Aromatic whites e.g. Riesling and Gewurztraminer?
Which county is it located in?
Anderson Valley AVA
Mendocino County
94
What is the French hybrid variety allowed for Candian VQA Icewine?
Where is it mostly found and what types of wine does it typically make?
Vidal
Niagara Peninsula DVA, Ontario
When made into a dry white wine, it has little character, but commonly used for Icewine production.
95
Pinot Noir is the most important varietal in Oregon, describe the winemaking and the wines made
* **Pinot Noir**
* Wide range of techniques employed
* Increasing amount of whole bunch used
* Plus some winemakers experimenting with:
* Ambient yeast
* Alternative fermentation and storage vessels – such as Amphorae
* Wines:
* Majority are matured in oak vessels
* Proportion of new oak has decreased
* Generally:
* Medium+ acidity
* Medium to medium+ tannins
* High alcohol
* Red cherry, raspberry to black cherry and plum
* Good to outstanding quality
* Premium priced to super premium
* Bergstrom and Evening Land are significant producers
96
What are the rules regarding imported wine/must being bottled in Canada?
* **Significant amt of wine bottled is from imported must or wine**
* Termed “International Canadian blends”
* Can say “cellared in Canada”
* but label must state imported wines were used
97
Match these wineries to the AVA / state they are located in.
A. Dr. Konstantin Frank
B. Sine Qua Non
C. L'Ecole 41
D. Argyle
A. Finger Lakes AVA / New York
B. California (no official AVA)
C. Columbia Valley AVA (and Walla Walla) / Washington
D. Wilamette Valley AVA / Oregon
98
Most planted varietal of Columbia Valley AVA?
Followed by ?
and then?
and then?
Cabernet Sauvignon
followed by Merlot
then Chardonnay
then Riesling
99
Describe a typical Zinfandel wine:
Dry (often with perceptible RS),
Full Body, Moderate Tannin, Moderate to Elevated Acidity,
Elevated to High Alcohol
-Jammy Red/Black fruit, dried berries, licorice.
100
If an appellation under the VQA system is used in British Columbia what are the labelling requirements?
* If an appellation is named on label:
* 95% of grapes must come from that appellation
& remainder from rest of British Columbia
101
General climate of California?
Mediterranean climate moderated by Pacific fogs and cool sea winds (in places) that slow the ripening of grapes
102
In which US state and region is Dry Creek Valley?
California
Sonoma County
103
Which AVA / County is the Savoy Vineyard located in?
Who planted it and when?
What 2 varietals are planted there?
Name 2 wineries that source fruit from it.
Anderson Valley, Mendocino Co.
Richard Savoy in 1991
Pinot Noir and Chardonnay
Littorai / Failla
104
the three primary appellations of Ontario? and labelling rules applicable?
* Three primary appellations:
* Niagara Peninsula
* Lake Erie North Shore
* Prince Edward County
* If appellation is on any label;
* 85% of grapes must have come from appellation
* Balance must come from somewhere else in Ontario
105
Moon Mountain AVA is located in which county?
Sonoma County
106
The second most planted varietal of Oregon?
Pinot Gris - but it is decreasing in favour of Chardonnay
107
Diamond Creek Vineyards is located in which AVA?
What does this winery claim to be?
What other significant milestone pertains to them?
What are the 3 regular singe-vineyard wines, and the 1 top bottling only produced in superior vintages?
Diamond Mountain District AVA, Napa Valley.
The first Napa Valley Estate to exclusively produce Cabernet Sauvignon.
They were the first winery to crack the $100/bottle retail mark.
Volcanic Hill / Red Rock / Gravelly Meadow
Lake Vineyard
108
Umpqua Valley AVA and Rogue Valley AVA are both located in the ____ part of \_\_\_.
Southern part of Oregon.
109
Which AVA is shared between Oregon and Idaho?
Snake River AVA
110
What is the most planted white grape in Willamette Valley?
Pinot Gris
111
Loess is commonly found in which AVA?
Walla Walla Valley AVA, Washington
112
Most planted varietal in Southern Oregon?
Pinot Noir - 40%
113
Dunn Vineyards is located in which AVA?
What is a defining factor of their wines?
What style are the wines produced?
Howell Mountain AVA, Napa Valley
Elevation - vineyards reach 2,100 ft. in elevation.
Some of Napa's most rugged and tannic wines, requiring years to soften.
114
Which 3 factors contribute to prime grape-growing conditions in Oregon's Wilamette Valley?
- Long sunny days, cool summers and mild winters.
- Protection from maritime influence by Coastal Range.
- Cool, temperate climate provided by being in a valley, Coastal Range to the west, Cascades to the East.
115
Los Carneros produces which two varietals primarily?
* **Wine production**
* Wines from Pinot Noir and Chardonnay, typically:
* From Medium bodied, Medium alcohol, Medium + acidity, Fresher fruit
* To full bodied, riper and higher alcohol styles
* Good to outstanding in quality – mid-priced to super-premium in price
* Merlot, Syrah and Cabernet Sauvignon
116
What larger AVA are the Cayuga Lake and Seneca Lake AVAs located within?
Finger Lakes AVA, New York
117
The significant change in vineyards plantings in Canada since the 80s has been?
* Significant increase in Vinifera plantings since late 1980s
* Mainly Bordeaux varietals
* Merlot, Cabernet Franc and some Cabernet Sauvignon
* Plus Chardonnay, Pinot noir
* and aromatic white varieties – Pinot Gris, Gewurztraminer and Riesling
118
3 Finger Lakes Riesling producers:
Dr. Konstantin Frank
Hermann J. Wiemer
Red Newt Cellars
119
The Chalone AVA is located within which bigger AVA?
Central Coast AVA
120
Of the Napa Valley sides which is hotter, East facing or West facing?
West facing
(Sun rises in East and sets in the West)
121
Horse Heaven hills AVA - is the 2nd biggest AVA of the Columbia Valley in hectares planted, desribe its growing environment and what is principally grown there
* 6500 Ha. of grapes planted
* 25% of Washington’s total grape production
* Climate
* As per Columbia Valley AVA
* With sloped topography and Columbia River at southern border, both cause strong winds
* Winds give some protection from frost and lower disease pressure and help to lengthen the growing season
* Viticulture
* 66% black grapes
* Cabernet Sauvignon
* Merlot and Syrah
* 34% white grapes
* Chardonnay
* Riesling
* Most vineyard planted on south facing slopes
* Slopes provide warm and sunny conditions
* Wines
Red wines: ripe, full bodied-red wines – often high
122
For the following Napa Valley wineries, identify the decade in which they were founded, their location, and a point of historical importance:
A. Beringer
B. Beaulieu Vineyards
C. Robert Mondavi
D. Joseph Phelps
E. Charles Krug
**Beringer**: 1870's / St. Helena / First winery to offer tours and tastings after Prohibition.
**Beaulieu Vineyards:** 1900's / Rutherford / Survived the Prohibition era by supplying sacramental wine to the Catholic Chucrch
**Robert Mondavi:** 1960's / Oakville / First in Napa to employ French Oak exclusively for aging wine.
**Joseph Phelps:** 1970's / St. Helena / One of the first winemakers to create a Bordeaux-style blend with his wine, "Insignia"
**Charles Krug:** 1860's / St. Helena / Intoduced innovation to early winemaking in Napa, such as making wine using a cider press, carefully selected rootstocks, varietals and vineyard sites.
123
What is distinctly different about Rogue Valley compared to Umpqua Valley?
Has significant altitude - 250 up to 950mRL
124
For a Rutherford AVA merlot, what is the minimum % of merlot that must be in the wine?
75%
125
Two main sub AVAs of Southern Oregon?
Umpqua Valley and Rogue Valley
126
5 important AVAs of the Central Coast?
- Monterey
- Paso Robles
- Santa Maria Valley
- Santa Ynez Hills
- Santa Rita Hills
127
If an AVA is quoted on the label what are the minimum requirements under Federal labelling laws?
* AVA quoted:
* must be 85% of grapes from that AVA
* wine must be fermented and finished in the state where AVA located
* if Vintage stated – then 95% must be from that vintage
128
Key viticultural risks for Californian winegrowing?
Key viticultural risks:
* spring frost
* drought – irrigation is installed in most vineyards
* fungal diseases – but reduced due to low growing season rainfall
* Bacterial Pierce’s disease – spread by leafhopper insects called sharpshooters
* Bushfires can be an issue – especially due to the droughts of recent years
129
Which is California's most planted grape variety - Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Merlot?
Chardonnay
130
What are the 3 main sub-appellations of the Ontario VQA in Canada?
Lake Erie North Shore
Prince Edward County
Niagara Peninsula
131
What year was the "Judgement of Paris"?
Who was it organized by?
Which 2 wines from California controversially upset the competition?
- 1976
- Steven Spurrier
- Stag's Leap Cabernet Sauvignon and Chateau Montelena Chardonnay
132
Red Mountain AVA is a sub AVA of Yakima Valley AVA, describe it and the key wine produced
* **Red Mountain AVA**
* East of Yakima valley
* Largest plantings
* Relatively small AVA but most densely planted
* Plantings on south-west facing slopes
* Climate is amongst warmest in Washington
* Soils are poor in nutrients
* Careful irrigation – produces low yields of concentrated fruit
* Black grapes dominate
* Cabernet Sauvignon
* Produce ripe, full-bodied wines
* Often high levels of alcohol
* High diurnal range helps to retain acidity
133
Niagara is what color / species / a crossing of which 2 grapes?
White
Vitis Labrusca
Concord X Cassady
134
The climate of Finger Lakes is cool continental - describe it and how the lakes affect the local climate of the AVA.
* **Climate**
* One of the coolest AVAs in the US
* Continental climate – warm summers and cold winters
* The 11 finger shaped lakes have a big impact on the AVA’s climate
* The topography of the region – slopes towards the lakes
* Enables cold air to drain towards the water
* Lakes warm the air and rises creating a vacuum that draws more cold air off the land
* The lakes can generate their own lake-effect snow which can also help insulate vines during the winter
* Lakes provide a warming influence in the autumn enabling the grapes to ripen over a longer period and reduces the risk of autumn frosts
* In the spring, cool air from the lakes delay budburst and reduce chance of damage in spring frosts
135
Where is Cayuse Vineyards located?
What is their most iconic wine?
What varietal is used?
Walla Walla, WA
Bionic Frog
Syrah
136
Ice Wine is Canada's largest export - any details?
15% by volume and 66% by value of exports
137
In California Wine Law, what does the term "Meritage" indicate?
“Meritage,” = a term trademarked by the Meritage Alliance
- Used by producers to indicate a premium blend in which no grape accounts for more than 90% of the wine.
- Meritage wines may be red or white, but must be produced from Bordeaux varieties.
138
The Okanagan Valley is one of the most northerly wine regions in the world at 50 degrees North latitude - what is its climate like?
* **Climate**
* Lake that moderates the hot summers and semi-arid condition
* Range of climates cool northern end to hot desert in the south
* one of the world’s most northerly wine region
* Extreme continental climate;
* Spring frosts an issue; vineyards planted on mid-level slopes to reduce risk of frosts
* Summers hot, temps 40°C despite lake effect
* Altitude: 300-600m; cooling creating a wide diurnal
* Sub-appellations created to recognize the characteristics of sub regions
* Rainfall: 300mm South & 400mm in North
139
Who are the big three of the USA wine producers?
* Top three of the big ten in the USA
* E&J Gallo – 70 million cases
* The Wine Group – 53 million cases
* Constellation brands – 50 million cases
140
What are Canada's two most important wine regions?
What are the most important DVAs in each region?
Ontario - Niagara Peninsula
British Columbia - Okanagan Valley
141
Southern Oregon vineyard's are typically ..........?
Dry farmed vineyards in southern Oregon are generally planted to ?
Irrigated
Rhone varietals not Pinot Noir
142
Which larger AVA is Yakima Valley AVA located within?
What are the other 2 most important AVAs of WA state?
Within Columbia Valley AVA
Walla Walla AVA / Horse Heaven Hills AVA
143
In which county will you find Alexander Valley AVA?
Sonoma County
144
Cabernet Franc is the most planted vitis vinifera black grape in Finger Lakes AVA - describe the varietal, winemaking and wine style made
* Cabernet Franc
* The most planted Vitis vinifera black grape
* Mid-ripening and winter hardy
* Able to produce adequate yields of ripe grapes in most years
* Less new oak maturation is being used
* Some are now making a Cabernet Franc with no oak maturation
* Tend to use French or Hungarian oak
* Wines:
* Medium- to medium body and tannins
* Flavours of red cherry, cranberry and black plum
* Sometimes with a herbaceous note
* Often good to very good quality and mid-priced
145
The confusing USA wine labelling laws
* The wine laws that apply have been mentioned above but summarised:
* Variety – must be 75% of variety but if:
* **Locality**
* State – if it says California – then 100% from that state
* 75% of grapes from county if the county name is mentioned, i.e. Sonoma County
* 85% of grapes from AVA if AVA name is mentioned
* 95% of grapes from that vineyard if a single vineyard name used
* **Vintage**
* 95% of the grapes – from a stated vintage – if an AVA mentioned
* 85% of the grapes – from a stated vintage – if a county or state mentioned
* **Estate bottled**
* If winery and vineyard in the same AVA
* Lead to large AVAs being created so producers can use the term
146
Name 3 producers in Sonoma County:
Rodney Strong,
Kosta Browne, and
Kistler
147
What % volume of all California wine comes from Napa Valley?
4%
148
how many wineries approximately in Canada?
* 270 wineries mainly in Ontario
149
Wahluke Slope AVA is located within which AVA / in which state?
Columbia Valley AVA / Washington
150
Santa Ynez Valley AVA - describe it and name sub AVAs
_Santa Ynez Valley AVA_
* Large AVA with both cool coastal and warm inland temperatures
* Contains four sub AVAs
* Sta. Rita Hills
* Ballard Canyon
* Los Olivos district
* Happy Canyon of Santa Barbara
151
What affect does the Cascade Mountain range have on Washington state AVAs?
Creates a protective rain shadow, which shields the eastern portion of WA state from rainy/cool weather originating in the Pacific Ocean.
This creates a continental, high-desert climate w/hot cummers, v. cold winters and little rainfall.
152
Inglenook Vineyards is located in which AVA?
Who is the current owner?
What is their Flagship wine?
Rutherford AVA, Napa Valley
Francis Ford Coppola
Rubicon
153
The Blue Mountains provide a rainshadow effect for which AVA?
Walla Walla Valley AVA, Washington/Oregon
154
Which sub-region / AVA is the Gap's Crown vineyard located?
Name a prominent winery who sources fruit from this vineyard:
Petaluma Gap AVA / Sonoma Coast AVA
Kosta Brown
155
The effect of Lake Okanagan on the climate compared to the lakes of Ontario?
Lakes are much smaller than Ontario and have less impact on the local climate
156
Who is credited with importing European vitis vinifera vines to California?
Agoston Harszathy
157
What is the climate and best known style of wine in Anderson Valley AVA?
Cooler continental, w/ a super-cool ripening season.
Sparkling wines made from Pinot Noir and Chardonnay
158
Where in California is Pritchard Hill?
How would you describe its location?
Name 4 producers from this area
Napa Valley
“a hole” between Oakville, Howell Mountain, the Stags Leap District, Rutherford and Chiles Valley.
Ovid / Bryant Family / Chappellet / Colgin
159
Shea Vineyard is located in the\_\_\_\_ AVA in ___ State.
Yamhill-Carlton District AVA, Oregon
160
Simply summarise Canada's appellation system and requirements
* **VQA wines**
* The VQA Act establishes the legal framework for the appellation within each region (min must weights, vinifera varieties)
* Wines are tested for eligibility through sensory evaluation panel and laboratory analysis
* Rules for regional & sub appellations vary by province but the rules are generally:
* must be made from 100% grapes grown in respective province
* 100% Vitis vinifera grapes or permitted hybrids (Vidal)
* Single variety: 85% of variety
* If Two or more varieties listed - must make up at least 95%
* The VQA rules, administered by each Provincial government, determine which regional appellations can appear on the labels
161
Vitis Vinifera is European in origin. Which 3 grape species are American in origin?
Vitis labrusca
Vitis rotundifolia
Vitis aestivalis
162
Which Californian red wine beat the French in the 'Judgment of Paris' competition in 1976?
Stags Leap Wine Cellars Cabernet Sauvignon 1973
163
Rockpile AVA is located in which county?
They are famed for:
Sonoma County
Ripe, powerful styles of Zinfandel, aged in either American or French oak.
164
Dundee Hills AVA, details?
* **Dundee Hills AVA**
* Most well known AVA – the first where Pinot Noir was planted
* Series of volcanic hills – running north south with lateral ridges east-west
* Vineyards from 60mRL to 325mRL
* Altitude helps to retain acidity
* AVA is warmer than others due to protection on the west (Coast range mountains) and north (Chehalem mountains)
* Enables full fruit ripeness
* Soils – high proportion of red iron-rich clay
* Clay soils helps with water retention
165
Name the three overarching AVAs of Sonoma county
* Three overarching AVAs
* Northern Sonoma
* Sonoma coast
* Sonoma valley
166
Which AVA, being the most southerly in Napa, produces high quality Pinot Noir and Chardonnay for both still and sparkling wines?
Los Carneros
167
Most vineyards in Canada are planted by Lakes, what are the advantages and disadvantages?
Lakes:
* Most vineyards planted near lakes to moderate temps
* Lake effect reduces risk of winter freeze by moderating the temperature
* In Spring, water heats up slowly delaying budbreak until after spring frosts have passed
* In Autumn, retains summer warmth into Autumn, extending the growing season
* In Winter:
* Moisture from lakes evaporate during winter and meets the cold ambient air
* snow is formed; enough snow to cover & protect the vines by insulating them from cold air
* the snow therefore covers and protects the vines
* Climate change - increasingly unpredictable winters & in some years minimal protective cover of snow
* Lakes cause higher levels of humidity; risk of fungal disease
168
What are the climatic factors that lead to the ripe styles of wine from Yamhill-Carlton AVA?
* Foothills of the Coast Range – forms a rain shadow over the entire area
* The factors:
* South-facing slopes – 60-300mRL
* Warm free-draining sedimentary soils
* Sheltered nature
* Leads to wines with:
* Riper fruit flavours
* Fuller bodies
* Lower acidity levels
* Of many other AVAs
169
Wine production of Central Valley, who are two biggest producers and how are the wines labelled?
* Wine production
* Large scale production
* Two biggest are: E&J Gallo and Bronco Wine company
* Wines labelled with California appellation
170
climatic risks for Walla Walla Valley?
Spring and autumn frosts
171
Where is the Calera Wine Company located?
What types of wine are they most noted for?
Name 3 single vineyard wines they produce and their AVAs:
Central Coast, California
Pinot Noir / Chardonnay
Mills Vineyard, Mt. Harlan AVA
Bien Nacido Vineyard, Santa Maria Valley AVA
Muns Vineyard, Santa Cruz Mountains AVA
172
Climate of Lodi AVA?
* Growing environment
* Hot Mediterranean climate
* Moderated temperatures with cooling afternoon winds from SF Bay and the Sacramento-San Joaquin delta
* Breaks in north and south coast ranges allows breezes off the bay to travel far inland
* Vineyards are on flatlands
* Free draining sandy and clay loam soils
* Low rainfall – irrigation used
Windy conditions reduce fungal diseases and frost
173
What is the northernmost wine-growing County in California?
Which 2 AVAs are north of it, but not included in the county itself?
Mendocino County
Dos Rios AVA / Covelo AVA
174
Southern Oregon AVA is the ..... most planted AVA in Oregon?
2nd
175
The Oregon wine laws are tougher than the rest of the USA - what are they?
* Laws
* 100% of grapes must be grown in Oregon to be labelled Oregon wine
* 95% of grapes must be from AVA to be labelled with that AVA (normally 85%)
* 90% of the grapes must be that variety to be labelled as such (75% normally)
* 100% of grapes for a wine to be labelled as ‘estate-bottled’ must be grown in the wineries AVA and fully finished at the estate
176
Petite Sirah is the offspring of:
What is it also known as?
Syrah and Peloursin
Durif
177
Which 2 huge value-oriented brands are located in Lodi?
Sutter Home
Robert Mondavi Woodbridge
178
When Central Valley is so hot how can Lodi produce quality wines?
Which wine is Lodi specifically known for?
Because it is cooled by a breeze from San Fransisco Bay
Old vine Zinfandel.
179
What is the largest wine growing area in California - Napa Valley, Sonoma, Central Valley?
Central Valley
180
VQA wines were introducted in the late 80s and was done to promote Canadian wine - give details on how this system works
* **VQA wines**
* must be made from grapes grown in respective province
* The VQA Act establishes the legal framework for the appellation within each region (min must weights, vinifera varieties)
* Wines are tested for eligibility through sensory evaluation panel and laboratory analysis
* Rules for regional & sub appellations vary by province
* The VQA rules determine which regional appellations can appear on the labels
* 100% Vitis vinifera grapes or permitted hybrids (Vidal)
* Single variety: 85% of variety
* If Two or more varieties listed - must make up at least 95%
181
Hazards (and those that are not) of viticulture in Columbia Valley AVA
* Hazards:
* Low phylloxera risk due to sandy soils
* Low disease and pest pressure due to the arid conditions and very cold winters – reduces use of pesticides
* Frosts and winter freezes are the main hazards – vineyards planted on the slopes to avoid them
182
High quality sparkling wines are produced in which 2 AVAs in California?
Los Carneros
Anderson Valley
183
Normally, when you move south to north in the Northern Hemisphere it gets cooler, however moving from Southern Oregon's Willamette Valley to the more northerly Washington Columbia Valley the varieties grown go from cool~moderate loving Pinot Noir to the moderate~warm loving Cabernet Sauvignon. Why is that?
The Cascade Mountains protect the more northern regions from the cooling effects of the Pacific Ocean.
The rain shadow also results in Columbia Valley being very dry, with long daylight hours and consistent summer temperatures. Irrigation with river water is necessary.
184
In the USA, what are the minimum requirements for labeling a wine by:
## Footnote
Vintage?
Variety?
Location (AVA / Vineyard)?
Vintage: 85% (95% for Oregon)
Variety: 75% (90% for Oregon)
**Location**
AVA: 85% (95% for Oregon, or Washington is grapes are coming from a shared AVA)
Vineyard: 95%
185
Icewine? Give all the details, the wine laws, describe the wines, explain the winemaking
**Icewine**
* Largest producer of Icewine
* Ontario accounts for vast majority of Production
* **Law states**
* that Grapes must be harvested at -8°C or below
* no chaptalization allowed
* can only be made from grapes frozen naturally on the vine
* made from grapes exclusively grown in Canada
* from either vinifera frapes or Vidal
* minimum sugar levels are prescribed
* no artificial concentration or addition of sugars
* Some harvested by hand; as labour is difficult to find, machine harvested
* Freezing concentrates sugars;
* **Wines**
* High levels of sugar means that ferment stops at 9-11% abv and 200-250g/l;
* Varieties used should have high natural Acidity
* Most made from Vidal
* The most complex, well-balanced examples are from Riesling
* best have intense aromas of stone and tropical fruit – peach and mango
* command premium and super-premium prices
* **Winemaking**
* Often fermented & stored in SS to retain fruit aromas;
* oak sometimes used to and extra flavours of spice, vanilla
* Expensive to produce
* Yields are very low; 10% of still wine production;
* Dehydrating grapes, damaged or lost to bad weather while waiting for temps to drop to -8°
* Chaptilisation is prohibited
186
Riesling is the Finger Lakes most planted varietal - describe in detail the winemaking and wine style made
* Riesling
* Most planted and reputed V. vinifera grape variety
* Some producers make a range of Riesling wines – from dry to sweet
* Wines have:
* High acidity
* Medium- to medium body
* Fresh flavours of apple, lemon and peach
* Alcohol levels range from low to medium – depending on style made
* Winemaking uses protective techniques and fermented at cool temperatures in stainless steel
* Some use a few hours of skin contact to enhance flavour and texture plus maybe some lees contact to enhance texture
* Sweet wines are made using some late-harvesting, botrytis and/or stopping fermentation early
* Wines are good to very good with some outstanding examples in quality
* Mid-priced to premium price
187
What is the definition of an AVA?
American Viticultural Area
"Delimited grape growing areas."
Refers to geographic location only, not varietal.
First AVAs were named in the 1980's, beginning with Augusta, MO and Napa Valley, CA.
188
There are 19 AVAs in Oregon but 4 are multistate AVAs - name them
* Northern border – three multistate AVAs – Columbia Gorge, Columbia Valley and Walla Walla Valley
* Eastern border – Snake river Valley AVA
189
VQA stands for?
Vintners Quality Alliance
190
Ridge Vineyards owns which 2 estates located in which AVAs?
Who is the current winemaker / CEO?
Monte Bello Estate, Santa Cruz Mountains AVA / Lytton Springs Estate, Dry Creek Valley AVA
Paul Draper
191
Monterey AVA - climate, soils, viti and wines
* **Monterey AVA**
* 80 miles long – largest in Monterey County
* Majority of AVA follows Salinas River valley
* **Climate**
* Salinas valley opens directly to Monterey Bay
* Water in the bay is particularly cold
* Afternoons/evenings in Salinas valley can be particularly cool and windy
* North of the valley is the coolest
* **Soils**
* Sandy loam and gravel and free draining
* **Viticulture**
* Low growing season rainfall means irrigation is essential sourced from the Salinas river
* Northern areas – cooler – planted to Pinot Noir and Riesling
* Further south/inland - planted to Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah and Zinfandel
* Chardonnay is planted in all sites – 50% of all plantings!
* **Wines**
* Production of mainly inexpensive and mid-priced high-volume wines
* Used in either Monterey wines or cross-regional blends
192
In which state would you find Finger Lakes?
New York State
193
Chalk Hill AVA is located within which larger AVA?
Russian River Valley AVA (Sonoma County)
194
Walla Walla Valley's main vineyard plantings are where?
in the north east of the AVA up against the Blue Mountain foothills, with altitude up to 600mRL
195
Most planted white vitis vinifera in Ontario - just the top two and the wine styles made from them
* Most planted white VINIFERA:
* Riesling:
* High Acidity; citrus, peach, floral
* Range from dry to sweet
* Chardonnay:
* Medium (+) to High Acidity;
* Apple, Citrus, typical of cooler climate; although some stone fruit, tropical found in warmer sites
196
What percentage of the grape stated on the bottle has to be included for:
USA / Oregon?
75% (90% for Oregon)
197
Bonny Doon Vineyard is located in which overarching AVA?
They specialize in what type of wines?
What is their flagship wine?
Who is the winemaker, and what is his nickname?
Central Coast AVA
Rhone Valley Blends (Syrah / Grenache / Mouvedre)
"Le Cigare Volant"
Randall Graham, the "Rhone Ranger"
198
Seven sub-AVAs in Lodi but there is one primary one - name it
* Seven sub-AVAs
* **Mokelumne River AVA**
* Contains the majority of wineries
* And most of the old vine Zinfandel vines
* If using a sub AVA name – then Lodi must appear on the label
199
Details on the Umpqua Valley relating to where it is, Climate, Production, varietals.
* **Umpqua Valley AVA**
* Northern part of Southern Oregon AVA
* At confluence of the three mountain ranges
* Coast range
* Cascade range
* Klamath Mountains
* The Umpqua river flows through the region
* Diverse range of vineyard sites with different altitudes – 50 to 400mRL, different aspects and soils
* **Climate**
* Northern area is relatively cool for southern Oregon
* Due to northern location with the area
* Cool afternoon breezes that blow through the Umpqua river gorge
* **Production**
* Northern area
* Mainly produces Pinot Noir plus Pinot Gris, Gewurztraminer and Riesling
* Central and southern area
* Warmer area – red wines from Syrah, Merlot and Tempranillo
200
Working South to North list the 9 AVAs on the Napa Valley floor (i.e. NOT mountain AVAs)
Los Carneros AVA
Coombsville AVA
Oak Knoll District AVA
Yountville AVA
Stags Leap District AVA
Oakville AVA
Rutherford AVA
Saint Helena AVA
Calistoga AVA
201
The Wine business of Washington State - how has it changed, who is the biggest producer, etc.
* **Wine Business**
* 2nd largest wine producer in the USA
* Annual volume of 1.4 to 1.6 mhL
* Over last 40 years evolved from Riesling to now producing a range of Bordeaux and Rhone varietals
* 10 wineries in 1975 to 200 in 2000, now 940!
* Now 22,000 Ha. – had doubled since 2000!
* One large company – Ste. Michelle Wine Estates (produces .81mhL)
* Most wine is sold in the state – exports very small
* Only the largest wineries are sold throughout the USA
202
Which AVA / County is the Sanford & Benedict vineyard planted in?
Who is the vineyard named after?
What is this vineyard famous for proving?
Sta. Rita Hills AVA, Santa Barbara Co.
Richard Sanford and Michael Benedict
That Santa Barbara is suitable for Pinot Noir cultivation.
203
Hazards of viticulture in Long Island AVA?
* **Hazards**
* The high humidity means fungal diseases are problematic
* Windy weather in coastal sites can help
* But options to control it such as spraying, leaf removal to improve air circulation around the grapes, and sorting grapes in the vineyard or winery
204
Pinot Noir wines are the key varietal of Oregon - how do these wines look generally?
* Wines:
* Majority are matured in oak vessels
* Proportion of new oak has decreased
* Generally:
* Medium+ acidity
* Medium to medium+ tannins
* High alcohol
* Red cherry, raspberry to black cherry and plum
* Good to outstanding quality
* Premium priced to super premium
205
Climate in California influenced by two key factors?
Climate influenced by two key factors:
* Ranges of Mountains running along length of the state
* Californian current – bringing cold water from North, which upwells at the coast
206
The Chehalem is one of the seven AVAs of the Willamette Valley - describe it
* **Chehalem Mountains AVA**
* Defined by a ridge in northern Willamette Valley
* 20 miles in length and 5 miles in breadth
* Runs south east to north west
* Vineyards between 60 and 305 mRL
* Ridge at 500mRL provides a windbreak
* Diversity of vineyard sites – range of altitude, aspects, soils types
* Most plantings of any sub AVA
Large number of wineries
207
All three sub AVAs of Yakima Valley are planted on ?
* All have vineyards on elevated ridges – enable air flow and avoid winter freezes and frosts
208
The Oscar winning 'Sideways' film was a trip around which wine area?
Santa Barbara County
209
The USA has Appellations of Origin, what are they and what are the laws surrounding them?
The USA has Appellations of Origin which are based on political boundaries
* **75% min**. of the grapes used to make the wine must be from county/appellation
* Wine must be fully finished in the state that appellation exists
210
What are the 4 major AVAs of New York State?
Finger Lakes AVA
Long Island AVA
Hudson River Valley AVA
Lake Erie AVA
211
Where is the cult winery Screaming Eagle located?
Oakville AVA / Napa Valley / California
212
How much is Willamette Valley as a percentage of Oregon vineyard plantings?
69%
213
Van Duzer Corridor AVA - describe it
* **Van Duzer Corridor AVA**
* South west of Willamette Valley
* Break in the Coast Range funnels in Pacific Ocean winds during the afternoon, cooling the vineyard
* Early in the season the winds can disrupt flowering and fruit set
* Later in the season the winds can cause the vine leaf stomata to shut and slow ripening
* It also reduces disease pressure
* Soils are marine sediment loam and silt, shallow and well-draining
214
California is now the World's 4th, 5th, or 6th largest wine producer by value?
4th largest (after France, Italy, Spain)
215
What are the 2 main grapes of Santa Maria Valley AVA?
Pinot Noir
Chardonnay
216
Monterey County is where, and includes which AVAs?
* Monterey County
* Vineyards are in the large Salinas valley
* Run from Monterey bay to San Luis Obispo county in south
* Includes Monterey AVA, Santa Lucia highlands, Chalone, Arroyo Seco and Carmel valley
217
What 4 criteria must be satisfied to label a wine as "Estate-Bottled" in the USA?
- The wine is labeled with an AVA;
- The winery is located in that same AVA;
- The winery owns or “controls” the vineyard;
- The crushed, fermented, finished, and bottled the wine on the same property.
218
How many wineries in the USA?
10,000
219
Whites wines in Long Island are Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling, Pinot Gris and Chardonnay - but how are they made in general terms.
* white wines
* Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling and Pinot Gris
* Made in a dry, light-bodied style
* Fermented at cool temperatures in stainless steel
* Made in a fruity, unoaked style for early consumption
* Chardonnay
* Unoaked style or fermented/matured in oak
* Often MLF and lees ageing
* Creates a fuller-bodied, creamy, toasty style
* Med+ acidity
220
List the following AVAs north to south (1 = northernmost, 5 = southernmost).
A. Chehalem Mountain
B. Eola-Amity Hills
C. Ribbon Ridge
D. McMinnville
E. Dundee Hills
1. Chehalem Mountain
2. Ribbon Ridge
3. Dundee Hills
4. McMinnville
5. Eola-Amity Hills
221
What is the key route to market for Long Island wineries?
Cellar Door sales - local tourism from New York city and Hamptons
222
Chateau Montelena is located in which AVA?
What event caused the winery to shoot to stardom?
What caused its (temporary) downfall?
Calistoga AVA, Napa Valley
The winery's Chardonnay placed first at the 1976 "Judgement of Paris", beating out many Grand Cru Burgundies and other California wines.
In 2004, the winery was indicted by Wine Spectator for having systemic cork taint.
223
Rank the following Napa Valley AVAs from coolest to warmest (1 = coolest, 4 = warmest).
A. Calistoga
B. Los Carneros
C. Stag's Leap District
D. Coombsville
1. Los Carneros
2. Coombsville
3. Stag's Leap District
4. Calistoga
224
How many planted Hectares in USA?
What is its world ranking for wine production?
430,000 Ha.
4th biggest
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The top three wine producers in the USA?
* Top three of the big ten in the USA
* E&J Gallo – 70 million cases
* The Wine Group – 53 million cases
* Constellation brands – 50 million cases
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Key facts about the US wine market
**The US wine market today**
* World’s largest wine market today
* Highest import value – 5.2 billion Euro
* But low consumption per head – 11 litres per head
* 4th largest producer – but 8th largest exporter
* Over 60% of American wine is consumed domestically
* 10,000 wineries across the country
* The ten largest wineries represent more than 90% of the wine sold domestically by volume!
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Regulatory control of alcohol in the USA?
* Regulatory control of distribution and sale of alcoholic beverages:
* controlled at a state level
* ceded control by the Federal govt. at the end of prohibition
* states adopted the ‘three tier system’ preventing direct to retail sales by producers
* there are drastically different rules over the fifty states!
* Increasing number of states allow direct to consumer sales – and transport across state lines to the consumer
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What latitude does California cover?
32 to 42 degrees North
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What are the key viticultural risks in California?
Key viticultural risks:
* spring frost
* drought – irrigation is installed in most vineyards
* fungal diseases – but reduced due to low growing season rainfall
* Bacterial Pierce’s disease – spread by leafhopper insects called sharpshooters
* Bushfires can be an issue – especially due to the droughts of recent years
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What are the key varietals grown in California
Grape varieties: Chardonnay 20%, Cab sv 20%, Zinfandel 8.5%, Merlot 8%, Pinot Noir 7.5%
But Cabernet Sauvignon plantings increasing, likely overtake Chardonnay
63% of grapes used for winemaking are black grapes
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What is the most planted white wine of Napa Valley?
Chardonnay - followed by Sauvignon Blanc
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What is the most planted variety in California? and what are the styles of wines made from it
**Chardonnay (just under 20% of total Californian plantings)**
* Made in a full spectrum of styles
* Site climate, winemaking practices and price dictate the style
* Sites that specialize in Chardonnay tend to be closer to the coast for its cooling influence
* Premium Chardonnays
* Medium to full bodied in styles
* Pronounced flavours of peach, pineapple
* Secondary flavours of malolactic and new oak
* Sometimes a ‘struck match’ note from lees contact is sought (volatile Sulphur compound)
* Inexpensive Chardonnays
* Made in a soft, easy drinking style
* Medium acidity, with a slight residual sugar
* Often unoaked or with oak alternatives
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Zinfandel is considered a signature varietal of California.
What does premium Zinfandel taste like.
What is 'White Zin'
**Zinfandel**
* Considered a signature varietal of California
* Old-vine Zinfandel – some over 100 years old (Dry Creek Valley)
* Can suffer from uneven ripening, so can have jammy and fresh flavours intermingled
* Premium Zinfandel:
* Medium+ acidity
* Med to full bodied
* Ripe med+ tannins
* Raspberry, blueberry and blackberry
* Often vanilla, coconut notes from American oak maturation
* Inexpensive Zinfandel – soft ripe and often jammy
* ‘White Zin’
* From central valley
* Zinfandel made into a Rose
* Made by:
* Short maceration
* Ferment in stainless steel and cool temps
* Stopped the ferment at medium dry sweetness
* Alcohol 10.5-11 degrees abv
* Medium acidity and tannins with fruity plummy character
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E&J Gallo?
E&J Gallo – largest wine company in the world (70M cases)
· Founded in Modesto
· Owns Barefoot Cellars, largest selling brand
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Anderson Valley AVA's climate is:
Climate
o Warm during the day but cold air and fog funnelled in during evenings
o Airflow is along the Navarro River
o Further inland less maritime influence and is warmer
o Rainfall is high – 900-2000mm
o Most rainfall in winter and spring
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Anderson Valley's wine production is best known for?
* Wine production
* Pinot Noir is highly rated
* Style vary by site climate, clones and harvesting times
* Generally:
* Fresh raspberry, cherry, plum fruit
* Medium body and med+ acidity
* Good to outstanding quality, premium to super premium priced
* Also aromatic Alsace style wines
* Gewurztraminer, Riesling, Pinot Gris, Pinot Blanc
* 85 wineries in AVA
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The three overarching AVAs of Sonoma?
What advantage do these very large AVAs have for producers?
* Three overarching AVAs
* Northern Sonoma
* Sonoma coast
* Sonoma valley
* These large AVAs overlap and have smaller AVAs in them
* Allow wineries to use ‘estate bottled’ and still use the word Sonoma on the label as the winery and vineyards can be far apart
* If a wine comes entirely from an AVA within Sonoma county then that must appear on the label along with the name of AVA!
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Russian river valley AVA viticulture?
* **Viticulture**
* Coolest parts – southern and western parts – planted mainly to Pinot Noir and Chardonnay
* Top quality fruit produced – AVA has been expanded twice
* Now over 7,200 Ha. planted in 2013
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Russian river Valley Chardonnay, describe it
* Chardonnays
* Medium to med+ body
* Med+ acidity
* Ripe peach and pineapple
* Creamy and spicy flavours from MLF and oak maturation
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Green valley of Russian river Valley AVA is a sub AVA of Russian river Valley - describe it and the wines made
* **Green valley of Russian river valley AVA**
* Located next to Petaluma Gap
* In the south west of the Russian river AVA
* Gets first fogs in the afternoon and is the last to lose it in the morning
* Has come of the coolest conditions in northern California
* Free draining, low nutrient sandstone soils – limits the vigour and creating small concentrated grapes
* Wines
* Pinot Noir and Chardonnay most planted in AVA
* Used in both still and sparkling
* Similar in style to Russian river valley AVA – but wines have higher acidity and fresher fruit flavours
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Chalk Hill AVA, location, climate and wines
* **Chalk Hill AVA**
* North east corner of the Russian river valley AVA
* Hilly area with some blocking of ocean influence and is further inland than other parts of the Russian river valley AVA
* Warmer climate than surrounding areas
* Soil is white volcanic ash
* Vineyards planted on the valley floor and up to 500mRL
* Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon Blanc most planted
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Petaluma Gap AVA - where, climate, viticulture and wines
**Petaluma Gap AVA**
* Defined by its wind conditions
* Located in southern Sonoma County and northern Marin county
* Extends from the gap in the Northern Coast range to San Pablo Bay
* Open to the sea at both ends – high speed coastal winds flow throughout the AVA
* Boundaries defined according to an area that maintains a persistent wind of at least 8 miles per hour
* **Viticulture**
* The winds lower temperatures are strong enough to close leaf stomata and slow respiration and photosynthesis
* Pinot Noir comprises 75% of all plantings – followed by Chardonnay and Syrah
* **Wines**
* Tend to have high acidities, fresh fruit flavours and often lower alcohol compared to more sheltered, inland appellations
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Sonoma Valley AVA - bordered by what mountains?
* South eastern corner of Sonoma county – bordered in the east by Mayacamas mountains and Sonoma mountain range in the west
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Three sub AVAs of Sonoma Valley?
* Has a few small AVAs with it:
* Bennett valley
* Sonoma mountain
* Western end of Los Carneros
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Sonoma Mountain AVA, its location, climate, soils, vineyards and wines
* **Sonoma Mountain AVA**
* on Western side of the Sonoma Valley AVA
* **Climate**
* Cold air coming down from the mountains can give cool nights, helping to retain acidity
* **Soils**
* Volcanic in origin, low in nutrients and free draining
* Soils help to control vigour and yields
* **Vineyards**
* Planted up to 730m – above the fog line – expose grapes to intense sun and warm daytime temperatures
* Give ripe flavours, tannins and deep colour
* Planted mainly on east facing, steep slopes
* **Wines**
* Concentrated ripe Cabernet Sauvignon
* Plus Merlot, Zinfandel and Syrah
* Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc and Semillon planted on the cooler sites - west side of the AVA with more ocean influence
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The most planted varietal in Bennett Valley is ?
Syrah
