Populations in Transition and Disparities in Wealth and Development Flashcards
Which country has the largest population of over 65yrs in the world?
Japan
Why did Japan’s population grow so rapidly?
Industrialisation
Why has the population growth rate in Japan slowed since 1980?
- Many choose not to marry; tendency by women to marry later (28-30yrs)
- Japan tradition make women reluctant to have children child care is mother’s job.
- Lack of child care facilities (few women would return to work; must care for children)
What are some of the economic reasons for Japan’s slowing population growth rate?
- Pregnancy expensive in Japan as it is not covered by health insurance (must pay for own medical care during pregnancy)
- Health care only provided free for infants up to 3yrs
- Costs of schooling, university are high
What are some of the problems caused by Japan’s slowing population growth rate?
- “Grey Market” – decreased products for younger population
- Rise in retirement age (obtaining higher contributions from employers and employees)
- Larger tax bills (esp. for working population)
What are some of the solutions to Japan’s slowing population growth rate?
- Increase birth rates (but, social attitudes and trends difficult to change)
- Reforms – increasing child benefits, providing tax allowances for families, making child care more accessible
- Offer part time jobs for elderly population (less demanding)
What proportion of Uganda’s population is under the age of 25?
69%
What is Uganda’s youth dependency ratio?
97.3%
What are some of the causes of Uganda’s youthful population?
- Secondary education is low as only 18% attend school so they are not taught about contraception and the risks of unprotected sex
- Contraception is not widely available and only 13% of 15-19 year olds use contraception
- Many families have a low income as they are not well educated so they can not afford protection
What are some of the economic effects of Uganda’s youthful population?
- Rural to urban migration for jobs which puts pressure on the local economy and services
- Money must be put into schools to accommodate the large increase of young people
- Teenage pregnancies affect the future economy as the children of the mothers will likely have few opportunities
What are some of the social effects of Uganda’s youthful population?
- Teenage pregnancies reduces women’s career opportunities which causes gender inequality.
- High fertility rates put a strain on the health care.
- Infrastructure has not matched the rapid youthful population increase so houses will lack basic necessary and overcrowding will occur.
What is the name of France’s pro-natalist policy?
Code De La Famille
When was the Code De La Famille implemented?
1993
Why does France have a low fertility rate?
- Education - people are more aware of the availability of contraception and consequences an unplanned pregnancy can have on their career
- Women in careers - Women may choose to follow their career choice rather than start a family while young
- Later marriages
- State benefits - couples no longer need children to help care for them when older
What incentives did the Code De La Famille provide?
- A cash incentive of £675 monthly (nearly the minimum wage) for a mother to stay off work for one year following the birth of her third child
- The ‘carte famille nombreuse’ (large family card), giving large reductions on train fares
- Income tax based on the more children the less tax to pay
- Three years paid parental leave, which can be used by mothers or fathers
- Government subsidised daycare for children under the age of three, and full time school places for over threes paid for by the government
When was China’s ‘one-child policy’ implemented?
1979
Why had China’s birth rate been so high in the years leading up to the one-child policy?
- In 1950 the rate of population change in China was 1.9 per cent each year
- Previous Chinese governments had encouraged people to have a lot of children to increase the country’s workforce.
- But by the 1970s the government realised that current rates of population growth would soon become unsustainable
What were some of the problems with the one-child policy?
- Those who had more than one child didn’t receive these benefits and were fined.
- The policy was keenly resisted in rural areas, where it was traditional to have large families.
- In urban areas, the policy has been enforced strictly but remote rural areas have been harder to control.
- Many people claim that some women, who became pregnant after they had already had a child, were forced to have an abortion and many women were forcibly sterilised. There appears to be evidence to back up these claims.
What has been the impact of the one-child policy?
- The birth rate in China has fallen since 1979, and the rate of population growth is now 0.7 per cent.
- There have been negative impacts too - due to a traditional preference for boys, large numbers of female babies have ended up homeless or in orphanages, and in some cases killed. In 2000, it was reported that 90 per cent of fetuses aborted in China were female.
- As a result, the gender balance of the Chinese population has become distorted. Today it is thought that men outnumber women by more than 60 million.
What path of migration can be observed in Brazil?
From Caatinga in Northeast Brazil to Sao Paulo in the south
What are some of the push factors in Northeast Brazil?
- Low unreliable rainfall causes droughts
- Lack of job opportunities
- High proportion employed in agriculture, which is low wage
- There is no piped water, electricity or sanitation
- Lack of schools and clinics in the area; belief children will get a better education in the city.
What are some of the pull factors of cities such as Sao Paulo?
- Jobs in factories such as Fiat
- Better availability of healthcare and other basic amenities
- The glamorous image of the city and ‘bright lights’ attracts people; Sao Paulo has a population of 12 million
What are some of the positive effects of migration in Brazil?
- More land is left for the people who stay in the countryside to farm, increasing food supplies and quality of life
- Money earned from rural to urban migrants can be sent home to families in the village improving living standards
What are some of the negative effects of migration in Brazil?
- As the most active leave the village farming will be difficult and left to women, children and the elderly
- The very young and very old tend to be left behind creating an imbalance in the Population structure – negative effects on social activities and recreation
- Illegal settlements (favellas) form around cities, such as Heliópolis and Azul
In 2008 what percentage of China’s population lived in cities?
44%
By what number is the the urban population of China increasing per year?
15-20 million
How has China restricted migration in the past?
Through their household-registration system
How many rural Chinese people work outside of their home village?
130 million (also known as the ‘floating population’
What paths do some Chinese migrants take?
Sichuan to Guangdong
How many Mexicans migrate to the USA per year?
1 million +
How many Mexicans were caught and deported from the USA in 1995?
850,000
What are some of the push factors involved in Mexico/USA migration?
Mexico has:
- Poor medical facilities - 1800 per doctor
- Low paid jobs - (GNI = $3750)
- Adult literacy rates 55% - poor education prospects
- Life expectancy 72 yrs
- 40% Unemployed
What are some of the pull factors involved in Mexico/USA migration?
The USA has:
- Excellent medical facilities - 400 per doctor
- Well paid jobs - GNP = $24,750)
- Adult literacy rates 99% - good education prospects
- Life expectancy 76 yrs
- Many jobs available for low paid workers such as Mexicans
What are the impacts on Mexico as a result of migration to the USA?
- Illegal migration costs the USA millions of dollars for border -patrols and prisons
- Mexicans are seen as a drain on the USA economy
- Mexican migrants benefit the US economy by working for low wages
- Mexican culture has enriched the US border states with food, language and music
What are the impacts on the USA as a result of migration from Mexico?
- The Mexican countryside has a shortage of economically active people
- Many men emigrate leaving a majority of women who have trouble finding marriage partners
- Legal and illegal immigrants together send some $6 billion a year back to Mexico
- Certain villages such as Santa Ines have lost 2/3 of its inhabitants
Where is Brazil’s urban core located?
In the south; cities such as Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte
Why does Brazil’s core thrive?
- It has fertile soils for farming
- It has good access to ports for trading
- It has benefited from business investment in the area
What does the HDI of Brazil’s southern regions range between?
0.800 and 0.900
What does the HDI of Brazil’s northern and north-eastern regions range between?
0.600 and 0.700
What is the climate like in Brazil’s northern regions?
Wet and tropical in the north, and semi-arid in the north east
What environmental factors prevent Brazil’s northern and north-eastern regions from thriving?
- Dense rainforests
- It is difficult to access to ports and trading links
What is Brazil’s GINI coefficient?
0.57
What are some of the factors preventing parity in Brazil?
- Widespread corruption in government (i.e Dilma Rousseff + Petrobras)
- Growing number of illegal settlements (favellas) where crime is common and many are not educated
- Lack of decent land tenure among the poorer of society as a result of mass migration
What percentage of China’s population holds a third of the wealth?
1%
What is China’s GINI coefficient?
0.49
What does the World Bank consider severe inequality?
A GINI coefficient above 0.4
What is the GNI per capita of Guangdong?
$20,000
What is the GNI per capita of Sichuan?
$10,000
How many of the 35 Sub-Saharan African countries have achieved gender parity in education?
2
Which country has the 4th lowest gender parity in education?
Chad
For every 100 boys in primary education in Chad, how many girls are there?
70
For every 100 literate males in Chad, how many literate females are there?
60
What is the GDP per capita of Chad?
$750
How many children complete primary education in Chad?
1 in 3
In Canning Town, how many suffer from income deprivation?
11 in 20
In Richmond, how many suffer from income deprivation?
1 in 20
What is the level of unemployment in Canning Town?
6.7%
What is the level of unemployment in Richmond?
3.8%
What is the national unemployment level?
4.8%
What proportion of Canning Town residents are educated to degree level?
36%
What proportion of Richmond residents are educated to degree level?
62%
What is the level of health deprivation in Canning Town?
14.5/20
What is the level of health deprivation in Richmond?
0.2/20
What is the average house price in Canning Town?
$250,000
What is the average house price in Richmond?
£1,500,000
Out of Canning Town and Richmond, which has a higher density of roads?
Canning Town
When did Uganda’s trade deficit begin to worsen?
1995
What is the primary export of Uganda?
Coffee
Compared to today, how valuable was coffee to Uganda in 1977
5 times more valuable
What happened in 1996 that directly affected Uganda?
The price of coffee hit an all time low
What are some of the reasons that Uganda is poor?
- It is landlocked
- It has an arid climate in the north
- It suffers from government corruption
- It suffered a civil war during the 1970s
- It exports primary products
How many Ugandan’s were living below the poverty line in the 1990’s?
56%
How many Ugandan’s live below the poverty line now?
31%
What is Uganda’s population growth rate?
3.2%
How many of Uganda’s schoolchildren are girls?
Nearly 50%
What percentage of Uganda’s parliamentarians are female?
30%
Since 1996, by what factor has Uganda’s GNI per capita increased by?
5 times
