Populations in Transition and Disparities in Wealth and Development Flashcards
Which country has the largest population of over 65yrs in the world?
Japan
Why did Japan’s population grow so rapidly?
Industrialisation
Why has the population growth rate in Japan slowed since 1980?
- Many choose not to marry; tendency by women to marry later (28-30yrs)
- Japan tradition make women reluctant to have children child care is mother’s job.
- Lack of child care facilities (few women would return to work; must care for children)
What are some of the economic reasons for Japan’s slowing population growth rate?
- Pregnancy expensive in Japan as it is not covered by health insurance (must pay for own medical care during pregnancy)
- Health care only provided free for infants up to 3yrs
- Costs of schooling, university are high
What are some of the problems caused by Japan’s slowing population growth rate?
- “Grey Market” – decreased products for younger population
- Rise in retirement age (obtaining higher contributions from employers and employees)
- Larger tax bills (esp. for working population)
What are some of the solutions to Japan’s slowing population growth rate?
- Increase birth rates (but, social attitudes and trends difficult to change)
- Reforms – increasing child benefits, providing tax allowances for families, making child care more accessible
- Offer part time jobs for elderly population (less demanding)
What proportion of Uganda’s population is under the age of 25?
69%
What is Uganda’s youth dependency ratio?
97.3%
What are some of the causes of Uganda’s youthful population?
- Secondary education is low as only 18% attend school so they are not taught about contraception and the risks of unprotected sex
- Contraception is not widely available and only 13% of 15-19 year olds use contraception
- Many families have a low income as they are not well educated so they can not afford protection
What are some of the economic effects of Uganda’s youthful population?
- Rural to urban migration for jobs which puts pressure on the local economy and services
- Money must be put into schools to accommodate the large increase of young people
- Teenage pregnancies affect the future economy as the children of the mothers will likely have few opportunities
What are some of the social effects of Uganda’s youthful population?
- Teenage pregnancies reduces women’s career opportunities which causes gender inequality.
- High fertility rates put a strain on the health care.
- Infrastructure has not matched the rapid youthful population increase so houses will lack basic necessary and overcrowding will occur.
What is the name of France’s pro-natalist policy?
Code De La Famille
When was the Code De La Famille implemented?
1993
Why does France have a low fertility rate?
- Education - people are more aware of the availability of contraception and consequences an unplanned pregnancy can have on their career
- Women in careers - Women may choose to follow their career choice rather than start a family while young
- Later marriages
- State benefits - couples no longer need children to help care for them when older
What incentives did the Code De La Famille provide?
- A cash incentive of £675 monthly (nearly the minimum wage) for a mother to stay off work for one year following the birth of her third child
- The ‘carte famille nombreuse’ (large family card), giving large reductions on train fares
- Income tax based on the more children the less tax to pay
- Three years paid parental leave, which can be used by mothers or fathers
- Government subsidised daycare for children under the age of three, and full time school places for over threes paid for by the government
When was China’s ‘one-child policy’ implemented?
1979
Why had China’s birth rate been so high in the years leading up to the one-child policy?
- In 1950 the rate of population change in China was 1.9 per cent each year
- Previous Chinese governments had encouraged people to have a lot of children to increase the country’s workforce.
- But by the 1970s the government realised that current rates of population growth would soon become unsustainable
What were some of the problems with the one-child policy?
- Those who had more than one child didn’t receive these benefits and were fined.
- The policy was keenly resisted in rural areas, where it was traditional to have large families.
- In urban areas, the policy has been enforced strictly but remote rural areas have been harder to control.
- Many people claim that some women, who became pregnant after they had already had a child, were forced to have an abortion and many women were forcibly sterilised. There appears to be evidence to back up these claims.
What has been the impact of the one-child policy?
- The birth rate in China has fallen since 1979, and the rate of population growth is now 0.7 per cent.
- There have been negative impacts too - due to a traditional preference for boys, large numbers of female babies have ended up homeless or in orphanages, and in some cases killed. In 2000, it was reported that 90 per cent of fetuses aborted in China were female.
- As a result, the gender balance of the Chinese population has become distorted. Today it is thought that men outnumber women by more than 60 million.
What path of migration can be observed in Brazil?
From Caatinga in Northeast Brazil to Sao Paulo in the south
What are some of the push factors in Northeast Brazil?
- Low unreliable rainfall causes droughts
- Lack of job opportunities
- High proportion employed in agriculture, which is low wage
- There is no piped water, electricity or sanitation
- Lack of schools and clinics in the area; belief children will get a better education in the city.
What are some of the pull factors of cities such as Sao Paulo?
- Jobs in factories such as Fiat
- Better availability of healthcare and other basic amenities
- The glamorous image of the city and ‘bright lights’ attracts people; Sao Paulo has a population of 12 million
What are some of the positive effects of migration in Brazil?
- More land is left for the people who stay in the countryside to farm, increasing food supplies and quality of life
- Money earned from rural to urban migrants can be sent home to families in the village improving living standards
What are some of the negative effects of migration in Brazil?
- As the most active leave the village farming will be difficult and left to women, children and the elderly
- The very young and very old tend to be left behind creating an imbalance in the Population structure – negative effects on social activities and recreation
- Illegal settlements (favellas) form around cities, such as Heliópolis and Azul
In 2008 what percentage of China’s population lived in cities?
44%
By what number is the the urban population of China increasing per year?
15-20 million
How has China restricted migration in the past?
Through their household-registration system
How many rural Chinese people work outside of their home village?
130 million (also known as the ‘floating population’
What paths do some Chinese migrants take?
Sichuan to Guangdong
How many Mexicans migrate to the USA per year?
1 million +
